电磁悬浮
Magnetically Levitated Train
磁悬浮列车是一种现代高科技轨道交通工具，它通过电磁力实现列车与轨道之间无接触的悬浮和导向，再利用线性电机产生的电磁力牵引列车运行。磁悬浮列车运行时，车体与地面没有任何直接接触，因而在运行时的噪声和振动比轮轨系列车小，乘客乘坐会更为舒适。 Maglev (derived from magnetic levitation) is a system of modern high-tech rail transportation, with the ability to achieve non-contact levitation and guidance between the train and the track, whereby the electromagnetic forces generated by the linear motor are employed to pull the train to run. When the maglev train is running, there is no direct contact between the vehicle body and the ground, so the noise and vibration during the operation is smaller than that of the series of wheel and rail cars, which makes it more comfortable for passengers to ride.
磁悬浮铁路与传统的轮轨铁路的基本原理和结构有本质上的不同。传统铁路用车轮支撑列车重量，靠轮轨之间的粘着力产生牵引力，靠轮缘和轨道内侧之间的横向作用力对列车导向。线路基础设施由路基、道床、轨枕、轨道等部分组成。而磁悬浮列车没有车轮，它不靠车轮支撑重量，也不靠车轮产生牵引力和制动力。磁浮列车的驱动系统不安装在车辆上，而是在导向轨中。导轨上的长定子线性电机被分成区
段，各区段均有独立开关，只有列车通过该区段时才有电力供应。位于轨道两侧的线圈里流动的交流电，能将线圈变为电磁体，由于它与列车上的超导电磁体的相互作用，就使列车开动起来。列车前进是因为列车头部的电磁体（N 极）被安装在靠前一点的轨道上的电磁体（S极）所吸引，同时又被安装在轨道上稍后一点的电磁体（N极）所排斥。当列车到达时，在线圈里流动的电流流向就反转过来了。结果是原来那个S极线圈变为N极线圈，反之亦然。这样，列车由于电磁极性的转换而得以持续向前奔驰。 The basic principle and structure of maglev railway is different from that of traditional wheel-on-rail system. Traditional railways use the wheels to support the
weight of the train and the adhesion between the wheels and the rail for traction, while the lateral force between the wheel rim and the inside of the track is utilized to guide the train. In this case the line infrastructure consists of subgrade, ballast bed, sleeper, track and other parts. Unlike conventional trains, maglev trains do not have wheels to support the weight of the trains. The maglev train's drive system is not installed on the vehicle but in the guide rail. The long-stator linear motor in the guideway is divided into segments which are individually switched on and off, with power only being supplied to the given segment as the train passes. The alternating current flowing in the coil on either side of the track turns the coil into an electromagnet, which, because of its interaction with the
superconducting electromagnet on the train, causes the train to move. The train is moving because the electromagnet (N pole) at the head of the train is attracted by the electromagnet (S pole) mounted on the track at the front and repelled by the electromagnet (N pole) mounted on the track at a later point. When the train arrives, the current flowing through the coil reverses, causing the original s-coil turns into an n-coil, and vice versa. Consequently, the train continues to move forward due to a shift in electromagnetic polarity.
磁悬浮列车分为常导型和超导型两大类。常导型也称常导磁吸型，以德国高速常导磁浮列车transrapid为代表，它是利用普通直流电磁铁电磁吸力的原理将列车悬起，悬浮的气隙较小，一般为10毫米左右。常导型高速磁悬浮列车的速度可达每小时400～500公里，适合于城市间的长距离快速运输。而超导型磁悬浮列车也称超导磁斥型，以日本MAGLEV为代表。它是利用超导磁体产生的强磁场，列车运行时与布置在地面上的线圈相互作用，产生电动斥力将列车悬起，悬浮气隙较大，一般为100毫米左右，速度可达每小时500公里以上。这两种磁悬浮列车各有优缺点，德国青睐前者，而日本则看好后者，全力投入高速超导磁悬浮技术之中。
Maglev trains are divided into two types: normal and superconducting. The normal type, also known as the constant magnetic attraction type, is represented by transrapid, a high-speed permanent magnetic levitation train in Germany. It utilizes the principle of the electromagnetic attraction of ordina
ry dc electromagnet to suspend the train with
a small clearance, usually around 10 mm. The normal high-speed maglev train can reach speeds of 400 to 500 kilometers per hour, which is suitable for long-distance rapid transportation between cities. The superconducting MAGLEV train, also known as the superconducting magnetic repulsion, is represented by the Japanese MAGLEV, which makes use of the strong magnetic field generated by superconducting magnets. When the train is running, it interacts with the coil arranged on the ground, generating electric repulsive force to suspend the train, with the suspension clearance usually amounting about 100 mm. The two maglev trains have both their advantages and disadvantages. Germany favors the former. Japan, on the other hand, is fully committed to high-speed superconductor maglev technology.
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