小麦-玉米周年秸秆还田对玉米害虫及天敌的影响

小麦-玉米周年秸秆还田对玉米害虫及天敌的影响
作者:李文静 吕亮 杨立军 夏贤格 许敏 万鹏
来源:《安徽农业科学》2021年第20期
        摘要 [目的]明确秸秆周年还田、耕作深度与施用腐熟剂对玉米害虫及天敌发生的影响,确定适宜的还田耕作深度和秸秆腐熟剂施用。[方法]在大田条件下分析了秸秆不还田+浅耕、秸秆还田+浅耕、秸秆还田+深耕、秸秆还田+深耕+腐熟剂处理对玉米害虫、天敌发生的影响。[结果]玉米田内害虫种数量以秸秆还田+深耕+腐熟剂处理最低,秸秆还田+浅耕、秸秆还田+深耕处理次之,秸秆不还田+浅耕最高。蜘蛛类和天敌总量在4种秸秆还田模式中无显著差异。天敌与害虫的益害比受不同秸秆还田处理的影响:与秸秆不还田+浅耕对照相比,秸秆还田+深耕+腐熟剂、秸秆还田+浅耕、秸秆还田+深耕处理的益害比分别是对照的1.68、1.63和1.45倍。秸秆还田不同处理下亚洲玉米螟的发生量以秸秆还田+深耕+腐熟剂处理最低,与秸秆不还田+浅耕相比发生量下降(29.17±9.36)%。[结论]在推广秸秆还田模式中,可考虑秸秆还田结合深耕且施用腐熟剂的耕作方式,既能降低玉米田害虫的发生,又能提高天敌的控害能力。
ar台        关键词 秸秆还田;耕作深度;秸秆腐熟剂;玉米害虫;天敌太阳能沼气池
        中图分类号 S 435.132 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611(2021)20-0166-04
        doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2021.20.042
        开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):
        Effects of Annual Straw Returning Mode of Wheat and Maize on the Occurrence of Maize Pests and Natural Enemies
        LI Wen-jing, L Liang, YANG Li-jun et al
        (Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer,Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Wuhan,Heibei 430064)
        Abstract [Objective] To determine the effects of annual straw returning, tillage depth and straw-decomposing inoculants on the occurrence of maize pests and natural enemies, and select straw returning manner that were suitable for controlling main pests in maize field. [Method] This study evaluated the effects of four straw returning manner (shallow tillage but not add straw returning, shallow tillage with straw returning,
deep ploughing with straw returning, and deep ploughing with straw returning added straw-decomposing inoculants) on occurrence of pests, natural enemies and Ostrinia furnacalis under field conditions. [Result] The results indicated that within the investigation period, the number of pests was lowest in deep ploughing with straw returning added straw-decomposing inoculants, followed by shallow tillage with straw returning and deep ploughing with straw returning, the highest in shallow tillage but not add straw returning. However, the number of spiders and natural enemies of these pests were no significant difference among the four treatments. Ratio of natural enemy to insect pests was also different among the four straw returning manners. Ratio in deep ploughing with straw returning added straw-decomposing inoculants, shallow tillage with straw returning, deep ploughing with straw returning were 1.68,1.63 and 1.45 times as shallow tillage but not add straw returning, respectively. The number of O. furnacalis was lowest in deep ploughing with straw returning added straw-decomposing inoculants, decreased by (29.17±9.36) percent as shallow tillage but not add straw returning. [Conclusion] All the above results indicated that deep ploughing with straw retu
rning added straw-decomposing inoculants could be used in straw returning technology popularizing, since it not only had significant control efficacy to pests, but also could increase the natural enemy activities of pest control.
真空集热管        Key words Straw returning;Tillage depth;Straw-decomposing inoculants;Maize pest;Natural enemy
        基金项目 湖北省农业科学院重大研发成果培育项目(2017CGPY01);湖北省自然科学基金项目(2018CFB335)。
        作者简介 李文静(1985—),女,河南平舆人,副研究员,博士,从事玉米害虫防治研究。*通信作者,研究员,博士,从事旱地作物害虫防治研究。脱墨纸
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        收稿日期 2021-02-03
        农作物秸秆是农业生产过程中必然产生的副产品,富含作物生长所需的营养物质,同时是土壤有机物质的重要来源[1]。秸秆还田是循环利用秸秆资源而促进农业持续发展的重要方式,对维护和改良农业生态系统、可持续化农业生产具有重要意义[2]。近年来,随着
农村劳动力的锐减以及农民生活方式的转变,秸秆还田种植模式发展迅速,因势利导地顺应形势发展,加强秸秆还田方式研究,是当前生产的一个重要任务。耕作深度在农业生产中具有重要作用,不同耕作深度影响作物生长发育、产量及虫害发生[3-4]。单一秸秆还田如覆盖免耕会出现作物播种质量及植株性状差、病虫害增加等问题[5-8],而秸秆还田同时深耕对作物播种影响较小,且能减少虫害发生[6]。秸秆腐熟剂是一种含有多种微生物菌的有机物料,能够促进秸秆快速降解[9],提高秸秆利用率,增加土壤肥力,促进作物生长[10-11]。
        目前,秸秆还田研究已在缓解土壤退化[12]、提高土壤肥力[13]、改善土壤理化性状[14]、提高作物产量[15]、影响作物病害发生[16]等方面有较多报道,而有关秸秆还田对玉米害虫及天敌的影响研究较少。探究秸秆还田条件下,不同耕作深度结合施用腐熟剂对农作物虫害及天敌发生的影响,确定合理的还田耕作深度和腐熟剂施用,对探讨适宜的秸秆还田耕作栽培方式具有重要的实际应用价值。为此,笔者以湖北襄阳麦玉轮作系统为研究对象,采用秸秆还田、耕作深度与施用腐熟剂相结合的模式,分析“小麦-玉米”轮作模式下秸秆周年还田对玉米田害虫及天敌发生的影响,以期为今后秸秆还田技术的优化和进一步推广提供理论支持。
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