DWG-4D液压弯管机设计说明书

第一章液压传动技术的概述
1.1液压传动的基本原理和特征
1.1.1.基本原理:
液压系统利用液压泵将原动机的机械能转换为液体的压力能,通过液体压力能的
变化来传递能量,经过各种控制阀和管路的传递,借助于液压执行元件(液压缸或马达)把液体压力能转换为机械能,从而驱动工作机构,实现直线往复运动和回转运动。其中
的液体称为工作介质,一般为矿物油,它的作用和机械传动中的皮带、链条和齿轮等
热熔胶封箱机传动元件相类似。
在液压传动中,液压油缸就是一个最简单而又比较完整的液压传动系统,分析它
的工作过程,可以清楚的了解液压传动的基本原理。
1.1.
2.液压传动的特征:
(1)液压工作介质是在受调节和控制下工作,故可作“传动”之用,亦可作“控制”之用,二者很难截然分开。
F T P
(2)液压技术中,与外负载(推理或转矩)相对应的液体参数是压力;与 n q p q
运动速度(或转速)相对应的液体参量是流量。压力和流量液压系统中两个
最基本的参数,压力的高低取决于负载大小,流量大小取决于速度高低和执行元件的
主要尺寸(液压缸径或马达排量)。
(3)如果忽略各种损失,液压传动的力(或转矩)与速度(或转速)彼此无关,
既可实现与负载无关的任何运动规律,也可借助各种控制机构实现与负载有关的各种
运动规律。
电压比较器电路
(4)液压传动是以液体的压力能来传递动力的传递并且符合能量守恒定律,压力
p q P
与流量的乘积等于功率。
(5)液压传动时省力,不省功。
1.2液压传动发展的概况
液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动,是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动
原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术,是工农业生产中广为应用的一门技术。
迄今,大致经历了启蒙期、发展期、成型期和成熟期四个时期。尽管当今液压技
术面临着来自电气传动及控制技术的新竞争和绿环保的新挑战,但是由于其独特的
技术优势,使其在国民经济发展中,将仍然发挥无可替代的重大作用。如今,流体传
动技术水平的高低已成为一个国家工业发展水平的重要标志。
1795年英国约瑟夫·布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814),在伦敦用水作为工作介质,以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上,诞生了世界上第一台水压机。1905年将工作介质水改为油,又进一步得到改善。
第一次世界大战(1914-1918)后液压传动广泛应用,特别是1920年以后,发展更
为迅速。液压元件大约在19 世纪末20 世纪初的20年间才开始进入正规的工业生产
阶段。1925 年维克斯(F·Vikers)发明了压力平衡式叶片泵,为近代液压元件工业或
液压传动的逐步建立奠定了基础。20 世纪初康斯坦丁·尼斯克(G·Constantimsco)对
能量波动传递所进行的理论及实际研究;1910年对液力传动(液力联轴节、液力变矩器等)方面的贡献,使这两方面领域得到了发展。
第二次世界大战(1941-1945)期间,在美国机床中有30%应用了液压传动。应该指出,日本液压传动的发展较欧美等国家晚了近20 多年。在1955 年前后,日本迅速发
展液压传动,1956 年成立了“液压工业会”。近20~30年间,日本液压传动发展之快,居世界领先地位。
我国的液压工业开始于20世纪50年代,液压元件最初应用于机床和锻压设备。
60年代获得较大的发展,以参透到国民经济各个领域。在机床、工程机械、农业机械、制造业、冶金、汽车、航空航天、船舶、运输以及军工等都有流体传动和控制技术。
当前液压技术正向高压、高速、大功率、高效率、低噪声、低能耗、长寿命、高度集
成化等方向发展。同时,新元件的应用、系统计算机辅助设计、计算机仿真和优化、
微机控制等工作,也取得显著地成果,将推动液压传动技术更先进的方向发展。
目前,我国的液压件已从低压到高压形成系列,并生产出许多新型元件,如插装
式锥阀、电液比例阀、电液伺服阀、电液数字控制阀等。我国的机械制造工业认真消
化和推广引进国外先进的液压技术的同时,也在大力研制、开发国产液压件新产品,
加强产品质量可靠性和新技术应用的研究,积极采用国际标准,合理调整产品结构,
对一些性能差而且不符合国家标准的液压产品,采用逐步淘汰的措施。由此可见,随
着科学技术的迅速发展,液压技术将获得进一步的发展,在各种机械设备上的应用将
更加广泛。
1.3液压传动在各领域的应用
汽车工业━━自卸式汽车、高空作业车、消防车等
工程机械━━挖掘机、装载机、推土机等
机床工业━━铣床、刨床、磨床、压力机、组合机床、加工中心等
农业机械━━联合收割机的控制系统等
轻工机械━━注塑机、造纸机、校直机、打包机等
起重机械━━起重机、吊车、叉车、液压千斤顶等
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication "zero resistance".    To constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assi
stant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology
application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure "zero."    To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of "zero risk". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity.    To further standardize trading, and strive to ac
hieve "according to law, standardize and fair." Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees "zero fly". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in "five type Enterprise" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening "four good" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the 湖南科技大学
本科生毕业设计(论文)
of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism.    To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at thi
s time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development
opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited.    Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy - 3 -
冶金工业━━电炉控制系统、轧钢机控制系统等
矿山机械━━开采机、提升机、液压支架等
建筑机械━━打桩机、平地机、混凝土输送车、搅拌车等
航空工业━━飞机起落架等
船舶港口机械━━起货机、舵机等
铸造机械━━压铸机、加料机等
筑路机械━━压路机、铺料机等
液压传动在其他方面应用也很广泛,像工业机器人,自动生产线设备等等,在此
不再赘述。
1.4液压弯管机的发展状况
遥控直升机模型
我国的弯管机加工工艺从青铜器时代开始萌芽的,并逐渐形成和发展。从殷商到
春秋时期已经有了相当发达的青铜冶铸业出现了各种青铜工具,如:青铜刀、青铜锉、青铜锯等等。同时有出土文物与甲骨文记录表明,这个时期生产的青铜工具和生活工
具,在制造过程中都要经过切削加工或研磨。我国的冶铸技术比西欧早一千多年。表
明金属切削加工进入了一个新的阶段。有记录表明早在三千多年前的商代已经有了旋
转的琢玉工具,这也就是金属切削机床的前身。70年代在河北满城一号汉墓出土的
五铢钱,其外圆上有经过车削的痕迹,刀花均匀,切削振动,波纹清晰,椭圆度很小。有可能将五铢钱穿在方轴上,然后装在木质的车床上,用手拿着工具进行切削。美国
自20世纪60年代就开始使用垂直液压(即立式)弯管机,可以弯制
152.4~762mm (6~30英寸)各种壁厚的钢管。70年代后,冷弯管机的性能进一步完善,同时,弯管内胎研制成功,与冷弯机配套使用,能够弯制薄壁高强度大口径的输油输
气管道钢管,最大弯管直径达到1524mm (60英寸)。原苏联研制冷弯管机基本也是
从20世纪60年代开始的,功能与美国机器相仿,但由于其主机液压系统采用卧式机
构,平面占用空间较大,运输及现场摆布存在较大困难。目前,世界上有美国、加拿
大和德国等发达国家近10家冷弯机生产厂,所产机型基本结构均为垂直液压式,内
胎形式有气动式和液压式两种。气动式结构内胎优点在于行走速度快、弯管预制效率
高,但需要另行配置空气压缩机,系统工作平稳性差,难以控制。液压式内胎借助于
整机液压站,结构紧凑,且液压传动平稳可靠,能够保证管道在预判过程中不发生椭低压成型机
圆变形。
如今我国弯管机的设计特点具有以下显著的特点:
1.摇臂,其作用是保证弯管弯曲半径符合要求,其夹紧座是限制钢管在弯曲
过程中反弹。
2.矫直辊一是防止在弯曲过程垂直方向变形,与浮动防椭圆夹具配合使用保
证弯曲后的钢管椭圆度符合要求。
3.导向辊装置一有两组导向辊和机架及夹紧传动系统组成,导向辊开合由液
压驱动来完成,其功能是与摇臂共同完成钢管水平方向的弯曲。
4.推送装置(由小车、床上、传动轴、牵引链等组成)推动钢管前进,在摇
臂和导向辊作用下钢管产生弯曲。
5.驱动装置他是推送装置的动力源
6.泵站分高压和低压的两部分,为导向辊开合、摇臂夹紧座、油缸、推送装
置小车卡盘开合、矫直辊开合提供动力。
随着科学技术的不断发展,弯管机的型式日趋多样化,弯管性能也在大幅度地提高。微型计算机、单片机、可编程控制器、先进的交流伺服系统以及新型液压元器件和液压技术的应用,使弯管机的功能更趋完美。
液压弯管机是制品成型生产中应用较广泛的设备之一。自其问世以来,在实际生产中得到广泛的应用。目前,液压弯管机的液压系统和整机结构方面,已经比较成熟,国内外液压弯管机的发展不仅体现在控制系统上,也主要突出在高效化、高速化、低能耗;机电一体化,以充分合理利用机械和电子的先进技术促进整个液压系统的完善;自动化、智能化,实现对系统的自诊断和调整,具有故障预处理功能;液压元件集成化、标准化,以有效防止泄露和污染等四个方面。
液压弯管机在液压系统的油路结构设计方面,国内外趋向于集成化、封闭式设计,插装阀、叠加阀和复合化元件,使其结构更加紧凑,更加微型。
我国目前的液压玩管机主要有数控式的、电动的、手动等形式,以适用于不同场合。我国现在,由于西部的开发,因此在石油、天然气的输送上,采用的都是比较粗的钢管,故需要研制大口径的液压弯管机。
1.5液压系统的组成及分类
1.5.1.液压系统的组成
(1)、动力元件。将机械能转换成流体压力能的装置,如液压泵。
(2)、执行元件。将流体的压力能转换成机械能输出的装置,如液压缸、摆动缸、液压马达。
(3)、控制元件。对系统中流体的压力、流量及流动方向进行控制和调节的装置,以及进行信号转换、逻辑运算和放大等功能的信号控制元件,如溢流阀、流量控制阀和换向阀。
(4)、辅助元件。保证系统正常工作所需的装置,如油箱、管路、滤油器、管接头蓄能器等。
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication "zero resistance".    To constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analy
sis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology
application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure "zero."    To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of "zero risk". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity.    To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve "according to law, standardize and fair." Innovation of performance management, to ensure t
hat potential employees "zero fly". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in "five type Enterprise" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening "four good" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the 湖南科技大学
本科生毕业设计(论文)
of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism.    To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more cl
early hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited.    Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy - 5 -(5)、工作介质。用它进行能量和信号的传递,液压系统是以液压油作为工作介质,如矿物油等。
1.5.
2.液压系统的分类
1.液压缸
车辆用油缸、单作用油缸、液压机油缸、摆动油缸、单作用多级油缸(套筒油缸)还
有双作用多级油缸以及弹簧复位油缸等多种。
2.液压马达
液压马达,有齿轮马达、叶片马达、柱塞马达等,就是说几乎定量油泵在理论上均可
光管作为马达作用。
3.低速大扭矩液压马达
(1) 内啮合摆线马达。
(2) 内曲线液压马达,分轴转和壳转两种型式。
(3) 双料盘轴向柱塞马达。
(4) 径向柱塞式液压马达。
(5) 球塞式低速大扭矩液压马达。
(6) 静力平衡低速大扭矩低液压马达。
1.6液压传动的优缺点
1.6.1.液压传动的优点
多视点
1)传动平稳  在液压传动装置中,由于油液的压缩量非常小,在通常压力下可以
认为不可压缩,依靠油液的连续流动进行传动。油液有
吸振能力,在油路中还可以设置液压缓冲装置,故不像机械机构因加工和装配误
差会引起振动扣撞击,使传动十分平稳,便于实现频繁的换向;因此它广泛地应用在
要求传动平稳的机械上,例如磨床几乎全都采用了液压传动。
2)质量轻体积小  液压传动与机械、电力等传动方式相比,在输出同样功率的条
件下,体积和质量可以减少很多,因此惯性小、动作灵敏;这对液压仿形、液压自动
控制和要求减轻质量的机器来说,是特别重要的。例如我国生产的1m3挖掘机在采用
液压传动后,比采用机械传动时的质量减轻了1t 。
3)承载能力大  液压传动易于获得很大的力和转矩,因此广泛用于压制机、隧道
掘进机、万吨轮船操舵机和万吨水压机等。
4)容易实现无级调速  在液压传动中,调节液体的流量就可实现无级凋速,并且
凋速范围很大,可达2000:1,很容易获得极低的速 度。

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