Exploration of the Factorial Structure

SocIndicRes(2011)100:517–537DOI10.1007/s11205-010-9627-2ExplorationoftheFactorialStructureoftheRevisedP••pted:8March2010/Publishedonline:22April2010ÓSpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2010AbstractParticipationinvolunteerseunteerFunctionsInventory(VFI)oconceptual,methodologicalandempiricallimitations,theVFIcorscalewasdevised,calledtheRevisedPersonalFunctionsoftheVolunteerismScale(R-PFVS).Thi-PFVSwasadministeredtoalargesampleofChineseadolescents(N=5,946).Dataweresplitintotwohalves:oneforexploratoryfactoranalysisandtheotherforconfiactorswererevealed,namely,well-being,learning,socializing,pro-socialcompetence,altruisticconcern,futureplan,d-orderfactormodelwasestablished,-PFVfi-PFVScanbeusedinassessingtheunderlyingmotivesbehindvol-dsVolunteerismÁChineseÁScaledevelopmentÁ(&)DepartmentofSocialWork,TheChineseUniversityofHongKong,Shatin,HongKong,Chinae-mail:BenLaw@ÁrtmentofAppliedSocialSciences,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity,Hunghom,HongKong,partmentofSociology,EastChinaNormalUniversity,Shanghai,angWuNursingCollegeofMacau,Macau,China123

l.1IntroductionFormorethan10years,theVolunteerFunctionsInventory(VFI)hasbeenusedtoassesstheunderlyingmotivesofvolunteers(Claryetal.1998).,Claryetal.1994;Kimetal.2010;OmotoandSnyder1993,1995;Wuetal.2009),thispaperarguesthatitsconceptualframework,theresultingempiricalfindings,andtheinstrumentitselfhavesomelimitations;hence,itcannotbe(2008)hadrevisedtheVFIandaddedotheritemstoformanewscale,producingtheRevisedPersonalFunctionsoftheVolunteerismScale(R-PFVS).TheR-PFVScanmeasureadolescents’ingthatstudybyLaw(2008),eerservicerefersto‘‘anactivitythatisnotundertakenforfidertakenoutofone’gsbenefirdpartydoesnotincludefamilymembers,friends,andneighbors’’(Law2008,p.6).ofcommunitydevelopmentistofacilitatecooperationinthecommunitythroughvolunteerism(MidgleyandLivermore1998).Malsocialworkvaluesandideals,notablysocialjustice,service,dignity,andempowerment,areactualizedthroughparticipation(FinnandCheckoway1998;KahneandWestheimer1996).Inaddition,acentscanattainsocial,emotional,cognitive,behavioral,andmoralcompetencethroughservice(Catalanoetal.2004;Pittman,Irby,andFerber2001;Shek2007;Youniss,McLellan,andMazer2001).Researchshowsthatprosocialbehavior,suchasparticipationinvolunteerservice,iscloselyrelatedtotheemotionalqualityoflifeofadolescents(SunandShek2010).Infact,adolescentsaroundtheworldareactivelyparticipatinginvol-unteerservices(CommissiononYouth1998;Flanaganetal.1999;Hodgkinson1995;IndependentSector2010).InHongKong,around53.4%ofadolescentshaveservedthecommunityfor12months(LawandShek2009a),andthisisasignificantfitheservicesareofferedbythesocialworksector(HongKongFederationofYouthGroups2001;Liuetal.2009).Examiningvolunteerismamongadolescentsisthusrelatedtosocialdevelopment,youthdevelopment,heimportanceofvolunteerserviceparticipationbyadolescents,onepertinentconcernforyouthworkersandresearchersismotivatingadolescentstobecomevolunteers(initiation)andsustainingtheirparticipation(continuation)(e.g.,ChapmanandMorley1999;Ellis2002;Martaetal.1999;RiouxandPenner2001;Snyderetal.2000).Thecognitivemotivationalapproach(Kruglanski1996)tanndGoldberg-Glen(1991)proposedthatpeoplevolunteerbecauseofacombinationofvariousmotives,therhand,Latting(1990)proposedthatpeoplevolunteerbecauseofself-centeredandother-centeredmotives,inalworkontheexplorationofunderlyingmotivesistheVolunteerFunctionsInventory(VFI)(Claryetal.1998).Functionalismassertsthatapersonvolunteersbecausevolunteeringbringscertainpurposesorfunctionstohim/ghservicesmaybesimilaronthesurface,differentpeoplevolunteerwithdifferentunderlyingbeliefs,pur-poses,orperceivedfunctions(Katz1960;Smithetal.1956).owtheunderlyingfunctions(motives)ofvolunteers,123

AssessmentofVolunteerisminChineseAdolescents519thenwewillknowthewayscalecommonlyusedtoassessthefunctionsofvolunteerism(Claryetal.1998).ThesixfunctionsofvolunteersaccordingtotheVFIare(1)pro-socialvaluesfunction(volunteersexpresspro-socialvaluesrelatedtoaltruisticconcernsforothers);(2)understandingfunction(volunteersacquireskillsandknowledgefromtheservice);(3)careerfunction(theexperienceofvolunteerserviceisbeneficialtovolunteers’careerpursuit);(4)socialfunction(volunteersareinfluencedbythepeoplearoundthemtoparticipateinservice);(5)enhancementfunction(volunteershavemorepositiveself-worth);and(6)protectivefunction(volunteersforgetpersonalproblemsandothernegativefeelings).AccordingtoClaryetal.(1998),factoranalysesshowthatsixfactorscorrespondingtotheaforementionedfunctionscanbeextracted,andthesefactorsarestableacrosstworandomsamplesofvolunteers(coefficientsofcongruenceofthesub-scalesrangefrom.93to.97).Inaddition,theVFIanditssubscalesareinternallyconsistent(alphasrangefrom.80to.89).VFIhasbeenappliedinthestudyofadultvolunteersandoldervolunteers(Claryetal.1998).ThetranslatedscalewasalreadyappliedtoHongKonguniversitystudents(Wuetal.2009).VFIhasbeenintentionallyappliedtoattractvolunteerswithhighscoresofparticularfunctionstoservethroughthecorrespondingadvertisedmessages(Claryetal.1994;Claryetal.1996).Theinstrumenthasalsobeenusedtoenticeadultvolunteerstoworkwithpossiblystigmatizedservicerecipients,suchasAIDSpatients(OmotoandSnyder1993,1995).VolunteerFunctionsInventoryoutperformsitsearliercounterpartsbecauseoedmotivesaresporadicallyreportedindifferentstudyareas,suchasonprosocialvalues(YatesandYouniss1996;PennerandFinkelstein1998),learning(OmotoandSnyder2002),enhancementinjobmarketsandeducationalendeavors(Andolina,Jenkins,Keeter,andZukin2002),psychologicalenhancement(Magen1998;CarloandRandall2002),andpeersocialization(Bales1996;Dworkinetal.2003).Thefunctionalapproach,withitsover-archingmetaframework,scalebefullyendorsedtomeasurethemotivesofadolescentsifweareinterestedinunderstandingthephenomenoninChinesecommunities?easuredfindingsarenotentirelyrepresentativetothephenomenon,theconceptualandpracticalimplicationsfromthefitance,ifthereareadditionalmotivesotherthanthoseproposedbytheVFI,,Law(2008)expressedhisskepticismandadvancedhisconceptual,methodological,tually,therearethreemajorlimitationsinmeas,factorsintheVFIwereactuallyborrowedfromtheliteratureonattitudes(Katz1960;Smithetal.1956),whichfocusesonexploringuniversalunderlyingmotives(orfunctions)stforsomeuniversalfunctionsacrossdifferenttypesofbehaviorintheliteratureotance,ci,Flanaganetal.1999;LawandShek2009a;Martaetal.1999;Wilson2000).Itisnotmentionedintheliteratureonattitudes,,ClaryandhiscolleaguespublishedtheVFIinthe1990s(Claryetal.1998),althoughitsframeworkwasactuallyestablishedinthe1960s(Katz1960;Smithetal.1956).Itshouldbenotedthatresearchandtheoreticaladvancementinaltruismandcognitivereasoningflourishedinthe1980s123

l.(Batsonetal.2002;Davis1996;Dovidio1991).Newormorerefinedfactors,whichemergedfromtheseupdatedandtopic-relevantstudies,tetal.(1987)havelongarguedthat‘‘incompetence’’ialvaluesconsistofthedimensionsofaltruisticconcernsandprosocialcompetence(Eisenbergetal.1995).However,,ifwewanttomeasurethemotivesofChineseadolescents,both‘‘cultural’’and‘‘adolescent’’nesetendtoviewhappinessandunhappinessastwosidesofthesamecoin(Lu2001).TherearetwodistinctivefunctionsintheVFI:‘‘enhancement’’and‘‘protective’’r,intheChinesecontext,tion,Chinesecultureencouragesado-lescentstogivetopprioritytohelpingtheirownfamilies(LauandKuan1995).Family-relatedcollectivebehaviorisadistinctivetypeofin-groupcollectivism(Realoetal.1997).In-groupcollectivismdoesnotoftensupporthelpout-groups(TriandisandSuh2002),,r,adolescentsspendmoretimewithpeers,andthepeersystemisbecomingmoreimportantinadolescentdevelopment(Hartup2005).Throughparticipation,ndtocon-siderw,gettingalongwithpeers)arguethesocialfunctionintheVFIincludesthispurpose(Claryetal.1998).However,thisVFIfunctioninfactreferstotheinfluencefrompeoplearoundvolunteers,whichcannotrepresentthedistinctive‘‘social-izing’’scaleitselfwasinitiallydevelopedforadultvolunteersintheWest;hence,itmaynotbefifically,someitemsdonotcompletelyfi,someitemsarenotsuitabletorespondentswithnoserviceexperience,suchasVFIItem8[IamtrulyconcernedabouttheorganizationwhichIamworkingfor(italicsadded)].Someitemsshouldbemodifiedtothelifeexperiencesofadolescents,suchasVFIItem10[Icanmakenewcontactsthatmighthelpmybusinessorcareer(italicsadded)].Theinstrumentshouldbemodifiedifwewantr,theVFIadopteda7-pointLikertScale(1=notatallimportant;7=extremelyimportant),erespondentstendtochoosetheneutralanswer(Law2008).Thenthesca-numberedLiksaneedtorefim29(Volunteeringisawaytomakenewfriends)hadlowloadingunderthe‘‘enhancement’’functioninClaryetal.(1998).,,Item29wasagainreportedtobeproblematicinWuetal.(2009)y2ofClaryetal.(1998),someloadingscoresarebelow.,Items12and29).Theyalsodidnotreportthefactorloadingscoresofallitems,tion,Okunetal.(1998)argcond-ordermodelhasnotbeenverifiportantly,thefirstauthorofthispaperworkedwiththeyouthinHong123

Assesssobservationandexperience,theunderlyingmotivesofahefirstapproachtocaptureallunderlyingmotives,andithasproducedtremendousempiricalresearchfiorementionedproblems,notablythechoiceoffunctions,isewhenthescaleisusedtomeasurethemotivationnttoexaminethephenomenonmoreclosely,modifi,modifincebeenmodifiedbyKimetal.(2010),ymodifi,sportsorganization).ThefactorsproposedwerethesameasthoseinClaryetal.(1998).Ontheotherhand,EsmondandDunlop(2004)recognizeunately,ofthelimitationsoftheVFIinassessingthemotivesofChineseadolescentsinserviceparticipation,Law(2008)constructedanotherscalecalledtheRevisedPersonalFunctionsoftheVolunteerismScale(R-PFVS).ThenewscaleaimstodescriresevenconceptualdimensionsoftheR-PFVS:sticconcernfunction:Toexpresspro-socialvaluesrelatedtoaltruisticconcernsforothers(similartotheVFI’svaluesfunction)ngfunction:Tolearnnewskillsandknowledgefromtheservice(similartotheVFI’sunderstandingfunction)planfunction:Tobuildastrongerresumeforfutureplansorforbettereducation(similartotheVFI’scareerfunction)izingfunction:Togetalongwithpeers(newfunction)ialcompetencefunction:Tohaveasenseofcompetencefromhelpingothers(newfunction)esponsibilityfunction:Tobuildabettercommunitybyparticipation(newfunction)-beingfunction:Toenhanceapositivesenseofself-worthortoforgetpersonalproblemsandunhappiness(combiningenhancementandwell-beingfunctions)heless,thenewfunctionsaresocializing,civicresponsibility,ghtheconceptualframeworkoftheR-PFVSisslightlydifferentfromtheVFI,theVFIitemsserveasthefoundationofthenewscale(Law2008).Severalscalecon-structionproceduresandresultsarehighlightedinthiswork,althoughinterestedreadersmayalsorefertoLaw(2008).TheVFIwasinitiallytranslatedtoChinesebyaprofessionaltranslatorandthenwasbapanciesbetweentheEnglishandChineseversionswereevaluatedandweregraduallyreducedthroughaniterativereviewprocessbyoneofthetwotranslatorsandbythefiado-Iitemswereretained,modified,rtpaneloffiveprofessionals(helpingpro-fessionalsandteachers)wasconstitutedtoevaluatethecontentvalidityofthescale,fiix2showstheVFIitemsnotendorsedintheR-PFVS,makingthesimilaritiesand123

ldbenotedthattheR-PFVSadopteda6-pointLikertscale(1=stronglydisagree;6=stronglyagree),(2008)reporstudyusing192studentsyieldedsatisfactoryresultsofhighreliability(Cronbach’salpha=.89).Thescoreforvolunteerswashigherthanthatofthenon-volunteers(t=3.85,p.001).Moreover,thecoefficientsofcongruenceforthefactorsolutionacrosstwosampleswere.98–.–re–retestreliabilitywashigh(r=.79,p.001).Afurtherlargescalestudyassessing5,946volunteeradolescentsinHongKongyieldedhighreliability(Cronbach’salpha=.91).Law’sstudy(2008)tedprincipalcomponentsanalysis(PCA)veditemswithdoubleloadings(using.4ascriterion)ult,hefina-quently,heproducedfifivefactorsare(1)learningandcivicresponsibility,(2)well-being,(3)prosocialvalueandprosocialcompetence,(4)socializing,and(5)ovalof12itemsresultedinaclearsummaryofthedata,r,usefulinfopalcomponentsanalysisisnotthebestoptioninunderstandingthelatentstructureofameasurement(CostelloandObsborne2005;Fabrigaretal.1999),atoryfactoranalysiscanprovidebetterresultsbecauseition,confirmatoryfactoranalysis(CFA)tthisbackground,thepresentstudyisare-analysisoftheresponsesfrom5,946adolescentsinLaw(2008)usingall32itemsandwithbetterdatareductionstrategy,ghtheR-PFVSwashypothesizedtomeasuresevenseparatemotivesinvolunteerism,theextenttowhicrefourmodelstobetested,namely,thefive-factormodel,six-factormodel,seven-factormodel,findingsofLaw(2008)revealedfirningfunction(intheVFI)consistofboth‘‘learning’’and‘‘civicresponsibility’’inLaw(2008).Itisunderstandablethatlearningasocialprsocialvaluefunctionconsistsofboth‘‘altruisticconcern’’and‘‘pro-socialcompetence’’,thisisthefinthepairs‘‘esponsibility’’and‘‘sticconcern,’’thecontentdistincti,y,thepro-posedseven-factorhavedifferentyetsimilaropinionstowardsasubjectmatter,theseopinionscombinetogetherasonegeneralopinion(CnaanandGoldberg-Glen1991).Thissugcally,ifthefactorsarehighlyinter-related,thismayindicatethepossibilityofamoregeneralmotiveoperatingatahigherlevel,influencingthesespecifial.(1998),asecond-ordermodel)werethecase,thesecond-order123

AssessmentofVolunteerisminChineseAdolescents523modelwouldbemoresuitableinunderstandingthelatentstructureofmotivesbehindvolunteerismcomparedwithsimplerelianceonprimaryfactors.2Methods2.1ParticipantsandProcedureAtotalof5,946secondaryschoolstudents[2,193boys(36.9%),3,744girls(63.1%)],and9participantsofundisclosedgender)eniencesampling,studentswheparticipants,66%werejuniors[S.1(Grade7)toS.3(Grade9),aged11–14],whereas34%wereseniors[S.4(Grade10)toS.6(Grade12);aged15–19].Themeanageoftheparticipantswas14.77years(SD=1.60).Thesubjecttoitemratio(32items)was185:1,whichisveryhighintermsoffactorstability(CostelloandObsborne2005).equatetime,allpaphiccharacteris-ticswerealsocollected.2.2InstrumentInthequestionnaire,participantsrespondedtotheR-PFVS,sesweremadeona6-pointLikertscale[stronglydisagree(1)tostronglyagree(6)].Theitemsmeasuredsevenspecificfunctions(motives)thatmaybeservedbyvol-unteerism:altruisticconcern,learning,futureplan,well-being,socializing,prosocialcompetence,sofinternalconsistency,theitemshadreliablescalesinhighlightingtheidationstudiesbyLaw(2008)haveshownthattheCronbach’salphacoefficientsofthesub-scalesrangefrom.89to.91,whicharehighlysatisfactory.2.3DataAnalyticStrategyDataontheR-PFVSitemswererandomlydividedintotwohalves:onefortheprincipalcomponentsanalysis(PCA)andprincipalaxisfactoring(PAF),andtheotherforconfir-matoryfactoranalysis(CFA).Claryetal.(1998)inedthenumberoffactorsbyPCA,uently,iquerotationmteriausedtodeterminethefactorsandtheiritemsincludedthefollowing:(1)afactorhasaneigenvalueequaltoorgreaterthan1.0(Kaiser1974);(2)anitemhasafactorloadingequaltoorgreaterthan.40(Stevens2002);(3)afactorhasatleastthreeitems(Hairetal.1998);and(4)anidentifisareexpectedtobeinter-related(Claryetal.1998);thus,thecriterionofremovingitemswithdoubleloadings,whichwasadoptedinLaw(2008),testingthehypothesizedmodelparameters,apreliminaryanalysiswas123

tedtocheckanyviolationsofthemultivarieliminarystepisimportantbecausethemaximumlikelihoodestimationmethod(ML)onlycorrectlyestimatesthemodelassumingthemultivariatenormalityoftheobservedvariables(Breckler1990;Curranetal.1996).,thetheoreticaldimensionsofR-PFVSwereevaluatedintermsoftheoverallfi,hierarchicalconfirmatoryfactoranalysis(HCFA)hesevenfactorsasfoundation,fourspecifiedmodelswereassessed:Model1:nthefindingsofLaw(2008),fivefactorswereassessed:(1)learningandcivicresponsibility,(2)altruisticconcernandpro-socialcompetence,(3)socializing,(4)futureplan,and(5)2:esponsibilityisdistinctfromlearningfunction(Flanaganetal.1999;Martaetal.1999;Wilson2000);hence,sixfactorswereassessed,namely,(1)learning,(2)civicresponsibility,(3)altruisticconcernandpro-socialcompetence,(4)socializing,(5)futureplan,and(6)3:ingtotheproposedconceptualframework,sevenfactorswereassessed,namely,(1)learning,(2)civicresponsibility,(3)altruisticconcern,(4)pro-socialcompetence,(5)socializing,(6)futureplan,and(7)4:vecorrelationsaregenerallyobservedamongfactorscores(Wuetal.2009),indicatingthepossibilityofamoregeneralandoverarchingmotiveopd-orderfactoraccountingforthecovariationsamongfirst-orderfactorswasspecifisefiuatetheoverallfitofthemodels,severalfitindiceswereemployed:Chi-square(v),rootmeansquareerrorofapproximation(RMSEA),goodness-of-fitindex(GFI),standardizedmeansquareresidual(SMSR),Bentler-Bonettnonnormedfitindex(NNFI),comparativefitindex(CFI),andtheexpectedcross-validationindex(ECVI)(SchumackerandLomax2004;Tanaka1993).ForGFI,CFI,NNFI,thereisageneralagreementthatthevalueof.95orgreaterindicatesasatisfactoryfit(SchumackerandLomax2004).SRMRandRMSEAvaluesbelow.08and.06,respectively,representacceptablemodel-datafit(HuandBentler1999).heaforementionedindices,bothSRMRandRMSEAarethemostimportantindicators,althoughotherindi-cators(-squareorECVI)tion,iftheprimaryfactormodelandthesecond-ordermodelsharesimilarSRMRandRMSEA,itisgenerallyagre,lyseswereconductedusingcovariancematricesviaLISREL¨reskogandSo¨rbom2006).8.80(Jo23ResingwithPCAandpromaxrotationwiththefirsthalfofthesample(N=2,973),weidentifiedsevencomponentswitheigenvaluesgreaterthan1.0,sfirst12componentsoftheanalysis,theeigenvalues(withthepercentvarianceinparentheses)were10.69(33.39%),2.65123

AssessmentofVolunteerisminChineseAdolescents525(41.68%),1.62(46.74%),1.41(51.15%),1.33(55.33%),1.23(59.19%),1.00(62.32%),.98(65.38%),.85(68.03%),.79(70.49%),.73(72.77%),and.68(74.90%).Inaddition,theresultingscreeplotoftheeigenvaluesrevealedthatthelevelingofftoastraighthorizontallineoccurredaftertheseventheigenvalue,isevidenceindicatingaseven-factorsolution,wethenpeactorsemerged,explaining62.32%torsthatemergedfromthisanalysisclearlyrefltherhand,oneitem(Item5),below.20),ghtheitemdidnotaffectoverallreliability,itwasexcludedfromfurtheranalysis,resultinginafimsareshownin‘‘Appendix1’’.Thesevenfactorswerelabeledaswell-being,learning,socializing,civicresponsibility,futureplan,altruisticconcern,hefactorswereinitiallyexaminedbyPCAandPAF,usingtheCFA,dataassumptionwasverifi,theskewnessandkurtosisvaluesofallvariableswerelowerthan2and7,respectively)(ChouandBentler1995;Curranetal.1996;FinneyandDiStefano2006).Therefore,twisedeletionmethodwasusedtodealwithdataassumedtobemissingcompletelyatrandom(MCAR).Theeffectivesamplesizewas2,725outof2,untofmissingdatawaslessthan9%(Table1).2showstheoverallgoodness-of-filly,theseven-factormodel(Model3a)fittedthedataslightlybetterthantheothermodels(Model1andModel2),odifi,MIabove1,000),Items14and15;Items16and17;Items22and23).Theseparameterswereallowedtobefreebecausetheybelongedtothesamefactor,rexaminationofthesepairsrevealedthattheircontentswereverysimilar(see‘‘Appendix1’’),difiedmodelfittedthedatawell[v2(410)=5,061.65,p.01;CFI=.97;GFI=.87;NNFI=.96;RMSEA=.07;SRMR=.07;EVCI=2.38(Range=2.28–2.47)].Cronbach’salphacoefficientsforthesevenfactorsrangedfrom.65to.89(Table3).TheoverallCronbach’salphafortheR-PFVSwas.93,hcorrelationsamongthefactors(rangingfrom.43to.77,Table3)suggestedthehierarchicalstructureofthemodels(Brown2006;MarshandHocevar1985).Therefore,asecond-ordermodelwastested(Model4).Inthismodel,allfirst-orderfactorsweresubsumedunderasecond-orderfactor(Fig.1).Thegoodness-of-fitindicesofthishierarchicalmodelreachedacceptablelevels[v2(423)=5,220.01,p.01;CFI=.97;GFI=.87;NNFI=.96;RMSEA=.07;SRMR=.07;EVCI=2.45(Range=2.35–2.55)].Allfirst-orderfactorsstronglyloadedonthesecond-orderfactors(rangingfrom.68to.89)(Table4).RMSEAandSRMRindiceswerethesameforModels3band4,alrchicalmodelisgenerallypreferredifthefirarchicalmodelprovidesamoreparsimonioussolution(Bong1997;Marshetal.1988).Therefore,Modt,insteadoffourmodels,onenewmodel(Model3b)therwehavetestedfilly,thefindingsofthe123

1TheRevisedPersonalFunctionsofVolunteerismScale(R-PFVS)structurematrix(principal-axisfactoranalysis,promaxrotation,sevenfactorsspecified)FactorFactorWell-being(WB)33.39.35.31.28.10.11.27.35.43.46.50.41.55.46.46.45.42.40.31.57.56.47.26.30.75.78.75.41.71.71.35.54.37Learning(LE)8.29.31.29.26.04.09.29.32.39.40.44.39.62.60.34.34.59.63.56.64.62.47.31.34.44.44.51.25.42.46.25.40.26Socializing(SO)5.07.43.44.46.26.16.24.52.64.82.88.82.66.51.84.84.60.51.44.45.43.59.17.22.53.51.38-.01.39.53.50.45.39Prosocialcompetence(PC)4.41.47.47.61.30.19.17.33.37.33.34.34.31.31.15.14.22.20.15.16.11.20.05.04.25.25.18-.00.17.22.66.61.54Altruisticconcern(AC)3.86.75.84.51.41.19.22.48.54.62.60.63.59.55.30.32.68.63.37.49.47.41.22.24.49.49.39-.06.46.63.39.29.33Futureplan(FP)3.86.22.19.16.00-.03.23.24.26.29.27.28.32.30.33.34.34.38.47.53.55.51.78.78.29.30.30.20.35.36.18.33.24Civicresponsibility(CR)3.13.41.42.44.18.08.43.81.78.59.55.49.48.52.31.33.36.32.31.45.44.47.18.27.42.38.37.04.39.44.43.41.39Varianceexplained(%)Item01Item02Item03Item04Item05Item06Item07Item08Item09Item10Item11Item12Item13Item14Item15Item16Item17Item18Item19Item20Item21Item22Item23Item24Item25Item26Item27Item28Item29Item30Item3ond-orderfactormodelfittedthedatabetterthantheprimaryfactormodels,suggestingthatthe31-itemR-PFVShasasatisfactoryudydemonstratedthefactorialstructureoftheR-PFVS.123

AssessmentofVolunteerisminChineseAdolescentsTable2Summaryofgoodness-of-fitindicesforallCFAmodelsModelDescription123a3b5-Factormodel6-Factormodel7-Factormodel7-Factormodel3PairsoferrorcovariancewereallowedtoberelatedSecond-ordermodelv2dfCFIGFINNFIRMSEA(90%CI).82.80.81.87.94.94.94.96527SRMRECVI(90%CI)3.39(3.278–3.50)3.86(3.74–3.99)3.75(3.63–3.87)2.38(2.28–2.47)8,772.42**424.968,820.73**419.948,308.80**413.955,061.65**410.97.09(.09–.09).08.09(.09–.09).07.09(.09–.09).09.07(.07–.07).0745,220.01**423.97.87.96.07(.07–.07).072.45(2.35–2.55)Neffectivesample=2,725.v2=Chi-square;CFAconfirmatoryfactoranalysis,CFIcomparativefitindex,GFIgoodness-of-fitindex,NNFIBentler-Bonettnonnormedfitindex,RMSEArootmeansquareerrorofapproximation,SRMRstandardizedrootmeansquareresidual,ECVIexpectedcross-validationindex**p.01Table3Correlationcoefficients,meanofinter-itemcorrelationsandCronbach’saamongfactorsbasedonModel3bFactorWBLESOACFPCRPCa.83.89.82.65.80.69.74Meaninter-itemcorrelations.44.57.53.39.44.43.42WB–.64.69.43.65.51.66–.77.61.53.71.79–.49.75.56.69–.34.54.75–.44.50–.68–LESOACFPCRPCAllparametersweresignificant(p.05)WBwell-being,LElearning,SOsocializing,PCprosocialcompetence,ACaltruisticconcern,FPfutureplan,CRcivicresponsibilityFunctions of Volunteerism

CR

WB

SO

FR

LE

PC

AC

Fig.1Measurementmodelforthesecond-ordermodeloftheRevisedPersonalFunctionsofVolunteerismScale(ITEM).-being,LElearning,SOsocializing,PCprosocialcompetence,ACaltruisticconcern,FPfutureplan,CRcivicresponsibility123

4Completelystandardizedfactorloadings,uniquenessandsquaredmultiplecorrelationsforthemodelsModel4SMCFirst-orderFLAltruisticconcernItem01Item02Item04ProsocialcompetenceItem03Item30Item31Item32LearningItem09Item10Item11Item12Item13SocializingItem14Item15Item16Item17Item18FutureplanItem19Item20Item21Item22Item23CivicresponsibilityItem06Item07Item08aWell-beingItem24Item25Item26Item27Item28Item29aaaaaaSecond-orderUFL.68D.54.46.66.70.09.79.37.50.43.39.80.68.75.69.52.45.68.28.32.60.57.37.42.65.66.38.15.21.56.15.59.74.44.57.64.49.09.49.54.75.80.70.29.70.74.43.36.51.91.51.46.38.77.86.85.41.26.81.81.62.39.46.35.34.62.85.79.53.57.77.75.61.72.68.40.43.63.82.87.83.72.67.32.25.31.48.55.61.70.65.63.63.50.57.61.81.83.30.34.30.91.88.22.89.21.83.31.68.49.75.44.75.44Allparametersweresignificant(p.05).FLcompletelystandardizedfactorloading,Uuniqueness,DdisturbanceaItemwasfixedtoavalueof1.0123

AssessmentofVolunteerisminChineseAdolescents5294DiscussiictheoreticaltenetsofthisnewscalearethesameasthoseoftheVFI(Claryetal.1998).BothR-PFVSandVFIadoptthefunctionalistapproachinunderstandingtheunderlyingmotivesbehindpeople’hasbeenwidelyusedintheliteratureonvolunteerismformorethan10years,ossiblemotivesofparticulargroupshavingdtion,somemotives,suchascivicresponsibilityandprosocialcompetence,uently,themeasurementmaynotentirelybereflionalebehindtheR-PFVSistounderstandtheunderlyinm,Item05,tementformatofItem05wasdifferentfromtherestanditscontent,entofaChineseidiom,efierlyingmotivesintheVFIarelearning,values,protective,enhancement,career,andsocialfunctions,whilethoseintheR-PFVSareunderstanding,altruisticconcern,prosocialcompetence,well-being,futureplan,socializing,earguedthatthesevenfunctionsoftheR-PFVSarederivedfromthesixfunctionsoftheVFI:ngfunctionintheVFIconsistedofbothunderstandingandsocialresponsibilitycomponents(m12underlearningfunction:Icanlearnmoreaboutsocialproblemsthroughvolunteering).IntheR-PFVS,racteristicofadolescentvolunteerismisthatadolescentsareencouragedtoparticipateinvolunteerservicestoheightentheirsenseofcivicresponsibility(Law2008;Martaetal.1999).functionintheVFIismodifiedbyaddingthedimensionoffurtherstudyasthe‘‘futureplanfunction’’sitiesconsidercommunityservicesasentryrequirement;thus,someadolescentsparticipateinvolunteerservicetoimprovetheirportfolios(Andolinaetal.2002;Zakour1994).functionintheVFIisdividedintotwofunctionsintheR-PFVS:m22(undervaluesfunction)is‘‘Icandosomethingforacausethatisimportanttome.’’ompetenttohelpisaninvigoratingexperienceamongadolescents(Barnettetal.1987).Thus,prtherhand,theinclusionofoneitem(Item04)aboutChinesein-groupcollectivismimpliesthattheunderlyingmotivesofadolescentscanbeinflhohelpfamiliesmoretendnottohelpout-groups,whichisconsistentwithChineseethos(LauandKuan1995).IntheR-PFVS,ementandprotectivefunctionsintheVFnesetendtotreathappinessasbeingwithoutunhappinessandtroubles123

l.(Lu2001).Inthissense,bothstatements‘‘volunteeringincreasesmyself-esteem(VFIItem13underenhancement)’’and‘‘ithelpsmeworkthroughmypersonalproblems(VFIItem20underprotective)’’cents,especiallyearlyadolescents,cannotdifferentiatebetweenpositivewell-beingandnegativewell-being(Havilandetal.1994;WilkinsonandWalfod1998).Inadditiontothecurrentstudy,Kimetal.(2010)alsoreportedahighcorrelationbetweenenhanciricalfindingssupporttheargumentthatadolescentsmaynoningofsocialffunctionintheVFImainlyreferstosocialinfltinctivefeatureofthepsychosocialneedsofadolescentsisthegreateramountoftimethattheyspendwithpeersthanwithotherpeople,suchastheirfamilies(Hartup2005).,noitemintheVFIdirectlyrelatestomofthisknowledgegap,thesocializingfunctionintheR-PFVSisdesignedtorefertogettingalongwithpeers,sshowedthatthasahighrelationshipbetweenpro-socialcompetenceandlearningfunctions(r=.79).Kimetal.(2010)alsoreportedsimilarfindingsthatamongallcor-relationsbetweenvaluesfunctionsandotherVFImotives,edinKimetal.(2010)ationshipsignifiesthatbyacquiringdifferentskillsandknowledgethroughvolunteerism,adolescentsgainasenseofself-effihrelationshipbetweenlearningandcivicresponsibilityfunctionsintheR-VPFScanbeexplainedbytheideathatlearningaboutsocialproblemsina,intheVFI,hecorrelations,anotherinterestingresultwasrevealed:tharresultwasfoundinKimetal.(2010).ThisfindingimpliesthathelpingbecauseofaltruisticconcernsrcomparisonbetweentheVFIandtheR-PFVSliesinItem16oftheR-PFVS(VFIItem29:Volunteeringisawaytomakenewfriends).InClaryetal.(1998),.(2009)foundthattheitemdoublyloadedwiththecareerandunderstandingfunction,bly,thisitemdoesnottotallyfitanyofthesixmotivesintheVFI,resentframeworkoftheR-PFVS,thisitemservedasthemotiveof‘‘socializing’’aalsofiidencecommandstherevisionofthescaleitemforabettermodelfital.(1998)rl.(2010)rentR-PFVSproducedhighcorrelationsamongfactors(rangingfrom.43to.77).Thehighinter-correlatdRMSEAindiceswerethesameforModels3b(first-ordermodel)and4(second-ordermodel);hence,thesecond-orderfactormodelis123

AssessmentofVolunteerisminChineseAdolescents531moreparsimoniousinexplainingthelatentstructureoftheR-PFVS(Bong1997;Marshetal.1988)..(2009)attemptedtoexploreunderlyingmotiveswiththesecond-ordermodelbutfoundthatthefibrentstudyshowsthatthesevenmotivesundertheR-PFVSaevenmotivescancaptureallprimaryreasonsbehindvolunteerismamongadolescents;hence,rimarymotiveisnothighlyrelatedtotherest,thesecond-ordermodelwouldbemorediffivorsthecaseformodifyinganestablishelopmentofthescaleandtheaccumulationofresearchfindingsontheR-PFVSenableresearcherstoassessobjectivelythedifferentmotivatingfunlreadybeenshownthatmotivatingbeliefscanpredictvolunteeringbehavior(LawandShek2009b).Therefore,appropriateyouthprogramscanbedevelopelecanalsobeusedtoevaluatechangesinthemotivesofvolunteersaftertheirserviceparticipation,aswellastosustainthesourcesofsatisfactionandmotivationofvolunteers(Claryetal.1998).ThereareafewavailablerapidassessmenttoolsfortheChineseinthesocialworkcontext(Shek2002,2010).Further,almohelargestyouthdevelopmentprogramsinHongKong,ProjectP.A.T.H.S.,suggeststheuseofvolunteerserviceasanadditionalactivitytoenhanceprogrameffectiveness(Shek2007;ShekandMa2010).Thenewlydevelopedstion,owingtotheformationofahigher-ordersolution,ashortformoftheR-PFVSconsistingofonlythehighestloadeditemsofeachfunction,thatis,sevenitemsgroupedtogether,ceorganizercanthenusethistooltoc,theresearchfiore,thereisaneedtoreplicatethefi,althoughthesamplesizewaslarge,,generalizationofthefind,althoughthecurrentfindingsprovidedgoodevidenceforthefactorialvalidityoftheR-PFVS,morecentralevidenceonotheraspectsofvalidity,includingconvergentanddiscriminantvalidities,,itisrecommendedthatstrategies,suchasmulti-traitandmulti-methodstrategies,,itisnoteworthythatthegoodnessoffitoftheproposedmodelintermsofSRMRandRMSEAindicescanberegardedas‘‘fair.’’Therefore,thereisaneedtoreplicatethepresentfi,becauseofthechangesintheoriginalVFI,adirectcomparisonbetweenexistingfi,Wuetal.2009)y,othermotivesmayalsobeconsidered,suchasreciprocityandrecognition(EsmondandDunlop2004).Despitetheselimitations,thisstudyisthefirsttorevealthefactorialstructureofaninstrumentthatmeasurestheunderlyingmotivesofChineseadolescentsinvolunteerserviceparticipationwith‘‘somedegreeofprecision’’(Claryetal.1998,p.1519).ThisassessmenttoolcanhelpusunderstandvolunteerismasameasureofqualityoflifeamongChineseadolescents.123

5ItemsoftheRevisedPersonalFunctionsofVolunteerismScale(R-PFVS)andcomparisonwiththeVolunteerFunctionsInventory(VFI)R-PFVSitemno*ItemdescriptionVFIitemequivalenceFunctioninVFIModificationforR-PFVSAltruisticconcernfunction010204IamconcernedaboutthoselessfortunatethanmyselfIfeelcompassiontowardspeopleinneedApartfrommyfamily,Iwouldnothelpotherpeople.(Reversedscoring)IcanhelpimprovesocialproblemswithmyowneffortsIhavearesponsibilitytoimproveHK’ssocialproblemsAsacitizenofHK,itisimportanttoparticipateinsocialaffairsVolunteeringletsmelearnthingsthroughdirect,handsonexperienceVolunteeringallowsmetogainanewperspectiveonthingsIcanlearnhowtodealwithavarietyofpeopleIcanexploremyownstrengthsIcanlearnmoreaboutsocialproblemsthroughvolunteeringIcanmeetoldfriendsinvolunteeractivitiesIcansocializewitholdfriendsinvolunteeractivitiesVolunteeringisawaytomakenewfriendsIcansocializewithnewfriendsinvolunteeractivities316–ValuesValues–NochangeNochange–Civicresponsibility06–––07–––08–––Learningfunction0918UnderstandingNochange1014UnderstandingNochange2UnderstandingUnderstandingUnderstandingNochangeNochangeSlightlymodified,from‘‘cause’’to‘‘socialproblems’’––Socializingfunction1415––––161729–Enhancement–Nochange–123

AssessmentofVolunteerisminChineseAdolescentsTable5continuedR-PFVSitemno*18ItemdescriptionIwillbepraisedbyfriendsforvolunteeringparticipationVolunteeringcanhelpmetogetmyfootinthedoorataplacewhereIwouldliketoworkorfurtherstudyIcanmakenewcontactsthatmighthelpmystudiesorcareerthroughvolunteeractivitiesVolunteeringallowsmetoexploredifferentcareeroptionsVolunteeringexperiencewilllookgoodonmyresume(orbetterpersonalportfolio)VolunteeringmakesiteasierformetoenteruniversityorbetterschoolsNomatterhowbadI’vebeenfeeling,volunteeringhelpsmetoforgetaboutitByvolunteeringIfeellesslonelyVolunteeringhelpsmeworkthroughmyownpersonalproblemsVolunteeringisagoodescapefrommyowntroublesVolunteeringmakesmefeelimportantVolunteeringincreasesmyself-esteemIfeelitisveryimportanttohelpothersHelpingothersisthesourceofhappinessVolunteeringmakesmefeelneededIbelieveIamcapableofhelpingothersVFIitemequivalence–FunctioninVFI–ModificationforR-PFVS–533Futureplanfunction191CareerAdding‘‘study’’inadditiontowork2010CareerAdding‘‘study’’inadditionto‘‘work’’2115CareerNochange2228CareerNochange2321CareerChangingfrom‘‘profession’’to‘‘schools’’NochangeWell-beingfunction247Protective2526920ProtectiveProtectiveNochangeNochange27282924513ProtectiveEnhancementEnhancementNochangeNochangeNochangeProsocialcompetencefunction–26–EnhancementNochangeValuesNochange*Item05‘‘Iagreewiththestatement‘eachfamilyisonlyresponsibleforthesnowoutsidehisownhouse’,meaningIonlyconcerntheneedsofmyfamily’’wasremovedbecauseoflowfactorloading123

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