一种改进的光伏发电系统MPPT控制方法

2012年3月第27卷第2期西安石油大学学报(自然科学版)
Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University (Natural Science Edition )Mar.2012Vol.27No.2
收稿日期:2011-09-26作者简介:王志敏(1985-),女,主要从事太阳能发电装置研究.E-
mail :chqkjwang@126.com 文章编号:1673-
064X (2012)02-0089-04一种改进的光伏发电系统MPPT 控制方法
王志敏,张建军,郭燕琼
(西安石油大学电子工程学院,陕西西安710065)
摘要:目前光伏系统最大功率点跟踪(MPPT )控制方法很多,介绍了3种常用的MPPT 控制方法:固
程控电压衰减器
定电压法、扰动观察法和电导增量法,并通过仿真比较了其启动时间、动态响应速度和稳态精度,在此基础上提出了一种改进的MPPT 控制方法———固定电压结合扰动观察法.仿真结果表明,该方法响应速度快,稳态精度高.关键词:光伏系统;最大功率点跟踪;固定电压结合扰动观察法中图分类号:TN86文献标识码:A 由于太阳电池输出功率随着光照强度和环境温度的变化具有强烈的非线性,为了
提高光伏发电效率,必须实时保证太阳电池工作在最大功率点,即在太阳电池工作过程中应实施最大功率点跟踪(Maxi-mum Power Point Tracking ,MPPT )[1-2].
目前,最大功率点跟踪方法很多,应用较普遍的有固定电压法、扰动观察法、电导增量法.它们拥有各自的优缺点:固定电压法跟踪速度快,但精度低;扰动观察法扰动步长不能兼顾动态响应速度和稳态精度;电导增量法稳态精度高,但控制算法相对复
杂,检测精度要求较高
[3-5]
.分析比较上述3种方法,提出了一种改进方法,
即固定电压结合扰动观察法.该方法利用固定电压
法跟踪的快速性,使太阳电池迅速工作于最大功率点附近,然后采用小步长扰动观察法精确地跟踪到最大功率点.
1
太阳电池
1.1
太阳电池仿真模型根据电子学理论,当负载为纯电阻时,太阳电池
的实际等效电路如图1所示[6]
图1
太阳电池等效电路
Fig.1
Equivalent circuit of solar cell
对应的I -U 函数如下:
I =I ph -I d -I sh =I ph -I 0(e q (U +IR s )/AkT -1)-IR s +U
R sh .(1)式中:I ph 为光生电流;I 0为二极管反向饱和电流;R sh 为太阳电池并联电阻;R s 为太阳电池
串联电阻;q 为电子电荷;k 为波尔兹曼常数;T 为绝对温度;A 为二极管系数;U 为太阳电池输出电压;I 为太阳电池输出电流.
设参考条件下太阳辐射强度R ref 为1kW /m 2
太阳电池温度T ref 为25ħ,
I sc 为太阳电池短路电流,
U oc 为太阳电池开路电压,I m 为最大功率点电流,U m 为最大功率点电压.
由式(1)化简太阳电池的I -U 方程
[7]
I =I sc 1-C 1e U
C 2U oc -()
[]1.(2)
西安石油大学学报(自然科学版)其中:
C 1=(1-I
m
/I
sc
)e U m2oc;(3)
C 2=(U
m
/U
oc
-1)/ln(1-I
m
/I
sc
).(4)
当太阳辐射、温度变化时,
I=I
sc
纠偏机1-C
1e
U-D
U
C
2
U
oc
()
[]1+D I.(5)
其中:
D
I =α·
R
R
ref
·D
T
+R
R
ref
()1·I sc;(6)
D
U =-β·D
T
-R
s
·D
I
;(7)
D
T =T
c
-T
ref
;
(8)
α为参考太阳辐射强度下的电流变化温度系数(A/ħ);β为参考太阳辐射强度下的电压变化温度系数(U/ħ).
根据厂家提供的I sc、U oc、U m、I m,利用式(3)、
(4、)(6)、(7)计算出C
1、C
2
、D
U
、D
I
,最后代入式
(5),即可得到太阳电池的特性方程.由此搭建太阳电池仿真模型[8-9].
1.2太阳电池外特性
防鼠器图2、图3给出了当太阳辐射强度和太阳电池温度变化时太阳电池输出功率特性曲线.
图2太阳电池功率随光强变化的P-U曲线(25ħ) Fig.2P-U curves of solar cell under different
light intensity(25ħ)
图3太阳电池随温度变化的P-U曲线(1kW/m2) Fig.3P-U curves of solar cell under different
temperature(1kW/m2)
由图2、图3可知:温度恒定时,随着光强减弱输出功率减小;光强恒定时,随着温度升高输出功率减小.由此可以看出,光照和温度影响太阳电池的输出特性,且在某一特定光照和温度下,存在惟一最大功率输出点.
2光伏系统MPPT控制方法及其仿真
2.1固定电压法
图2表明,当温度一定时,光伏系统P-U曲线上的最大功率点电压几乎为一定值,如果将输出电压控制在此值,则太阳电池近似工作在最大功率点处.其仿真图形如图4所示:
图4固定电压法实现MPPT
Fig.4Implimentation of MPPT using constant voltage algorithm
该方法控制简单,容易实现.由仿真波形可以看出,其启动特性很好,启动时间为0.02s,光照突变后可以快速跟踪到最大功率点,但是精度比较低,只适用于小功率场合.
2.2扰动观察法
扰动观察法的原理是先扰动输出电压值,并根据公式P=UI计算出扰动前后太阳电池的输出功率,然后进行比较,若扰动后输出功率增加,则下一次向相同的方向继续扰动;反之,则向相反的方向扰动.其仿真图形如图5所示.
图5扰动观察法实现MPPT
Fig.5Implimentation of MPPT using disturbance
and observation algorithm
09
水冷机柜王志敏等:一种改进的光伏发电系统MPPT 控制方法
扰动观察法是比较常用的一种MPPT 控制方法,它的缺点是扰动步长难以确定.步长过大,动态响应速度快,但是稳态时会出现振荡;步长过小,则跟踪速度变慢.从仿真波形可以看出,该方法启动时间为0.05s ,光照突变后,跟踪的速度比较慢,同时出现一个大的波动,说明出现了“误判”现象,并且稳态时出现振荡.2.3电导增量法
该方法通过比较光伏阵列的瞬时电导和电导变化量来实现最大功率跟踪.根据太阳电池输出特性曲线P =UI 可知,在最大功率点处其斜率为零,即P =IU ,d P /d U =I +U d I /d U =0,d I /d U =-I /U.如果光伏阵列输出端电压和电流的检测满足精度要求,则通过比较d I /d U 值与负数I /U 值能精确地寻最大功率点.当输出电导的变化量等于输出电导的负值时,光伏阵列工作在最大功率点;当电导的变化量大于电导的负值时,工作点应向右移动;电导的变化量小于电导的负值时,工作点应向左移动.其仿真图形如图6所示.
该方法控制算法比较复杂,检测精度要求较高.由仿真图可以看出,电导增量法启动时间为0.07s ,跟踪速度比较慢,但稳态时无波动,精度较高.
图6
电导增量法实现MPPT
Fig.6
Implimentation of MPPT using conductivity
increment algorithm
3一种改进的MPPT 控制方法
上述3种常用的MPPT 控制方法有各自的优缺点.如果能够取长补短,利用固定电压法跟踪快速性,使太阳电池迅速工作于最大功率点附近,然后采用小步长的扰动观察法进行跟踪,能有效减小系统在最大功率点附近的振荡现象,改善系统的整体性能.因此提出了固定电压结合扰动观察法.
该方法控制流程图如图7所示,本算法以ΔU 为临界判断值,当电压变化大于ΔU 时,采用固定电压法迅速跟踪最大功率点,使输出电压稳定在U m ;
图7
固定电压结合扰动观察法MPPT 流程图
Fig.7
Flowchart of MPPT control by combining constant voltage algorithm with disturbance -observation algorithm
电压变化小于ΔU 时,采用小步长扰动观察法,同时修改固定电压控制算法设定的参考电压为此时的
U k .重复上述过程,直到ΔP 近似为零.
仿真波形如图8所示.
图8表明,该方法启动特性良好,
0.02s 时进入稳定状态,当光强突变时,经过0.005s 系统重新达
到稳态,跟踪速度非常快,并且进入稳态后功率没有出现振荡,稳态精度有所提高.因此,固定电压结合扰动观察法在动态响应速度和稳态精度上都得到了很大的改善.
19—
西安石油大学学报(自然科学版)
图8固定电压结合扰动观察法实现MPPT
Fig.8Implimentation of MPPT by combining constant voltage algorithm with disturbance-observation algorithm
4结论
固定电压法启动快,精度低,一般在小功率场合应用;扰动观察法扰动步长难以确定,步长过大,动态响应速度快,但是稳态时会出现振荡,而步长过小,则跟踪速度变慢.固定电压结合扰动观察法,能充分发挥固定电压法的长处,快速跟踪到最大功率点附近,然后用小步长扰动观察法较精确地实现MPPT,同时满足系统动态响应速度和稳态精度的要求.
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