⾃考英语⼆（新版）原⽂Unit1ThePowerofLanguage
Unit 1 The Power of Language
学习⽅法指南
五个⽅⾯把握⽂章
1）词2）句3）篇4）义5）背诵或复述重点段落（当天重复，第⼆天再重复，七天后再重复） 课后习题
1）结合课⽂⾥出现的要点，完成题⽬
2）标记不熟练的题⽬，当天重复⼀遍，第⼆天再重复⼀遍，考前再重复⼀遍Unit 1 The Power of Language
A FAMOUS QUOTE
Language is the dress of thought.--Samuel Johnson
语⾔是思维的外⾐。--塞缪尔·约翰逊
Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)，British man of letters, one of the most outstanding figures of the 18th century in England. He made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. Johnson has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history"
Text A Critical Reading
Pre-reading questions 读前问题：
1. Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents? What do you think is active reading?
通常情况下，你是否会反对作者提出的观点？你认为什么是积极阅读？ 2. What suggestions do you expect the author will give on reading critically?
你希望作者就批判性阅读提出什么样的建议呢？
Vocabulary 词汇
四点要求 1.⾳ 2.义 3.衍⽣变化 4.⽤法/搭配
New Words
critical adj. 有判断⼒的；判断公正（或审慎的）；批判的
non-fiction n.纪实⽂学
position n. 观点；态度；⽴场
statement n.说明；说法；表态
question v.表⽰疑问；怀疑
evaluate vt.估计；评价，评估
context n. （事情发⽣的）背景，环境，来龙去脉
value n.是⾮标准；价值观
represent v.描述；表现
assertion n.明确肯定；断⾔
sufficient adj.⾜够的；充⾜的
statistic n.统计数字；统计资料
integrate v.（使）合并，成为⼀体
authority n. 专家；学术权威；泰⽃
compare v.⽐较；对⽐
subject n.主题；题⽬；题材
consistent adj. 相符的；符合的（consistency）
inconsistency n.不⼀致
case n. 具体情况；事例
directly adv. 直接地；径直地
identify v. 到；发现
valid adj. 符合逻辑的；合理的；确凿的
credible adj. 可信的；可靠的
landmark n.（标志重要阶段的）⾥程碑；地标
relevant adj.紧密相关的；切题的
current adj. 现时发⽣的；当前的
appropriate adj.合适的；恰当的
bias n.偏见；偏⼼；偏向
considerably adv. ⾮常；很；相当多地
Democrat n.（美国）民主党党员，民主党⽀持者
Republican n.（美国）共和党党员，共和党⽀持者
reflect v.显⽰；表明；表达
informed adj.有学问的；有见识的
Phrases and Expressions
apply to使⽤；适⽤于
put forth 提出；产⽣
take sth into account 考虑；顾及
accept/take sth at face value 相信表⾯；信以为真
with a grain of salt 有保留地；持怀疑态度地
重点词汇
critical adj. 有判断⼒的；判断公正（或审慎的）
eg: Try to develop a more critical attitude, instead of accepting everything at face value. 要学会对⼀切事物⼀丝不苟, ⽽不要注重表⾯现象.
其他⽤法：危机中的；危急时刻的；决定性的；关键的
eg: We are at a critical time in our history.我们正处于历史的紧要关头。
衍⽣：criticize, criticise vt.
①~ sb/sth （for sth）批评某⼈[某事物]；挑剔；⾮难
eg: Stop criticizing （my work）! 别再挑剔（我那作品）了!
②评论（艺术﹑⽂学等作品）
eg: teaching students how to criticize poetry 向学⽣讲授评论诗歌的⽅法
acceptlanguagecriticism n. 批评
evaluate vt. 估计; 评价，评估
eg: I can't evaluate his ability without seeing his work.
我没有看到他的⼯作情况, ⽆法评论他的能⼒。
衍⽣: Val=value, worth价值
valuable（有价值的）, invaluable（⽆法估价的）, devaluate（贬值）, evaluate
（估价）, undervalue（低估）
consistent adj. 相符的；符合的
⽤法: be ~ with sth
eg：What you say now is not consistent with what you said last week.
你现在说的话与你上星期说过的话不相符。
衍⽣：consistency⼀致
inconsistency不⼀致
identify vt. 到；发现; 识别⾝份
eg：She identified the man as her attacker. 她认出那个男⼈就是袭击过她的⼈。
衍⽣：identification n.⾝份证明
eg：Can I see your identification, please? 请给我看看你的⾝分证件⾏吗?
identity n⾝份
eg：There is no clue to the identity of the thief.没有确定窃贼⾝份的线索。
identity card （also ID card）⾝份证（通常有相⽚，供本⼈携带或佩带）
credible adj. 可信的；可靠的
eg: a credible witness/statement/report 可信的证⼈/陈词/报道
衍⽣：-able/ible“可…的，能…的”
believable可信的，acceptable 可接受的，desirable值得要的，accessible可接近，flexible 灵活的credibility n.可信性；可靠性
-ability/ibility“可…性”:
eg: adaptability 适应能⼒, dependability 可靠性
apply vi.
①~ （to sb/sth）be relevant （to sb/sth）; have an effect （与某⼈/某物）有关；有效；适⽤eg: These rules don't always apply. 这些规则并⾮总能⾏得通。
②make a formal request 申请；请求
apply for sth
eg: apply for a post/passport/visa 申请职位/护照/签证
apply to sb
eg: I applied to four universities and was accepted by all of them.
我申请了四所⼤学，并都被他们录取了。
课⽂学习
议论⽂
把握观点：中⼼观点、段落观点
把握结构：⽂章结构、段落结构、衔接⼿段
topic sentence （主题句）＝topic （主题）＋controlling idea（观点）
篇章核⼼，段落灵魂:Beijing is a modern city.
Beijing is an ancient city.
结构: 总——分——总总——分
段落构成: 1.主题句（Topic Sentence）：点出段落的主题（谈论什么）。
2.扩展句（Developing Sentence）：说明和⽀持主题。
3.结尾句（Concluding Sentence）：得出结论。
⽂章：观点——论证——结论
Text A Critical Reading
批判性地阅读
Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involve s more than just understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.
批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出⼀个观点或试图陈述⼀个说法的纪实类写作。批判性阅读是积极阅读。它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成⾃⼰的观点。成为⼀名批判性阅读者需要做到以下⼏点。
Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than (=from) yours. Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.
考虑写作背景。你所读的可能是与你有不同⽂化背景的⼈所写的，或者是与你有不同时代背景的⼈多年以前所写的。⽆论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。
Question assertions made by the author.Don't accept what is written at face value(完全地, 以⾯值/表象). Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made. Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support. Also, look to see if (=whether)the author has integrated the work of authorities.
质疑作者的论点。不要轻信作品的表⾯意思。在接受作者观点前，⾸先要确定作者作出的每⼀个论点都有⾜够的论据⽀持。出能⽀持该论点的事实、实例、和数据。另外，注意作者是否参考了权威著作。
Compare what is written with other written work on the subject. Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have written about the subject. If there are inconsistencies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies.
与同主题⽂章进⾏⽐较。查看该作者的⽂章与其他作者关于同⼀主题的⽂章是否有⼀致性。如果存在不⼀致性，对不⼀致的地⽅背后的论据⽀持要进⾏仔细甄别。
Analyze assumptions made by the author. Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions. In many cases, the author's assumptions are not directly stated. This means you must read carefully in order to
identify any
assumptions. Once you identify an assumption, you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid.
分析作者提出的假设。假设是作者认为具有正确性的前提，基于这些前提作者才能提出论点。很多时候作者的假设并没有直接说明，这就意味着你必须通过仔细阅读来发现这些假设。⼀旦发现某⼀假设，你必须判断这⼀假设是否合理。
Evaluate the sources the author uses. In doing this, be certain that the sources are credible. For example, Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics. Also be certain that the sources are relevant. Einstein is not a relevant source when the subject is poetry. Finally, if the author is writing about a subject in its current state, be sure that the sources are current. For example, studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century may not be appropriate if the writer is discussing the current state of knowledge in physics.
鉴别⽂章出处。鉴别时要确保⽂章出处真实可信。例如，如果⽂章是关于物理学⾥程碑式的成就，那么爱因斯坦的论述就是可靠的出处。此外还要确保出处具有相关性。如果⽂章主题是诗歌，那么爱因斯坦的论述就不是相关出处。最后，如果作者写的是某个主题当前的情形，那就要确保出处来源也是
当前最新的。例如，如果作者讨论的是物理学知识的现状，那么爱因斯坦在⼆⼗世纪早期进⾏的研究可能就不适合作出处了。
Identify any possible author bias. A written discussion of American politics will likely look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican. What is written may very well reflect a biased position. You need to take this possible bias into account when reading what the author has written. That is, take what is written with "a grain of salt"（有保留地）.
甄别作者可能带有的偏见。有关美国政治的书⾯论述可能因作者是共和党⼈或民主党⼈迥然⽽异。作者所写的内容很可能反映其带有偏见的⽴场。阅读时要考虑到这种偏见存在的可能性。也就是说，要对⽂章内容“半信半疑”。
By being a critical reader, you will become better informed and may change your views as appropriate.
成为⼀名批判性阅读者，你的思路会不断拓宽，观点会更加合理。
Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.
1）Consider the context of what is written.
2）Question assertions made by the author.
3）Compare what is written with other written book on the subject.
4）Analyze assumptions made by the author.
5）Evaluate the sources the author uses.
6）Identify any possible author bias.
语法学习
1.把握结构，理解内涵
2.结合例句，结合⽂章
关系副词引导的定语从句
①先⾏名词+where/ in（on/at）which
eg: College is a place where/in which we learn how to learn. ⼤学是学会如何学习的地⽅。
Forest is a place where people can get close to nature. 森林是可以接近⾃然的地⽅。
②先⾏名词+when/in（on/at）which
eg: I'll never forget the day when we first met in the park.
我将永远不会忘记我们在公园第⼀次相遇的那⼀天。
③先⾏名词+why/for which
eg: Do you know the reason why he didn't come to the meeting yesterday morning？
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