Influence of Genetically modified Soya on the Birth-Weight and Survival of Rat Pups
By Irina V.Emakova
电焊面罩Abstract
Investigation of the influence of GM soya on the birthrate and survival of the offspring后代of Wistar rats2 were performed. A group of female rats were fed GM soya flour before mating 交配and pregnancy. The control group of females were fed traditional soya and the third group of females, the positive control group, received feed without any soya. The weight and the mortality死亡 rate of the newborn pups were analyzed. The study showed that there was a very high rate of pup mortality (55.6%) in the GM soya group in comparison with the control group and the positive control group (9% and 6.8% respectively. Moreover, death in the first group continued during lactation哺乳, and the we
ights of the survivors are lower those from the other two groups. It was revealed in these experiments, that GM soya could have a negative influence on the offspring of Wistar rats.
摘要
架构调整
我们进行了转基因大豆对大白鼠后代出生率和生存状况的影响研究。一组母鼠在交配和怀孕前被喂食转基因大豆粉。母鼠的控制组被喂食传统大豆，第三组母鼠，即积极控制组，吃的食物没有任何大豆。我们分析了新生幼鼠的体重和死亡率。研究表明相比控制组合积极控制组的死亡率（分别是9%和6.8%），转基因大豆组幼鼠死亡率（55.6%）很高。另外，转基因大豆组的幼鼠死亡率在哺乳期还在继续，存活幼鼠的体重也比其他两组幼鼠要轻。这些实验表明，转基因大豆对大白鼠后代可能有消极的影响。Introduction
The term genetically modified organism (GMO3s) refers to plants, microbes and animals with genes transferred from other species in order to produce certain novel characteristic
s (for example resistance to pests, or herbicides) and are produced by recombinant DNA technology. Four main sources of the hazards危险 of GMO are discussed by scientists worldwide: 1) those due to the new genes, and gene products introduced; 2) unintended effects inherent内在的 to the technology; 3) interactions between foreign genes and host genes; and 4) those arising from the spread of the introduced genes by ordinary cross-pollination异花授粉 as well as by horizontal gene transfer (World Scientists’ Statement 2000).
介绍
术语“转基因生物”指的是拥有从其他物种传递来的基因的植物、微生物和动物，转移基因是为了产生某些新的特点（比如抗病虫，或抗除草剂），并且是由重组DNA技术产生的。全世界的科学家讨论了四种转基因生物风险的主要来源：1）那些因为新的基因，以及引入的基因产品导致的风险；2）技术内在的无意间的影响；3）外来基因和宿主基因的相互作用；4）因为普通的异花传粉和水平基因传递导致的引入基因传播产生的风险（世界科学家声明，2000年）
GM crops contain material, which is not present in them under natural conditions, and they form a part of our daily diet. To understand what effect they can have on us and on our animals it is vitally important to study the influence of these GM plants in different organisms for several generations. At the present, these studies are lacking from the scientific literature. Also, several detrimental effects of GM crops had been showed on the metabolism of animals. The hazard of genetically modified organisms (GMO) was shown for animals and the environment in many investigations (Traavik 1995; Ho and Tappeser 1997; Pusztai 1999 and 2001; Kuznetcov et al. 2004 and others).Earlier it was shown that consumption of GM food by animals led to the negative changes in their organisms. Experiments, conducted by A. Pusztai showed that potatoes modified by the insertion of the gene of the snowdrop lectin4 (an insecticidal proteins), stunted the growth of rats, significantly affected some of their vital organs, including the kidneys, thymus, gastrocnemius muscle and others (1998) and damaged their intestines and their immune system (Ewen and Pusztai 1999). Similar effect of GM potatoes on rats was obtained at Institute of Nutrition in Russia (Ermakova 2005).
36xp
主轴加工转基因作物包含一些材料，在自然条件下这些材料不会出现在作物中，转基因作物成为了我们日常食物的一部分。为了理解它们对我们和动物有什么影响，研究这些转基因植物在几代不同生物体中的影响是非常重要的。目前，这些研究还缺乏科学文献。同时，转基因作物对动物新陈代谢的几种不利影响已被揭示。在很多调查中转基因生物对动物和环境的危险也被揭示。（Traavik 1995;…）。早期有研究表明，动物食用转基因食品会导致有机体负面变化。A. Pustzai 做的实验表明，嵌入雪花莲凝集素（一种杀虫剂蛋白质）基因之后的转基因土豆，阻碍了老鼠的生长，极大地影响了它们的一些重要器官，包括肾脏、胸腺、腓肠肌和其它器官（1998）并且损伤了它们的肠子和免疫系统（Ewen and Pustzai 1999）。俄罗斯营养学院也得到了类似的转基因土豆对老鼠影响的结果。
激光夜视 It is put forward in the risk assessment documents that the GM components of transformed plants are completely destroyed in the digestive tract of humans and animals, together with the other genetic material found in them. However, foreign DNA plasmids5 are steadier against the digestion than it was originally believed. Plasmid DNA and GM DNA were found in microorganisms of the intestine and in saliva (Mercer et al. 1
998; Coghlan 2002). Experimental researches in mice showed that ingested foreign DNA can persist in fragmented form in the gastrointestinal tract, penetrate the intestinal wall, and reach the nuclei of leukocytes, spleen and liver cells (Schubbert et al. 1994). In another research of Schubbert et al. (1998) the plasmid containing the gene for the green fluorescent protein6 (pEGFP-C1) or bacteriophage M13 DNA were fed to pregnant mice. Foreign DNA, orally ingested by pregnant mice, was discovered in blood (leukocytes), spleen, liver, heart, brain, testes and other organs of foetuses and newborn animals. The authors considered that maternally ingested foreign DNA could be potential mutagens for the developing fetus. At the same time Brake and Evenson (2004) analyzing the testis in mice as a sensitive biomonitor of potential toxic, didn’t find negative effects of transgenic soybean diet on fetal, postnatal, puber talor adult testicular development.
在风险评估文件中提出已经转变的植物中转基因成分在人类和动物的消化道中被完全破坏，还有其它被发现的转基因材料也是如此。但是，外来DNA质粒比最初人们认为地更能抵御消化作用。在肠道和唾液微生物中发现了质粒DNA和转基因DNA (Mercer et al 1998;…)。对老鼠的实验研究表明被吸收的外来DNA可以以片段的形式
持续存在于胃肠道中，穿透肠壁，到达白细胞、脾细胞和肝细胞的细胞核。（Schubbert et al. 1994）。在Schubbert 等人做的另一项研究中（1998），包含绿荧光蛋白（pEGFP-c1）基因或噬菌体M13DNA的质粒被喂给怀孕的老鼠。外来DNA被怀孕的老鼠口服后，在胚胎和新生幼鼠的血液（白细胞）、脾、肝、心、脑、睾丸和其它器官都有发现。作者们认为被雌性老鼠吸收的外来DNA可能是正在发育的胚胎的潜在诱变因素。同时Brake和Evenson(2004) 分析了老鼠中的睾丸，它是敏感的潜在毒性物质的生物监控器，他们并未发现转基因大豆食物对胎儿、产后、青年和成年睾丸器官的发展有消极影响。有线电视分支分配器
There is a lack of investigations on the influence of GM crops on mammals, especially on their reproductive function. Therefore, it was decided that we undertake a study to see the effect of the most commonly used GM crop on the birth rate, mortality and weight gain of rat pups, whose mother were fed diets supplemented with the Roundup- Ready soya, a kind of GM food.
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