新教材人教版高中英语选择性必修第二册全册各单元单词短语语法写作等

人教版选择性必修第二册知识点汇总

Unit 1 Science And Scientists ........................................................................................... - 1 -

Unit 2 Bridging Cultures ................................................................................................. - 22 -

Unit 3 Food And Culture ................................................................................................. - 45 -

Unit 4 Journey Across A Vast Land ................................................................................. - 66 -

Unit 5 First Aid ................................................................................................................ - 85 -

Unit 1 Science And Scientists

原文呈现

JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”

Cholera used to① be one of the most feared diseases② in the world，until a British doctor，John Snow，showed how it could be

overcome(1)．This illness causes severe diarrhoea③，dehydration，and

even the early 19th century，when an outbreak of cholera④ hit

Europe(2)，millions of people⑤ died from⑥ the a young

doctor，John Snow became frustrated⑦ because no one knew how to

prevent or treat cholera(3)．In time⑧，he rose to become a famous doctor，and even attended to⑨ Queen Victoria when she gave birth⑩(4)．However，he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all⑪.

(1)until引导时间状语从句，其中be overcome为宾语从句。

(2)when引导时间状语从句。

(3)because引导原因状语从句。

(4)when引导时间状语从句。

In general⑫，doctors in those days had two contradictory theories⑬

to explain how cholera spread(5)．One theory was that bad air caused the

disease(6)．Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from

germs⑭ in food or water(7)．Snow subscribed to⑮ the second

was correct，but he still needed proof⑯.Consequently，when an outbreak of

cholera hit London in 1854(8)，Snow began to investigate⑰.He discovered

that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more

than 500 people⑱ died in ten days(9)．He was determined to⑲ find out

why⑳.

(5)不定式短语作名词theories的后置定语，其中how cholera spread为宾语从句。

(6)that引导表语从句。

(7)that引导表语从句。

(8)when引导时间状语从句。

(9)第一个that引导宾语从句，其中so...引导结果状语从句。

Snow began by marking on a map○ the exact places where all those

who died had lived(10)．There were multiple deaths○ near the water

pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers○ 16，37，38，and

40)．However，some households (such as○ 20 and 21 Broad Street，and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no people worked in

the pub at 7 Cambridge had been given free beer○，and so had

not drunk the water from the pump(11)．Snow suspected○ that the water

pump was to blame(12)．What is more○，in another part of London，a

woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away○ from

Broad seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so

much that she had it delivered○ to her house every day(13)．As a result

3230○21222324○25262728○2931

of○ this evidence，John Snow was able to announce that the pump water

carried cholera germs(14)．Accordingly○，he had the handle of the

pump○ removed so that it could not be used(15)．Through this

intervention，the disease was stopped in its tracks○.

(10)where引导定语从句，修饰先行词places，其中who died也是一个定语从句，修饰先行词those。

(11)and so因而，连接两个并列谓语。

(12)that引导宾语从句。

(13)固定句式It 似乎……，其中so...引导结果状语从句。

(14) that引导宾语从句。

(15)引导目的状语从句。

The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been

infected by waste(16)．Moreover○，Snow was later able to show a link

between other cases of cholera and the different water companies○ in

companies sold water from the River Thames that was

polluted by raw waste○(17)．The people who drank this water were much

more likely toa get cholera○ than those who drank pure or boiled

water○(18)．

(16)that引导表语从句。

(17)that引导定语从句，修饰先行词water。

(18)who引导定语从句，第一个定语从句的先行词为people；第二个定语从句的先行词为those。

4442○33343536○373839○404143

Through Snow's tireless efforts○，water companies began to sell clean

water，and the threat of cholera around the world○ saw a substantial

decrease○(19)．However，cholera is still a year，millions of

people around the world get cholera and many die from it(20)．Fortunately，we now know how to prevent cholera(21)，thanks to○ the work of John

er，in his use of maps and statistics，Snow transformed○

the way scientists study diseases(22)．For this reason○，Snow is

considered the father of modern epidemiology○ (23)．

(19)and连接两个表示顺承关系的并列句。

(20)and连接两个表示顺承关系的并列句。

(21)“疑问词＋不定式短语”作宾语。

(22)省略关系词that或in which的定语从句，修饰先行词the way。

(23)名词短语作主语补足语。

①used to 过去时常；过去曾(而现在不再)做

②one of the most feared diseases最可怕的疾病之一

③cause severe diarrhoea导致严重的腹泻

④an outbreak of cholera爆发

⑤millions of people数百万人

⑥die from死于

⑦become frustrated变得沮丧

⑧in time最后

⑨attend to照料；照顾

⑩give birth生孩子

535250○45464748○4951

⑪once and for all最终地；彻底地

⑫in general一般而言

⑬two contradictory theories两种相互矛盾的理论

⑭an infection from germs细菌感染

⑮subscribe to同意；赞同

⑯need proof需要证据

⑰begin to investigate开始调查

⑱more than 500 people 500多人

⑲be determined to do sth.决心做某事

⑳find out why出原因

21mark on a map在地图上标出 ○22multiple deaths多人死亡 ○23house numbers门牌号 ○24some households一些家庭 ○25such as例如 ○26free beer免费的啤酒 ○27suspect vt.怀疑 ○28be to blame对某事应负责任 ○29what is more而且，此外 ○30die of死于 ○31move away搬走 ○32have 使某事被做 ○33as a result of由于 ○34accordingly adv.因此 ○35the handle of the pump水泵的把手 ○

36through this intervention通过这种干预 ○37in one's tracks立即 ○38moreover adv.再者，此外，而且 ○39a ……与……之间的联系 ○40water company供水公司 ○41raw waste未经处理的废物 ○42be likely to do sth.很可能做某事 ○43get cholera得 ○44boiled water白开水 ○45tireless efforts不懈努力 ○46around the world全世界 ○47a substantial decrease大幅减少 ○48prevent cholera预防 ○49thanks to幸亏；由于 ○50statistic n．统计数字 ○51transform vt.改变 ○52for this reason由于这个原因 ○53modern epidemiology现代流行病学 ○译文参考

约翰·斯诺战胜“王”

曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到英国医生约翰·斯诺展示了如何战胜它。这种疾病会导致严重的腹泻、脱水，甚至死亡。19世纪初，欧洲爆发，数百万人死于这种疾病。作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺变得沮丧，因为没有人知道如何预防或。后来，他成为一名著名的医生，甚至在维多利亚女王生孩子的时候照顾她。然而，他从未放弃彻底消灭的愿望。

一般来说，当时的医生对解释的传播有两种相互矛盾的理论。有一种理

论是恶劣的空气导致了这种疾病。另一种观点是是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。斯诺赞同第二种理论。这是对的，但他仍然需要证据。因此，当1854年伦敦爆发时，斯诺开始调查。他发现，在两条特别的街道上，爆发非常严重，10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心出原因。

斯诺首先在地图上标出了所有死者曾经居住过的确切地点。布罗德街的水泵附近有多人死亡(尤其是门牌号16号、37号、38号和40号)。然而，一些家庭(如布罗德街20号和21号，剑桥街8号和9号)没有死亡。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧里工作。他们得到了免费的啤酒，所以没有喝这个水泵的水。斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。此外，在伦敦的另一个地方，一位妇女和她的女儿从布罗德街搬走后死于。这个女人似乎非常喜欢这个水泵的水，以至于她每天都让人把水送到家。根据这些证据，约翰·斯诺能够宣布这个水泵的水携带了病菌。因此，他让人把水泵的把手拿掉了，这样水泵就不能用了。通过这种干预，这种疾病的蔓延被立即阻止了。

事实上，布罗德街的水泵的水已经被废物污染了。此外，斯诺后来还发现了其他病例与伦敦不同的供水公司之间的联系。一些公司出售泰晤士河的水，这些水被未经处理的废物污染了。喝这种水的人比喝纯净水或白开水的人更容易得。

在斯诺的不懈努力下，自来水公司开始出售干净的水，在世界范围内的威胁大幅减少。然而，仍然是一个问题。每年，世界各地有数百万人感染，并且许多人因此而死亡。幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的工作，我们现在知道如何预防。此外，斯诺利用地图和统计数据改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被认为是现代流行病学之父。

1．contradict vt.与……发生矛盾，与……抵触→contradictory adj.相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的

2．infect vt.使感染；传染→infection n．感染；传染

3．prove vt. 证明；检验→proof n．证据；证明；检验

4．intervene vi.干涉；干预→intervention n．介入；出面；干涉

1．suspect vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 adj.可疑的；不可信的

①I suspect (that) you once thought otherwise. vt.怀疑

②Two suspects are now being interrogated in connection with 犯罪嫌疑人

③His reason for being absent is suspect.

2．blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n．责备；指责

①He bears the blame of his brother.

②You can hardly blame Peter for being angry with her.

n.责备；指责

vt.责怪；指责

adj.可疑的

③Whenever something goes wrong，everyone blames it on me.

vt.把……归咎于

3．handle n．把手；拉手；柄 vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)

①You have to turn the handle and then pull it towards you. n.把手；拉手

②A label on the crate read：“Handle with care”．vt.处理；搬动

③Garden tools can be dangerous if carelessly handled.

4．link n．联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联

①The road links all the new towns. vt.把……连接起来

vt.操纵；使用

②Scientists have established possible links between cancer and diet. n.联系

③The two countries have successfully solved the boundary issue，which now has

become a link of friendship between the two peoples. n.纽带

5．decrease n．减少；降低；减少量 vt. & vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低

①The population began to decrease. vi.减少；减小；降低

②They decreased the size of the group from 25 to 15. vt.减少；减小；降低

③There has been some decrease in imports.

n.减少；降低

Words and Phrases

知识要点1 once and for all最终地；彻底地

(教材P2) However，he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.

然而，他从未放弃彻底消灭的愿望。

[例1] He will explain it fully once and for all.

他将把它充分地解释一次，就此了结。

[例2] The teacher has warned the student once and for all.

那位老师已断然警告那名学生了。

[知识拓展]

all at once

at once

once and again

突然；同时

立刻，马上

一而再，再三

知识要点2 subscribe vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)

(教材P2) Snow subscribed to the second theory.

斯诺赞同第二种理论。

[例1] He subscribed for 1，000 shares.

他认购了一千股。

[例2] I subscribed to that is put out every week.

我订阅了那本杂志。它是周刊。

[知识拓展]

subscribe to

同意；赞成；订阅……

把……捐赠给……；把……签署在……上

知识要点3 (教材P2) Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame．

斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。

(1)suspect vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象

[例1] I suspect him to know everything about that.

我猜想那件事他全都知道了。

[例2] She had no reason to suspect that Sylvia had not told the truth.

她没有理由怀疑西尔维娅没说实话。

[知识拓展]

suspect sb. of (doing) sth.

suspect sb.

怀疑某人(做)某事

怀疑某人是……

(2)blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n．责备；指责

[例1] They placed the blame on the doctor.

他们把责任归咎于医生。

[例2] He tried to escape blame for what he had done.

他试图不为自己的行为负责。

[知识拓展]

(1)be to blame (for sth.)

blame sb. for sth.

blame sth. on sb./sth.

(对某事)负有责任，(因某事)应受责备

因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人

把某事归咎于某人/某事

(2)put/lay the blame for sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某人

take the blame for sth. 承担某事的责任

知识要点4 link n. 联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联

(教材P3) Moreover，Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of

cholera and the different water companies in London.

此外，斯诺后来还发现了其他病例与伦敦不同的供水公司之间的联系。

[例1] The two companies have linked.

这两家公司已联合了。

[例2] The new bridge will link the island to the mainland.

新的桥梁将把该岛与大陆连接在一起。

[知识拓展]

(/

link up

link

(2)a link between A and B

将……和……联系/连接起来

连接；结合

与……联合；使与……衔接

A与B之间的联系

知识要点5 decrease n．减少；降低；减少量 vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低

(教材P3) Through Snow's tireless efforts，water companies began to sell clean

water，and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.

在斯诺的不懈努力下，自来水公司开始出售干净的水，在世界范围内的威胁大幅减少。

[例1] The decrease in sales was almost 20 percent.

销售量差不多减少了20%。

[例2] His interest in this subject gradually decreases.他对这个科目的兴趣在逐渐减退。

[知识拓展]

(1)on the decrease

a

(2)

[名师点津]

decrease的反义词increase的用法

increase to

increase by

on the increase

增加(长)到……

增加(长)了……

在增加

在减少中

在……方面减少

减少到……

减少了……

从……减少到……

知识要点6 thanks to 幸亏；由于

(教材P3) Fortunately，we now know how to prevent cholera，thanks to the work

of John Snow.

幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的工作，我们现在知道如何预防。

[例1] Thanks to his research，the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the

world of hunger.

多亏了他的研究，联合国在消除世界饥饿的战斗中又多了些方法。

[例2] Thanks to his effort，it is more successful than we have expected.

由于他的努力，(这件事)获得了比我们预期更大的成功。

[知识拓展]

because of

as a result of

因为；由于

作为……的结果；由于

due to

owing to

因为；由于

由于；因为……的缘故

知识要点7 transform vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.改变；转变

(教材P3) Moreover，in his use of maps and statistics，Snow transformed the

way scientists study diseases.

此外，斯诺利用地图和统计数据改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。

[例1] He seems to have been miraculously transformed into a first-class player.

他似乎奇迹般地变成了一流的球员。

[例2] Things cannot be transformed overnight.

事情不可能在一夜之间改变。

[知识拓展]

(1)transform A into B

transform sth. from A to B

(2)transformation n.

把A变成B

使某物从A变成B

改变；改革

知识要点8 pour vt.倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)

(教材P7) A non-Newtonian fluid is strange because you can pour it like a

liquid，but if you put any pressure on it，it suddenly becomes hard as concrete.

非牛顿流体很奇怪，因为你可以把它像液体一样倒出来，但如果你对它施加压力，它会突然变得像混凝土一样硬。

[例1] After the meeting the people poured out in crowds.

散会后人们成地涌出来。

[例2] People poured into the hall.

人们涌进大厅。

[知识拓展]

pour in

pour into

pour out

pour

pour down

涌进

涌进……

倒出；涌出；倾诉

从……中涌出来

(雨)倾盆而降

知识要点9 break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发

(教材P7) However，after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932，Qian made the

decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own

powerful air force to protect and defend the country.

然而，在1932年“淞 沪 会 战”爆发后，钱学森决定转学航空专业，因为他意识到中国需要自己强大的空军来保护和保卫国家。

[例1] Something unexpected always breaks out in this area.

在这一地区总有意想不到的事情发生。

[例2] The Second World War broke out in September 1939.

第二次世界大战爆发于1939年9月。

[知识拓展]

break in

break through

break up

break off

break away from

break into

break down

强行进入；打断

突破；冲破

破碎；解散；分手

断开；中断；停顿

逃脱；脱离

强行闯入；突然开始

出故障；垮掉

知识要点10 in charge of主管；掌管

(教材P8) He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in

charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile

programme.

他受到了来自祖国的英雄般的欢迎，不仅负责发展中国的火箭科学，还负责中国的太空和导弹计划。

[例1] I'll be in charge of the whole factory next week when the director is away.

下周厂长不在时，我将负责整个工厂。

[例2] The cook is in charge of the kitchen helper.

这位厨师负责管理帮厨工。

[知识拓展]

take charge of 掌管/负责……

in charge of

free of charge

控制/管理……

免费

in sb.'s charge＝in the charge of sb. 由……主管(含被动意义)

知识要点11 fault n. 弱点；过错

(教材P9) Above all，Hawking was willing to admit his faults.

最重要的是，霍金愿意承认自己的错误。

[例1] It was all my fault.

这都是我的错。

[例2] There is a fault in this machine.

这台机器出了故障。

[知识拓展]

find fault with sb.

find fault in

挑某人的毛病；对某人吹毛求疵

看出……的缺点；出……的毛病

Sentence Patterns

重点句式1 “特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构

(教材P2) As a young doctor，John Snow became frustrated because no one

knew how to prevent or treat cholera．

作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺变得沮丧，因为没有人知道如何预防或。

句式分析：句中how to prevent or treat cholera为“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构，作动词knew的宾语。

[例1] No one knew how to treat this dreaded disease.

没人知道如何这种可怕的疾病。

[例2] I don't quite know what to say in answer to your question.

我不太清楚如何回答你的问题。

[知识拓展]

(1)常见的特殊疑问词：疑问代词who，what，which等和疑问副词how，when，where等。

(2)语法功能：该结构相当于名词性从句，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等(作主语时，谓语动词常用单数)。

(3)通常用在tell，show，understand，explain，teach，learn，discuss等动词后面的特殊疑问代词与构成不定式的动词之间为动宾关系时，不定式通常用主动形式。

重点句式引导结果状语从句

(教材P2) He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak

was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.

他发现，在两条特别的街道上，爆发非常严重，10天内就有500多人死亡。

句式分析：句中so...意为“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。

[例1] He was so foolish that he accepted her invitation.

他接受了她的邀请真是太傻了。

[例2] They walked so fast that I could not keep up with them.

他们走得那么快，我没法跟上他们。

[知识拓展]

＋adj.＋a（n）＋单数可数名词(1)so＋

＋many/few＋复数可数名词＋much/little（少的）＋不可数名词a（n）＋adj.＋单数可数名词(2)suchadj.＋不可数名词＋

adj.＋复数名词 [名师点津]

(1)little表示“少”时用so修饰，但表示“小”时用such修饰。

There was so little time left that we must hurry.

时间不多了，我们要快一点。

They are such little children that they can't understand it.

他们是这么小的孩子，他们不会理解的。

(2)在“so...”和“”结构中，当“”置于句首时，其所在的句子要用全部倒装。

＋adj.或adv.

So hot a day was it that they all went swimming.

＝Such a hot day was it that they all went swimming.

天气这么热，他们都去游泳了。

重点句式3 “否定词＋比较级”表示最高级

(教材P7) Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's

aerospace science than Qian Xuesen.

也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。

句式分析：句中no...han为“否定词＋形容词/副词比较级＋than”结构，表示最高级。

[例1] Unfortunately，the technology of climate change is no simpler than

anything else.

不幸的是，改变气候的科技比任何事情都要复杂。

[例2] What a wonderful novel！I have never read a more moving one.

多么好的一本小说啊！我从未读过比这更感人的了。

[知识拓展]

表示最高级意义的其他常见结构：

never＋比较级

nothing/no＋so＋原级＋as...

nothing/no＋比较级＋

any other＋单数名词all（the）other＋复数名词比较级＋than＋

anyone elseany of the other＋复数名词the rest of＋复数名词或不可数名词

any＋单数名词

1．Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world，until a British

doctor，John Snow，showed how it could be overcome.

[分析] 本句为复合句，until引导时间状语从句，其中how it could be overcome

为how引导的宾语从句。

[译文] 曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到英国医生约翰·斯诺展示了如何战胜它。

2．He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe

that more than 500 people died in ten days.

[分析] 本句为复合句，动词discovered 后是that引导的宾语从句，其中so...引导结果状语从句。

[译文] 他发现，在两条特别的街道上，爆发非常严重，10天内就有500多人死亡。

表语从句

[观察例句]

1．One theory was that bad air caused the disease.

2．The question is who will be the successful applicant for the summer job at

the law firm.

3．Her confusion is whether she should stick to her own way of life or follow the

American way.

4．What John Snow was determined to find out was why the 1854 outbreak of

cholera in London could have caused over 500 deaths within ten days.

5．Taking a year off from school to travel abroad is what is generally called a gap

year.

[归纳用法]

1．所有例句中的黑体部分都位于系动词be后，作表语，故都是表语从句，这些表语从句在词性上相当于一个名词。

2．例1由从属连词that引导；例2由连接代词who引导；例3由从属连词whether引导；例4由连接副词why引导；例5由连接代词what引导。

表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。表语从句就是指一个句子作为表语，说明主语是什么或者怎么样。

一般结构为“主语＋系动词＋表语从句”。可接表语从句的连系动词有be，

look，remain，seem等。

1．从属连词that引导的表语从句

从属连词that的用法：①无意义 ②不充当成分

③不可省略

The reason for his absence is that he hasn't been informed.

他缺席的原因是他没接到通知。

My suggestion is that we should tell him.

我的建议是我们应该告诉他。

2．从属连词whether引导的表语从句

The point is whether we should lend him the money.

关键在于我们是否应该借钱给他。

[名师点津] if不能引导表语从句。

3．连接代词和连接副词引导的表语从句

The problem is who is really fit for the hard job.

问题是谁才真正适合做这份艰苦的工作。

This is what I am interested in.

这就是我所感兴趣的。

That's where I first met her.

那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。

4．because，as if/though等引导的表语从句

It's just because he doesn't know her.

这仅仅是因为他不认识她。

Now it seems as though she had known Millie for years.

现在好像她认识米莉已有好多年了似的。

It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.

听起来好像有人在敲门。

5．why和because引导的表语从句的区别

That'

意为“那是……的原因”，强调结果

That'

意为“那是因为……”，强调原因

I didn't phone her，and that's why she got angry with me.(强调“没打电话”这一结果)

我没有给她打电话。那就是她对我生气的原因。

I didn't phone her，and that's because I got angry with her.(强调“生气”这一原因)

我没有给她打电话。那是因为我生她的气了。

[名师点津]

reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。

6．表语从句中的虚拟语气

在表语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是：advice，suggestion，proposal，request，order，idea等，从句谓语形式是“should＋动词原形”(should可以省略)。

My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.

我的建议是你应该尽可能经常地练习说英语。

表达个人观点类作文

表达个人观点类文章实际上大多数是议论文，有时是夹叙夹议类文章。写好该类作文要注意以下要点：

1．观点鲜明，文章一定要有一个明确的中心论点。

2．层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，层次要分明，过渡要自然。

3．最后一段一般要总结全文，得出一个符合逻辑的结论，突出中心思想。

4．通常采用一般现在时。

5．语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语。

[基本框架]

1．开头——开门见山，说明主题，并表明个人观点。

2．主体——从不同的角度给出详细的论据支持。

3．结尾——得出结论或重新强调自己的观点。

[常用词块]

1．attach great importance to高度重视

2．play a vital part in在……中起重要作用

3．make outstanding contributions to对……做出杰出贡献

4．serve the society服务社会

5．from my point of view依我之见

6．a wise choice一个明智的选择

7．support the opinion支持这个观点

8．oppose the opinion反对这个观点

9．the following three reasons以下三个原因

10．become more and more popular变得越来越受欢迎

[常用语句]

1．They hold the belief that the historical plays are attractive and easy to

understand.

他们认为这些历史剧有吸引力，容易理解。

2．As far as I am concerned，I like reading books，because books tell me the truth

and encourage us to use our imagination.

就我而言，我喜欢读书，因为书告诉我真相，鼓励我们使用我们的想象力。

3．However，every coin has two sides.

然而，任何事物都有两面性。

4．After all，not everyone dares to face reality bravely.

毕竟，不是每个人都敢勇敢地面对现实。

5．Some students support the students oppose the opinion.

一些学生支持这个观点。其他学生反对这个观点。

6．There are at least three good points of shopping online.

网上购物至少有三点好处。

7．Such a situation should be changed to give students both pleasure and

knowledge.

这种情况应该改变，以便给予学生乐趣和知识。

8．In my opinion，I prefer shopping online，because going shopping is a kind of

enjoying life for me and I can also get what I really want.

在我看来，我更喜欢网上购物，因为购物对我来说是享受生活。我也可以得到我真正想要的东西。

假如你是李华，最近，在你班英语课上，同学们就是否可以使用高科技对故宫进行美化进行了讨论。 请你用英语写一篇短文，介绍讨论结果并发表个人观点。要点如下：

支持

融入高科技技术，增强美感；

吸引更多的游客。

破坏了故宫的原貌；

要尊重历史和传统。

……

反对

你的观点

注意：1.词数80左右；

2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

参考词汇： the Palace Museum 故宫

[学生习作]

Recently, we had a class discussion

about whether it is necessary to apply high

technology to the Palace Museum. Some

think that the use of high technology can

add beauty to the Palace Museum and

make it more attractive to visitors. Others

is very important to respect the history and

our tradition. I think some work can be

done to provide a complete ancient palace

for the world.

[升格作文]

Recently, we had a class discussion about whether it is necessary to apply high

technology to the Palace Museum. Our opinions are divided.

Some support the creative measures, saying that the use of high technology can

add beauty to the Palace Museum, thus making it more attractive to visitors. However,

those who are against the idea say that it will destroy its original appearance. More

importantly, it is extremely essential to respect the history and our tradition.

点评：

1．文章没有分段，缺少框架意识，把所有内容混搭在一起，从而影响得分。

2．词语不够亮丽，高级词汇和高级表say that it will destroy its old appearance. It

达太少。

3．几乎无衔接，全文结构不清晰，意义不连贯。

In my opinion, some proper work can be done to appeal to more visitors. It's our

duty to provide a complete and true ancient palace for the world.

Unit 2 Bridging Cultures

原文呈现

“WELCOME，XIE LEI！”

BUSINESS STUDENT BUILDING BRIDGES

Six months ago，19­year­old Xie Lei said goodbye to① her family

and friends and boarded a plane for② was the first time that she

had left China.(1)“I was very excited but also quite nervous③.I didn't

know what to expect④，” Xie Lei recalled⑤.

(1)It was the first had done sth./It is the first time

has/have done sth.这是某人第一次做某事

Xie Lei is studying for a business qualification⑥ at a university in

China and has come to our university on a year-long exchange

programme⑦.“I chose the exchange programme because I wanted to learn

about global business⑧ and improve my English(2)．My ambition⑨ is to

set up a business⑩ in China after graduation(3)，” she explained.

(2)because引导原因状语从句，其中and连接两个并列不定式。

(3)不定式短语作表语。

At first⑪，Xie Lei had to adapt to⑫ life in a different country.“You

have to get used to⑬ a whole new life，” she said.“I had to learn how to

use public transport and how to ask for things I didn't know the English

names for(4)．When I got lost⑭，I had to ask passers-by for help⑮，but

people here speak fast and use words I'm not familiar with⑯.(5) I ask them

to repeat themselves a lot！”

(4)and连接两个并列“疑问词＋不定式”，其中I...names for为省略关系代词that的定语从句，修饰先行词things。

(5)but连接表示转折关系的并列句，其中lost为时间状语从句，I'm not familiar with为省略关系代词that的定语从句，修饰先行词words。

Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation⑰，Xie Lei chose to live with a host family⑱，who can help with her

adaptation⑲ to the new culture.(6)“When I miss home(7)，I feel

comforted⑳ to have a second family，” Xie Lei said.“When there's

something I don't know or understand(8)，I can ask are also

keen to learn about China○.Laura，the daughter of my host family，wants to study in China in the take turns to○ cook each

really love my stir-fried tomatoes and eggs○！Laura says

she always feels hungry when she smells it，so I taught her how to cook it，too.(9)”

(accommodation为让步状语从句，w culture为定语从句，修饰先行词family。

(7)when引导时间状语从句。

(8)when引导时间状语从句，其中I...understand为定语从句，修饰先行词something。

(9)so连接表示因果关系的并列句，she always feels hungry为省略that的宾语从句，when she smells it为时间状语从句。

Another challenge for Xie Lei is the academic requirements○.The

262523○21○2224

first time that she had to write an essay○，her tutor explained that she must

acknowledge what other people had said if she cited their ideas○，but that

he mainly wanted to know what she thought！(10)Xie Lei was confused○

because she thought she knew less than○ other people(11)．Her tutor

advised her to read lots of information in order to○ form a wise

opinion of her own○.

(10)but连接表示转折关系的并列句，其中The ssay为时间状语从句，had said为宾语从句，if...ideas为条件状语从句，what she thought也是宾语从句。

(11)because引导原因状语从句，her people为省略了that的宾语从句。

Xie Lei also found many courses included students' participation in

class as part of the final result○ (12)．Students need to generate

ideas，offer examples，apply concepts，and raise questions，as well as○

give presentations○.At first，Xie Lei had no idea what she should say，but

what surprised her was that she found herself speaking up○ in class after

just a few weeks.(13)“My presentation on traditional Chinese art was a

great success，which boosted my confidence○ (14)，” she said.“I'll use

these skills back home for 'll help me build a strong

business○ in the future.”

(12)此处为省略that的宾语从句。

(13)but连接表示转折关系的并列句，其中what she should say为同位语从句，what surprised her为主语从句，weeks为表语从句。

4442○2728293031○32○333435○3637○38○39404143

(14)which引导非限制性定语从句。

Now halfway through her exchange year，Xie Lei feels much more at

home○ in the seemed strange before(15) now appears quite

normal to her.“Engaging in○ British culture(16) has helped，” she said.“As well as studying hard，I've been involved in○ social h

people are fascinated by our culture and eager to learn more about it，so I'm

keen to share my culture with49○4546○4748 I'm learning about

50business(17)，I'm also acting as a cultural messenger○ building a bridge

between us.”

(15)what引导主语从句。

(16)动名词短语作主语。

(17)while引导时间状语从句。

We will follow Xie Lei's progress in later editions，but for now○，we

wish her all the best○．(18)

(18)but连接表示转折关系的并列句。

①say goodbye to 告别……

②board a plane for登上飞往……的飞机

③be quite nervous很紧张

④what to expect有何期望

⑤recall vt.& vi.记起；回想起

⑥a business qualification工商管理资格证书

⑦(be) on a year-long exchange programme进行为期一年的交流项目

⑧global business国际商务

⑨ambition n．追求的目标；夙愿；野心；抱负

5251

⑩set up a business创业

⑪at first起初

⑫adapt to适应……

⑬get used to习惯于……

⑭get lost迷路

⑮ask passers-by for help向路人求助

⑯be familiar with熟悉……

⑰live in campus accommo-dation住在学校宿舍

⑱a host family寄宿家庭

⑲adaptation n．适应；改编本

⑳feel comforted感到安慰

21be keen to do sth.渴望做某事 ○22learn about China了解中国 ○23in the future将来 ○24take turns 轮流做…… ○25stir-○fried tomatoes and eggs西红柿炒鸡蛋

26academic requirements学业要求 ○27write an essay写论文 ○28cite one's idea引用某人的观点 ○29be confused感到困惑 ○30less than小于；少于 ○31advise sb. 建议某人做…… ○32lots of许多 ○33in order to为了…… ○34form a wise opinion of one's own形成自己明智的见解 ○

35participation in class课堂参与 ○36as part of the final result作为最终成绩的一部分 ○37generate ideas产生想法 ○38apply concepts应用概念 ○39as well as也，又；除了…… ○40give presentations发表演讲 ○41speak up大声点说；明确表态 ○42a great success非常成功 ○43boost one's confidence增强信心 ○44build a strong business建立一个强大的企业 ○45feel at home舒服自在；不拘束 ○46appear quite normal to sb.对某人来说很正常 ○47engage in(使)从事；参与 ○48be involved in参与…… ○和……分享…… ○50act as a cultural messenger充当或担任文化使者 ○51for now现在 ○52wish sb. all the best祝某人一切顺利 ○译文参考

“欢迎您，谢蕾！”

商科学生搭建桥梁

六个月前，19岁的谢蕾告别家人和朋友，登上飞往伦敦的飞机。这是她第一次离开中国。“我很兴奋，但也很紧张。因为我不知道我所期望的是什么，”谢蕾回忆道。

谢蕾正在中国的一所大学学习以获得工商管理资格证书，她来我校进行为期一年的交流项目。“我选择交流项目是因为我想了解国际商务，并提高我的英语

水平。我的志向是毕业后在中国创业，”她解释道。

起初，谢蕾不得不适应另一个国家的生活。“你必须习惯一种全新的生活，”她说。“我必须学习如何使用公共交通工具，以及如何问一些我不知道英文名字的问题。当我迷路的时候，我不得不向路人求助，但是这里的人说得很快，而且使用我不熟悉的单词。我要他们重复几遍！”

虽然有些外国学生住在学校宿舍，但谢蕾选择了寄宿家庭，他们可以帮助她适应新的文化。“当我想家的时候，我为有第二个家而感到安慰，”谢蕾说。“当我有不知道或不理解的事情时，我可以问他们。他们也渴望了解中国。劳拉，我寄宿家庭的女儿，将来想到中国学习。我们每天晚上轮流做饭。他们真的很喜欢我的西红柿炒鸡蛋！劳拉说，她一闻到味就觉得饿，所以我也教她怎么做。”

谢蕾面临的另一个挑战是学业要求。她第一次写论文时，导师跟她解释说，如果引用别人的观点就一定要注明，不过导师主要是想知道她自己是怎么想的！谢蕾很困惑，因为她觉得自己知道的比别人少。她的导师建议她多阅读资料，以便形成自己明智的见解。

谢蕾还发现，很多课程都把学生的课堂参与作为最终成绩的一部分。学生需要有自己的想法，提供例子，应用概念，提出问题，以及发表演讲。刚开始，谢蕾不知道该说什么。但使她惊奇的是，没过几周，她就能在课堂上大胆发言了。“我关于中国传统艺术的演讲非常成功，这增强了我的信心，”她说。“我回国后会用这些技巧来做演讲。它们将帮助我在未来建立一个强大的企业。”

现在一年的交流时间已过半，谢蕾感到她在英国的学习和生活自如多了。以前看起来很奇怪的事现在对她来说很正常。“融入英国文化很有帮助，”她说。“除了努力学习，我还参加了一些社会活动。英国人对我们的文化很着迷，渴望了解更多，所以我很想和他们分享我的文化。我攻读商科的同时也是一个文化使者，在中外文化之间架起了一座桥梁。”

我们将在以后的版次中继续关注谢蕾的进步，但是现在，我们希望她一切顺利。

1．call vt.& vi.喊；命名；召唤；认为→recall vt.& vi.记起；回想起

2．qualify vt.& vi.(使)具备资格；(使)合格→qualification n．(通过考试或学习课程取得的)资格；学历

3．ambition n．追求的目标；夙愿；野心；抱负→ambitious adj.有野心的；有雄心的

4．adapt vt.&vi.(使)适应；改编→adaptation n．适应；改编本→adaptable adj.可适应的，有适应能力的

5．comfort n．安慰；令人感到安慰的人或事物；舒服；安逸 vt.安慰；抚慰→comfortable adj.舒服的→comfortably adv.舒服地；自在地→uncomfortable adj.不舒服的；不安的；不自在的→uncomfortably adv.不舒服地；不自在地

6．participate vi.参加；参与→participation n．参加；参与

7．present vt.提出；赠送；呈现 n．礼物；现在 adj.出席的；现在的；存在的→presentation n．报告；陈述；出示；拿出

1．qualify vt.& vi.(使)具备资格；(使)合格

①I won't qualify until next year.

②This certificate qualifies the products.

vi.具备资格

vt.使合格

③His past experience qualified him to handle such a delicate .使具备资格

2．comfort n．安慰；令人感到安慰的人或事物；舒服；安逸 vt.安慰；抚慰

①You can now watch the latest movies in the comfort of your own home.

②She is enjoying the comforts of life.

③I often take comfort from reading.

④It comforts her to feel his arms around her.

3．involve vt.包含；需要；涉及；影响；(使)参加

①The demonstration (游行示威)involved 200 students. vt.涉及

n.舒服；安逸

n.令人感到安慰的人或事物

n.安慰

vt.安慰；抚慰

②The reforms will inevitably involve a lot of new paperwork for teachers.

vt.需要

③What kind of organizations will be involved in setting up these projects?

Words and Phrases

知识要点1 adaptation n．适应；改编本

vt.使参加

(教材P14) Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation，Xie

Lei chose to live with a host family，who can help with her adaptation to the new

culture.

虽然有些外国学生住在学校宿舍，但谢蕾选择了寄宿家庭，他们可以帮助她适应新的文化。

[例1] This play by George Bernard Shaw is an adaptation of a classic Greek

story.

萧伯纳的这个剧本是根据一个古希腊传说改编的。

[例2] The adaptation of the play for radio manuscript was easy.

把剧本改编成广播稿很容易。

[知识拓展]

(1)make an

(2)adapt vi.& vt.

vt.

adapt

adapt sth.

adapt sth.

适应……

(使)适应；(使)适合

改编；修改

适应……

使某人自己适应……

把……改编成……

由……改编

知识要点2 comfort n．安慰；令人感到安慰的人或事物；舒服；安逸 vt.安慰；抚慰

(教材P14) “When I miss home，I feel comforted to have a second family，”

Xie Lei said.

“当我想家的时候，我为有第二个家而感到安慰，”谢蕾说。

[例1] She comforted herself that her husband would be home soon.

她安慰自己说她的丈夫很快就会回来。

[例2] You are a great comfort to your parents.

你是父母最大的安慰。

[知识拓展]

(1)in comfort

be a comfort to sb.

It's a comfort to do sth.

舒适地；放松地

对某人来说是个安慰

做……是令人安慰的事

(2)comfort sb.＝give comfort to sb. 安慰某人

(3)comfortable adj.

(4)comfortably adv.

(5)uncomfortable adj.

[名师点津]

comfort作“舒适；安慰”讲时，为不可数名词，但作“令人感到安慰的人或事物”讲时，则是可数名词，前面常出现不定冠词a。类似的还有：success，failure，surprise，joy等；但fun例外，虽然也可指具体的人或事，但它是不可数名词。

知识要点3 participation n．参加；参与

(教材P15) Xie Lei also found many courses included students' participation in

class as part of the final result.

谢蕾还发现，很多课程都把学生的课堂参与作为最终成绩的一部分。

[例1] We were very pleased with the high level of participation in the charity

events.

我们为大家积极参与慈善活动感到非常高兴。

[例2] Participation is encouraged at all levels.

鼓励各级人士都来参与。

[知识拓展]

(1)participation in

(2)participate vi.

participate in (doing) sth. with sb.

participate with sb. in sth.

(3)participant n.

[名师点津]

participate 是不及物动词，常与in构成搭配，同义短语是join in，take part in。

参加；参与

参加；参与

与某人一起参加/参与(做)某事

与某人分担某事

参加者；参与者

舒服的；安逸的

舒适地

不舒适的

知识要点4 presentation n. 报告；陈述；出示；拿出

(教材P15) Students need to generate ideas，offer examples，apply concepts，and

raise questions，as well as give presentations.

学生需要有自己的想法，提供例子，应用概念，提出问题，以及发表演讲。

[例1] On presentation of the relevant identity documents you may collect your

property.

你只要出示有关的身份证件就可以领取你的财产。

[例2] The Queen will make the presentation herself.

女王将亲手赠送礼品。

[知识拓展]

give a presentation of

make a presentation to

对……作陈述

为……颁发奖品

知识要点5 speak up 大声点说；明确表态

(教材P15) At first，Xie Lei had no idea what she should say，but what surprised

her was that she found herself speaking up in class after just a few weeks.

刚开始，谢蕾不知道该说什么。但使她惊奇的是，没过几周，她就能在课堂上大胆发言了。

[例1] Please speak up so that the people at the back of the room can hear you.

请大点声讲，让屋子后面的人也能听见你的声音。

[例2] It's about time someone spoke up for these basic truths.

该是有人公开讲清楚这些基本事实的时候了。

[知识拓展]

speak for

speak one's mind

speak well/ill of

speak of

代表……讲话；为……辩护

说出心里话

表扬/批评

谈起；提到

知识要点6 feel at home舒服自在；不拘束

(教材P15) Now halfway through her exchange year，Xie Lei feels much more at

home in the UK.

现在一年的交流时间已过半，谢蕾感到她在英国的学习和生活自如多了。

[例1] Will you ever feel at home here?

在这里你会有无拘无束的感觉吗？

[例2] Make the new students feel at home in your school.

让新生们在你们的学校里感到舒适自在。

[知识拓展]

be at home

feel/be at home with sb.

be home free

see sb. home

觉得舒适；无拘束

和某人合得来

稳操胜券，遥遥领先

送某人回家

知识要点7 engage vi.参加；参与(活动) vt.吸引(注意力、兴趣)

(教材P15) “Engaging in British culture has helped，” she said.

“融入英国文化很有帮助，”她说。

[例1] His good nature engages everyone.

他善良的性情吸引每个人。

[例2] She tried to engage him in conversation.

她试图让他参与对话。

[知识拓展]

engage in

engage oneself in

be engaged by

be engaged in

be engaged to

(使)从事；参与

正做着，正忙着

为……所吸引

从事；正做着；正忙着

同……订婚

知识要点8 involve vt.包含；需要；涉及；影响；(使)参加

(教材P15) As well as studying hard，I've been involved in social activities.

除了努力学习，我还参加了一些社会活动。

[例1] I didn't mean to involve you in all this.

我没打算让你牵涉到这一切当中。

[例2] We want to involve as many people as possible in the celebrations.

我们希望参加庆典的人越多越好。

[知识拓展]

get/be involved in

involve sb. in sth.

参与；卷入；与……有关联

让某人经历，让某人做(尤指令人不快的事)

知识要点9 behave vt.表现 vi.& vt.表现得体；有礼貌

(教材P20) Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how

to behave in new surroundings.

在学习如何在新环境中得体举止时，有些人可能会感到吃力，并承受文化冲击的折磨。

[例1] He behaved well at school.

他在学校表现良好。

[例2] Jane has studied these families of chimps for many years and helped

people understand how much they behave like humans.

简研究这些猩猩家族已经很多年了，她帮助人们了解它们的行为跟人类的是多么相似。

[知识拓展]

(1)behave well/badly to/towards sb. 对待某人好/差

behave oneself

behave as

(2)behaviour n.

守规矩；表现得体

表现得好像……

举止；行为；习性

知识要点10 optimistic adj.乐观的

(教材P20) As I always tell my son，there are no great difficulties for a person

who is brave，optimistic，and willing to work hard!

我总是告诉儿子，对于一个勇敢、乐观、愿意努力工作的人来说，没有什么大的困难！

[例1] He is an optimistic young fellow.

他是一个乐观的年轻人。

[例2] He remained strongly optimistic that an agreement could be reached.

他仍然很乐观地认为协议能够达成。

[知识拓展]

become optimistic 变得乐观

be optimistic about 对……乐观

知识要点11 gain vt.获得；赢得；取得；增加 n．好处；增加

(教材P20) The education you gain and the experiences you have will change you

for the better.

你获得的教育和你拥有的经验会使你变得更好。

[例1] No pains，no gains.

不劳无获。

[例2] To gain a complete mastery of English，one must study very hard.

要想精通英语就必须刻苦学习。

[知识拓展]

从……中受益

gain strength/weight/power/experience 增加力气/体重/能力/经验

gain independence (from ...) (脱离……)获得独立

知识要点12 cooperate vi.合作；协作；配合

(教材P20) Cooperating with people from diverse cultural backgrounds helps us

view the world from different angles and thus gives us more insight into our own

culture.

与来自不同文化背景的人合作有助于我们从不同的视角看待世界，进而让我们对自己的文化有更深入的了解。

[例1] We hope we can cooperate even more closely in the future.

希望我们今后能更加密切地合作。

[例2] He has said he will cooperate fully with the police enquiries.

他说他对警方的调查将全力配合。

[知识拓展]

cooperate with (sb.) in (sth.)

cooperate in harmony

和(某人)合作(某事)

协调地合作；配合默契

Sentence Patterns

重点句式1 It was the first 这是第一次做……

(教材P14) It was the first time that she had left China.

这是她第一次离开中国。

句式分析：句中It was the first 表示“这是第一次做……”。that从句常用过去完成时。

[例1] It was the first time that she had sung in public.那是她首次公开演唱。

[例2] It was the last time that I had seen him.

那是我最后一次看见他。

[知识拓展]

句型结构 从句时态 意义

这是第……次做某事

It was the first ()

过去完成时

It is the first ()

现在完成时

重点句式2 the first time (that)．..第一次……时

(教材P14) The first time that she had to write an essay，her tutor explained

that she must acknowledge what other people had said if she cited their ideas，but

that he mainly wanted to know what she thought!

她第一次写论文时，导师跟她解释说，如果引用别人的观点就一定要注明，不过导师主要是想知道她自己是怎么想的！

句式分析：名词性短语the first time (that)在此作连词，引导时间状语从句，表示“第一次……时”。

[例1] The first time I saw her，she wore a red skirt.

我第一次见到她时，她穿着一条红裙子。

[例2] I felt bad the first time I talked to a group.

第一次给旅行团作讲解时，我感觉很糟。

[知识拓展]

(1)the first time用作连词引导时间状语从句，意为“第一次……时”，而for the

first time是介词短语，意为“第一次”，在句中作状语。

(2)引导时间状语从句的短语或词还有every time，each time，the last time，the

moment，the minute，immediately，directly等，起从属连词的作用。

重点句式3 动词-ing形式作主语

(教材P20) Cooperating with people from diverse cultural backgrounds helps

us view the world from different angles and thus gives us more insight into our

own culture.

与来自不同文化背景的人合作有助于我们从不同的视角看待世界，进而让我们对自己的文化有更深入的了解。

句式分析：句中Cooperating with people from diverse cultural backgrounds为动词-ing形式作主语。

[例1] Doing is not so easy as saying.

做不像说那么容易。

[例2] Seeing is believing.

眼见为实。

[知识拓展]

(1)动词-ing形式是一种非谓语形式，可以在句中充当除谓语动词以外的多种成分，除了作主语外，还可以作宾语、表语等。

(2)动词-ing形式作主语时(特别是较长时)，经常可以换用形式主语it的句式。

(3)动词­ing形式作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。

1．When I got lost，I had to ask passers­by for help，but people here speak fast and

use words I'm not familiar with.

[分析] 句中but连接表示转折关系的并列句，第一个分句中When I got lost为when引导的时间状语从句，I'm not familiar with为省略关系代词that的定语从句，修饰先行词words。

[译文] 当我迷路的时候，我不得不向路人求助，但是这里的人说得很快，而且使用我不熟悉的单词。

2．Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation，Xie Lei chose

to live with a host family，who can help with her adaptation to the new culture.

[分析] 句中Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation为

although引导的让步状语从句，who can help with her adaptation to the new culture为关系代词who引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词family。

[译文] 虽然有些外国学生住在学校宿舍，但谢蕾选择了寄宿家庭，他们可以帮助她适应新的文化。

名词性从句

[观察例句]

1．What seemed strange before now appears quite normal to Xie Lei.

2．It's important that Xie Lei keeps a balance between her studies and her social

life.

3．That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second

language.

4．Her tutor explained that she was supposed to read lots of information to help

form a wise opinion of her own.

5．He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English.

6．The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.

[归纳用法]

1．以上例句皆为主从复合句，句中用了相当于名词作用的从句(即名词性从句)在句中充当成分。

2．例句1为what引导的主语从句。例句2中it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面that引导的主语从句。

3．例句3为why引导的表语从句。

4．例句4为that引导的宾语从句。例句5中it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为后面that引导的宾语从句。

5．例句6为that引导的同位语从句。

名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语

从句。

一、名词性从句的连接词

引导名词性从句的连接词有三个连词、五个连接代词、四个连接副词。

连接词

连词

词形

that

if/whether

who(ever)

whom(ever)

词义

×

是否

(无论)谁(主格)

(无论)谁(宾格)

在从句中所作的成分

×

×

主语、表语、宾语

表语、宾语

定语

主语、宾语、表语、定语

主语、宾语、定语

状语

状语

状语

状语

连接代词

whose(ever)

(无论)谁的(所有格)

what(ever)

which(ever)

when(ever)

连接副词

where(ever)

how(ever)

why

二、主语从句

(无论)什么

(无论)哪个

(无论)什么时候

(无论)在哪里

(无论)怎样，怎么

为什么

主语从句是指在句中作主语的从句，位置与陈述句的主语相同。

What is not to our satisfaction is that the price of the meal is a little too high.

我们不满意的是饭菜的价格稍微有点高。

How the book will sell depends on its author.

这本书如何销售取决于作者本人。

Where we shall have the meeting makes no difference.

我们在哪儿开会都无所谓。

1．that引导主语从句，在从句中不充当任何成分，仅起连接作用，但不可省略。

That you will win the medal seems unlikely.

你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。

2．whether引导的主语从句既可放在句首也可放在句尾，但if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾，前面需要用it作形式主语。

Whether the sports meeting will be held is not certain now.

运动会是否将举行现在还不能确定。

Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful.

＝It is doubtful whether/if the work can be completed on time.

这项工作能否按时完成还不确定。

3．若主语部分结构较长，可以使用形式主语it，把真正的主语从句放于后面。

It is announced that our school is going to start an activity of “Crazy English”

before daily morning exercises.

学校通知每日早操前将开展“疯狂英语”活动。

It is necessary that people should learn to face the reality.

人们应该学会面对现实是有必要的。

三、宾语从句

在主从复合句中作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句在句中可以作及物动词、介词或一些形容词的宾语。

Everyone knows that the earth is made up of matter.

每个人都知道地球是由物质构成的。

I doubt whether he will be elected as chairman.

我怀疑他是否会当选为主席。

These two areas are similar in that they both have high rainfall in summer.

这两个地区相似，因为在夏天降水都很多。

I'm not certain whether the train will arrive on time.

我不确信火车是否将会按时到达。

1．that引导宾语从句，既无语法功能，也无词汇意义，常被省略。但多个并列从句出现时，第一个that可以省略，其他的不能省略。

She said (that) she would come here and that I should wait for her till Monday.

她说她将会来这儿并让我等到星期一。

2．if和whether引导宾语从句的区别：

①在动词不定式之前只能用 whether。

②在 not 的固定搭配中，只用 whether。

③在介词后，只能用whether。

④作 discuss 的宾语时，只能用 whether。

⑤宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用 whether。

3．带复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后面，而用it作形式宾语。

4．表示喜欢、憎恶等心理活动的动词(短语)后习惯上先加个形式宾语it，再接宾语从句。例如：hate，dislike，love，don't mind，feel like，appreciate，rely on，count on，see to等。

We think it possible that you can finish the work today.我们认为你今天能够完成这项工作。

5．宾语从句的否定转移：think，believe，suppose，imagine等动词后的宾语从句中的否定词要转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。

I don't think we need to waste much time on it.

我想我们不必在这上面浪费太多时间。(形式上否定)

四、表语从句

表语从句在复合句中作表语，出现在连系动词之后，一般结构为“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。

The question is whether we can finish the work in time.

问题在于我们是否能及时完成这项工作。

1．that在引导表语从句时无词义，在从句中不充当任何成分，仅起连接作用，但不可以省略。

The fact remains that we are still not advanced enough.

事实依然是我们还是不够先进。

2．whether可引导表语从句，但if却通常不用于引导表语从句。

His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet.

他的首要问题是汤姆是否已经到达。

3．引导表语从句的引导词还可用because，as if，as though，as。

The sky is overcast with dark seems as if it is going to rain soon.

天空乌云密布。似乎很快就要下雨了。

五、同位语从句

在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某个名词后面，用来说明前面名词的具体内容。常见的这类名词有：fact，news，hope，truth，idea，

suggestion，thought，question，promise，order，problem，belief，word，message，information，proof，announcement，desire，doubt，proposal，advice，possibility等。

The news that he was admitted to Peking University is exciting.

他被北京大学录取了的消息真是令人激动。

The question who should do the work requires consideration.

谁应当做这份工作，这个问题需要考虑。

I have no idea that you have applied for the post.

我不知道你已经申请了这个职位。

[名师点津] 同位语从句和定语从句的区别

功能不同

that

同位语从句

对名词加以补充说明

定语从句

与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，起连接作用

不作成分，只起连接作用，不可作主语或宾语，起连接作用；并且作省略 从句的宾语时可省略

不引导定语从句

whether/

起连接作用，其中whether不作how/what

成分，而how和what作成分

其他wh- 作成分；起连接作用；有自己的作成分；起连接作用；没有自己的含类词 含义，但与先行词无关 义，但是代替先行词在从句中作成分

Jim got to know the news that the whole village was in great danger.

吉姆得知了整个村子都处在极度危险中的消息。(that引导同位语从句，解释说明the news的内容)

Do you know the news(that/which)Jim told me?

你知道吉姆告诉我的那个消息吗？(that/which引导定语从句，且在从句中作宾语)

写一封有争议性话题的信

有争议性的话题都是很容易引起大家关注的话题，并且是跟随着时代的潮流而来的话题。争议性话题当然有很大的争议性，写作时，你必然会有一个关于这

个话题的态度，支持或反对。

[基本框架]

1．开头——引出话题，综述大家对此话题的不同态度。

2．主体——提出自己的观点，并对此话题的利弊进行深入的分析。

3．结尾——总结自己的观点，扣题。

[常用词块]

1．have a good understanding of很好地理解或了解

2．go to study abroad出国留学

3．know more about foreign countries更多地了解外国

4．have both advantages and disadvantages既有优点也有缺点

5．bring serious problems带来严重的问题

6．some effective measures一些有效的措施

7．make the most of充分利用

8．witness the fast development of见证了……的快速发展

[常用语句]

1．I'm writing to tell you about my opinion on Chinese students going abroad for

further studies at an early age.

我写信是想告诉你我对中国学生留学低龄化的看法。

2．It's universally acknowledged that computers are commonly used nowadays.

现在人们普遍使用电脑，这是公认的。

3．Some people believe that students should be given one long vacation each

believe that students should have several short vacations throughout the

year.

有些人认为学生每年应该有一个长假。另外有些人认为学生应该有几个短假。

4．Some effective measures should be taken to ensure that computers are used in

right ways.

应该采取一些有效的措施来确保电脑的正确使用。

5．Only in this way can we improve our English.

只有这样，我们才能提高英语水平。

6．And this has aroused hot debate recently.

最近这引起了热议。

如今越来越多的中国高中学生选择出国留学，请阐述高中生出国留学的利弊。并结合实际，谈谈你个人的看法。内容要点：

1．利，至少两点；

2．弊，至少两点；

3．你的观点。

注意：1.词数80左右；

2．可适当添加细节，以使内容充实，行文连贯。

[学生习作]

点评：

Go to study abroad has many advantages. The

students can study in good conditions. They can learn

about different cultures and broaden their horizons. We

can't ignore its disadvantages. Perhaps most students

will find it difficult to communicate with the natives

because of the language problem.

I think that Chinese students going to study abroad is a

good thing, but I don't think it necessary for us to do

that so early.

1．审题不够仔细，遗漏了内容要点，文章首句应该先表明“如今越来越多的中国高中学生选择出国留学”，并且只写了一个弊端，而文章要求至少两点。

2．未能有效地使用衔接，句子之间意义不连贯。

3．有个别小错，如动词不可作主语，要用动名词。

[升格作文]

Nowadays, going to study abroad is popular with the senior students in China.

Obviously, it has many advantages. The students can study in good conditions.

Besides, they can learn about different cultures and broaden their horizons. However,

never can we ignore its disadvantages. Perhaps most students will find it difficult to

communicate with the natives because of the language problem. In addition, being

abroad alone, they're sure to be faced with safety problems.

In my opinion, I do think that Chinese students going to study abroad is a good

thing, but I don't think it necessary for us to do that so early.

Unit 3 Food And Culture

原文呈现

CULTURE AND CUISINE

The French author Jean Anthelme Brillat­Savarin once wrote，“Tell me

what you eat，and I will tell you what you are(1)．” Put more simply①，this means “You are what you eat.” Most people today relate this saying

to② healthy eating③.However，Brillat­Savarin was actually referring to④

our personality⑤，character，and culture.

(1)and连接顺承关系的并列句，其中what you eat和what you are都是宾语从句。

Certainly，in many ways⑥ this seems to be e cuisine is a

case in point⑦.Prior to⑧ coming to China，my only experience with

Chinese cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed

to suit American tastes⑨(2)．For example⑩，America's most popular

Chinese dish is General Tso's chicken⑪，which consists of⑫ fried chicken

covered in a sweet sauce⑬，flavoured with hot red peppers⑭(3)．This is

probably not an authentic Chinese recipe⑮，however，so it cannot tell us

much about the Chinese(4)．On the other hand⑯，it does tell us a lot about

tells us，for example，that Americans love bold，simple

flavours⑰(5)．And，since the dish was also invented recently，it tells us that

Americans are not afraid to⑱ try new foods(6)．

(2)that引导定语从句，修饰先行词food。

(3)which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词General Tso's chicken。

(4)so连接表示因果关系的并列句。

(5)that引导宾语从句。

(ntly为原因状语从句，w foods为宾语从句。

Later，I had a chance to⑲ experience authentic Chinese food by

coming to my family and I had just arrived in⑳ China，we

went looking for○ a good place to eat in Beijing．(7)A Sichuan restaurant

had been recommended to○ us by a friend，and finally，we found ，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea○ how to

order，so the chef just began filling our table with○ the best food we had

ever eaten(8)．With this，we had the pleasure of○ experiencing an entirely

new taste：Sichuan peppercorns○.The food was wonderful and different，but what was even more important○ was the friendship offered us(9)．

(China为时间状语从句，不定式to eat作名词place的后置定语。

(8)so连接表示因果关系的并列句，we had ever eaten为定语从句，修饰先行词food。

(9) but连接表示转折关系的并列句，what was even more important为主语从句。

We soon moved to○ Shandong Province in the eastern part of North

favourite dish there was boiled dumplings served with

2928272624○21222325

vinegar.I observed that family is important to○ the people there(10)．It

has become a favourite traditional dish○ of the people in North China，where making dumplings○ has always been a family affair with

everyone—from the youngest to the oldest—joining in34○30○313233 to

help(11)．Later，I learnt that the most famous food in Shandong is pancake

rolls stuffed with sliced Chinese green onions○(12)．

(10)that引导宾语从句。

(11)where引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词North China。

(12) that引导宾语从句。

Then we moved to northern of our friends were Kazak

and Inner Mongolian○.These groups traditionally wandered the open

range on horses. As a result○，their traditional foods are what you can

cook over an open fire—usually boiled or roasted meat，such as○

lamb kebab○(13)．

(13)what引导表语从句。

Our travels then took us to South China，and then on to central

each place we went(14)，we experienced wonderful local

dishes，from Guangdong's elegant dim sum○—small servings of food in

bamboo steamers45○353637○3839○40○414243○44—to the exceptional stewed noodles4746○ in

here，the food was as varied as○ the r，one

thing is always true：Through food，Chinese people everywhere show

friendship and kindness○.

(14)省略关系词的定语从句，修饰先行词place。

48

At a minimum，the kinds of food local people consume○ tell us

what they grow in their region，what kinds of lives they lead，and what they

like and do not like．(15)Could we also say，for example，that those who

like bold flavours○ are bold themselves(16)? Or，that those who like

spicy food(17) tend to have a hot temper○

we can say，however，is that culture and cuisine go hand in hand○，and if

you do not experience one，you can never really know the other．(18)

(15)local people consume为定语从句，修饰先行词food，and连接三个并列的由what引导的宾语从句。

(16)that引导宾语从句，其中who like bold flavours为定语从句，修饰先行词those。

(17)who引导定语从句，修饰先行词those。

(18) What we can say为主语从句，is后是that引导的表语从句，其中if...experience one为条件状语从句。

①put more simply简而言之

②把……和……联系起来

③healthy eating健康饮食

④refer to针对；指

⑤personality n．人格，个性

⑥in many ways在很多方面

⑦in point恰当的

⑧prior to在……之前的

⑨suit American tastes适应美国人的口味

⑩for example例如

⑪General Tso's chicken左公鸡

5452○49○505153

⑫consist of由……组成(或构成)

⑬a sweet sauce甜酱汁

⑭hot red peppers红辣椒

⑮an authentic Chinese recipe真正的中国菜

⑯on the other hand另一方面

⑰simple flavours简单的口味

⑱be afraid 害怕做某事

⑲have a chance 有机会做某事

⑳arrive in到达

21look for寻 ○ sb.向某人推荐…… ○23have no idea不知道 ○24how to order如何点餐 ○用……充满…… ○26have the pleasure 很高兴做某事 ○27Sichuan peppercorns四川胡椒 ○28even more important更重要的 ○29move to搬家或迁移到 ○30boiled dumplings served with vinegar配上醋的水饺 ○31be important to对……重要 ○32a favourite traditional dish最喜爱的传统菜肴 ○33make dumplings包饺子 ○34join in参加；加入 ○35pancake rolls stuffed with sliced Chinese green onions煎饼卷大葱 ○36Inner Mongolian内蒙古人 ○