海南白蚁共附生放线菌的分离鉴定及其抗热带作物病原真菌活性研究

海南白蚁共附生放线菌的分离鉴定及其抗热带作物病原真菌活性研究
作者:吴炜城 陈必婷 张世清 郭志凯 李吉涛
来源:《热带作物学报》2022年第06期
        摘 要:白蟻(Isoptera)的筑巢和觅食活动主要在土壤及腐烂的木材上进行,所以白蚁极易受到来自环境病原微生物的侵害。因此,白蚁需要依赖共附生微生物菌形成防御体系,放线菌是其中一个重要的类,且放线菌能产生具有抗菌活性的次级代谢产物。但是白蚁共附生放线菌能否对热带作物的病原真菌有抑制活性有待研究。为了挖掘在热带农业绿健康发展中具有应用潜力的海南特农用放线菌资源,以海南白蚁共生放线菌为研究对象,利用平板分离法从采集的健康白蚁体内分离纯化放线菌,利用平板对峙法筛选生防菌株;通过分子生物学确定其分类地位;平板对峙法研究拮抗菌株的抗菌稳定性、持效性和广谱性;滤纸片法研究抑菌物质的热稳定性。结果从海南白蚁体内分离得到1株拮抗活性较
好的放线菌菌株W7,系统发育树分析结果表明该放线菌与链霉菌属(Streptomyces)亲缘关系接近。菌株W7的抗菌活性持久性强,平板接种30d后仍对植物病原真菌具有抑菌活性,抗菌稳定性好;菌株W7抑菌谱广,对16株植物病原真菌有不同程度的抑菌活性,其中对芒果胶孢霉(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)、香蕉霉(Colletotrichum musae)、辣椒棒孢霉(Corynespora cassiicola)、豇豆瓜果腐霉[Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp]抑制作用较强,对芦笋拟茎点霉(Phomopsis asparagi)、荔枝疫霉(Peronophythora litchi)抑制作用较弱;菌株W7发酵粗提物有较好的热稳定性,但是抑菌率会随着水浴温度的增高而降低。本文首次对海南白蚁共附生放线菌进行了分离鉴定,并从中筛选得到1株具有抑制多种热带作物病原真菌活性的生防菌株,为高效生防菌剂的研发提供新资源。
        关键词:白蚁;共附生放线菌;植物病原真菌;生防菌剂中图分类号:S476.1 文献标识码:A
        Isolation and Identification of Symbiotic Actinomycetes from Termites in Hainan and Their Activity Against Tropical Plants Pathogenic Fungi
        WU Weicheng CHEN Biting ZHANG Shiqing GUO Zhikai LI Jitao
        1. Hubei Key Laboratory of Biologic Resources Protection and Utilization (Hubei Minzu University), Enshi, Hubei 445000, China; 2. Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Microbe Resources / Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China; 3. Hainan Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Agricultural Bioresources / Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
        Abstract: The nesting and foraging activities of termites are mainly carried out in soil and rotting wood, where many pathogenic microorganisms live. However, termites are extremely vulnerable to these environmental pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, termites need to rely on their mutualistic symbiotic microflora to form a defense system. Species of actinomycetes are one of the important groups in termite’s symbiotic microflora, which can produce diverse structures of secondary metabolites wit
h antibacterial and antifungal activity. Whether the actinomycetes in termites can inhibit the pathogenic fungi of tropical crops remains to be studied. In order to explore the characteristic actinomycetes with potential application in the healthy development of tropical agriculture in Hainan, the actinomycetes were isolated and purified by the plate separation method from the healthy termites collected in the tropical plants garden of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences in Haikou. Biocontrol strains were screened against 16 species of plant pathogenic fungi including Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz., Colletotrichum musaeColletotrichum australianumPhyllosticta capitalensisNeopestalotiopsis clavisporaGilbertella persicariaLasiodiplodia theobromaePhomopsis caricae-papayae Fetrak & Cif., Phomopsis asparagiThielaviopsis paradoxaCorynespora cassiicolaCorynespora sp., Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp and Peronophythora litchi by the growth plate-confrontation method. Identification of bioactive strain was based on the phylogenetic tree analysis constructed with 16S rRNA gene sequence. Growth plate-confrontation was directly used to investigate the antimicrobial stability, persistence and bacteriostatic spe
ctrum for the strain and the filtering paper method was used to study the heat stability of antimicrobial substances for the crude extract of the bioactive strain. As a result, one strain of actinomycete (W7) with the best biocontrol activity was isolated from termites. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the strain W7 was closely related to Streptomyces genus. Most importantly, the bioactivity tests showed that the strain W7 had strong antifungal persistence and antifungal stability, even after cultivating for 30 d, it still had better antifungal against the tested plant pathogenic fungi. The strain W7 had inhibitory activity against 16 pathogenic fungi. It had strong inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungi C. musaeC. cassiicola P. aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp, with strong antibacterial persistence and antibacterial stability. The strain also displayed weak antibacterial activity on plant pathogenic fungi P. asparagi P. litchi. The fermentation extract showed good heat stability towards the mango pathogenic fungi C. gloeosporioides Penz., but the inhibition rate would decrease with the increase of water bath temperature. This is the first paper to investigate the termite-associated actinomycetes in Hainan. Bioactivity evaluation revealed termite-associated actinomycete
s could be good resources for discovering biocontrol agent to control crop disease.
        Keywords: termite; symbiotic actinomycetes; plant pathogenic fungi; biocontrol agent
        DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2022.06.017
        放线菌(Actinomycetes)是一种革兰氏阳性、高G+C含量的原核微生物,也是生物活性化合物的主要来源之一。最广为人知的便是抗生素,约有70%的天然抗生素来源于放线菌[1]。这些次级代谢产物被应用在抗癌、免疫抑制剂、抗真菌等领域,其中对人类贡献最大的是制成抗菌剂[2]。随着时间的推移,土壤来源的新放线菌及活性良好的天然产物发现概率逐渐下降,寻新的放线菌来源成为目前的研究热点[3]。昆虫是地球上最多样化的动物体,几乎占据了每一个环境生态位[4]。昆虫在长期进化的过程中,其体内的共生和/或致病微生物已经适应昆虫作为宿主[5]。由于特殊的生活方式和取食行为,昆虫往往容易受到环境的威胁和病原体的侵扰,居昆虫表现更为明显[6]。昆虫可以通过体内共生菌产生的天然产物作为防御手段抵抗这些威胁[7]。白蚁(Isoptera)作为一种社会性昆虫,逐渐成为发现新的生物活性化合物的重要来源[8]
        白蚁大量生活在热带和亚热带地区,温带地区也有发现[9]。自然环境中,它们在复杂生物聚合物的转化中发挥作用,同时,还增加土壤通气性和排泄性[10]。但是,白蚁的筑巢和觅食活动主要在土壤和腐烂的木材上进行,营养物质少且易受环境病原微生物入侵。因此,白蚁要依赖肠道密集多样的微生物菌获取营养以及形成防御体系[11]。放线菌则是其中一个重要的类[4]。研究人员在高等和低等白蚁的肠道内、巢穴及其周围土壤均发现大量共生放线菌[3]。白蚁共附生放线菌是一个相对研究较少的特殊环境微生物,是新颖天然产物的来源之一,其研究尚处于起步阶段[12],目前只对少部分白蚁共附生放线菌产生的小部分天然产物进行了研究[13]。例如,VISSER等[14]发现白蚁共生放线菌产生的化合物能抑制假木霉(Pseudoxylaria)对白蚁的入侵。胡松英等[15]发现一株白蚁共生链霉菌属菌株BY02,其粗提物对苹果腐烂菌(Valsa mali)、杨树溃疡病菌(Dothiorella gregaria)和番茄早疫病菌(Alternaria solani)具有抑制效果。共生菌是生防菌的主要来源,因此,对白蚁共生放线菌分离及其抗植物病原真菌的研究、开发显得十分重要,也对农业等社会生产领域具有重要的应用意义[16]
        真菌感染位居植物病害起因的首位,能导致作物大量减产[17]。农用抗菌剂、杀虫剂
等化学品对作物生产具有显著效果,得以满足全球农业的需求[18]。但是,广泛使用化学农药对生态环境伤害极大,也会增强作物抗药性,对人体健康也有影响[19]。随着人们环保意识的不断加强,寻求环保、高效的防治方法成为世界各国的研发目标[20]。其中,微生物農药具有对作物安全性高、对环境友好、不易产生抗药性等特点而受到广泛关注[21]。我国学者也提出了多个研究方向,其中包括活体微生物农药和代谢产物农药[22]
        本研究从海南白蚁中分离并筛选出具有生防效果的共附生放线菌,并对其进行生物学鉴定;同时研究其对农业病原菌的抗菌稳定性、持效性和抑菌谱,研究结果将为研发高效的生防菌剂提供资源。
        1.1 材料
        1.1.1 供试样品 供试白蚁采自位于海南省海口市龙华区学院路4号的中国热带农业科学院植物园区内,装入自封袋,带回实验室处理。
        1.1.2 供试菌株 龙船花霉(Colletotrichum australianum):菌株编号LCT;小叶龙船叶点霉(Phyllosticta capitalensis):菌株编号XLY;小叶龙船拟盘多毛孢霉(Neopestalo
tiopsis clavispora):菌株编号XLN;火龙果桃吉尔霉(Gilbertella persicaria):菌株编号HLT;芦笋拟茎点霉(Phomopsis asparagi):菌株编号LSN;豇豆棒孢霉(Corynespora sp.):菌株编号JDB;木瓜二孢霉(Lasiodiplodia theobromae):菌株编号MGE;木瓜拟茎点霉(Phomopsis caricae-papayae Fetrak & Cif.):菌株编号MGN;芒果胶孢霉(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.):菌株编号MGJ;木瓜霉(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.):菌株编号MGT;椰子奇异串根霉(Thielaviopsis paradoxa):菌株编号YZQ;香蕉霉(Colletotrichum musae):菌株编号XJT;辣椒霉(Colletotrichum sp.):菌株编号LJT;辣椒棒孢霉(Corynespora cassiicola):菌株编号LJB;豇豆瓜果腐霉[Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp]:菌株编号JDG;荔枝疫霉(Peronophythora litchi):菌株编号LZY。以上供试植物病原菌均由中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所分离保存。

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