阅读判断7 ：Moderate Earthquake Strikes England 中度地震袭击英国
A moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast England on 28 April 2007，toppling
chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. Several thousand people were left
without power in Kent County. One woman suffered minor head and neck injuries.
2007年4月28日英格兰东南部地区发生中度地震，一些房屋烟囱倒塌，许多居民半夜从睡梦中惊醒。肯特郡几千人遭遇断电，一名女子头部和颈部受了轻伤。
"lt felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride," said the woman.
“我感觉整个房子就像游乐场的滑行机一样在滑动。”该女子说。
The British Geological Survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake struck at 8: and was
centered under the English Channel，about 8.5 miles south of Dover and near the entrance to the
Channel Tunnel.
英国地质调查局说，本次里氏4．3级的地震发生于上午8点l9分，震中在英吉利海峡底部，位于多佛尔以南约8.5英里处的海峡隧道入口附近。
Witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. Residents
said the tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15 seconds.
一些目击者看到郡中墙壁出现裂缝，并有烟囱倒塌。当地居民说震动大约持续了10～l5秒。
"I was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me." said
Hendrick van Eck，27，of Canterbury about 60 miles southeast of London."I then heard the sound
of cracking，and it was getting heavier and felt as if someone was at the end of my bed
hopping up and down."
“我当时躺在床上，觉得好像旁边有人从床上站起来。”住在伦敦东南部60英里处的27岁的Hendrick van Eek说，“然后我听到有东西裂开的声音，而且越来越响。就好像有人在我床尾不停地并着脚跳。”
There are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year，but they
are rare in Britain. The April 28 quake was the strongest in Britain since 2002 when a
4.8-magnitude quake struck the central England city of Birmingham.
这种规模的中度地震世界上每年都会发生几千次，但在英国仍非常少见。4月28日的地震是英国自2002年中部城市伯明翰里氏4．8级地震以来最强的一次。
The country's strongest earthquake took place in the North Sea in 1931，measuring 6.1 on the
Richter scale. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on
28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain，including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France. Musson predicted
that it was only a matter of time before another earthquake struck this part of England. However，people should not be scared too much by this prediction，Musson said，as the modern earthquake
warning system of Britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quake and announce it several
hours before it takes place. This would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce damage to
the minimum.
英国的地震最高曾达到里氏6.1级，l931年发生在北海。英国地质勘测所的科学家罗杰?马森说，4月28日发生地震的地区曾经遭受过几起英国最大的地震，其中的一次发生在1580年，那次地震蹂躏了伦敦，并波及法国。马森预言英格兰的这个地区早晚还会发生地震，但他说人们不必对此产生太大恐惧，因为英国的现代地震预警系统应该能够侦测即将发生的地震，并在震前数小时内通知大家。这将使人们有时间撤离震区，并把损失降到最低。
词汇:
moderate /'mɔdərit / adj. 中等的 magnitude /'mægnitju:d/ n. 值，强度量
topple /‘tɔpl/ v. 倾倒，震倒 rouse /ravz/ v. 唤醒
tremor /‘tremə (r) / n.震动 hop /hɔp/ v. 齐足跳起
fun-fair n. 公共露天游乐场 scale /skeil/ n. 震级
forthcoming /‗fɔ:θ‘kʌmiŋ)/ adj. 即将来临的 evacuate /i'vækjveit / v. 疏散
geological / dʒiə'lɔdʒikəl/ adj. 地质的
注释:
1. power:电力
2. Kent County:肯特郡[位于英格兰东南部]
felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride. 它(地震)给人的感觉是
整幢房子就像游乐场的滑行机一样在滑动.ride是游乐场供人玩乐的乘坐式的活动装置。as if
是"好像……一样；仿佛"，例如:He treated me as if I were his son. 他待我如同待他的儿子一样。
4. the.4.3-magnitude quake:里氏4.3级地震
5. English Channel:英吉利海峡
6. Dover:多佛尔[英格兰东南部港口城市]
7. Channel Tunnel:海峡隧道。Channel Tunnel (常简称为Chunnel)是连接英法两国的海峡隧道。
8. Canterbury:坎特伯雷[英格兰东南部城市，中世纪时曾是宗教朝圣圣地]
9. it was getting heavier and heavier:爆裂声越来越响
10. Birmingham:伯明翰[英格兰中部城市]
11. the Richter scale:里氏震级表。美国地震学家 Charles Francis Richter (1900-1985)于1935年制定了地震震级表。
12. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an
area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain，including one
in1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France.英国地质勘测所的科学家 Roger
Musson 说，4月28日发生地震的地区曾经遭受过几起英国最大的地震，其中的一次发生在1580年，那次地震蹂躏了伦敦，并波及法国。
13. a matter of time:时间问题。又如: It's not a matter of money. 这个不是钱的问题。
练习:
1. During the April 28 earthquake，the whole England was left without power.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
2. The Channel Tunnel was closed for 10 hours after the earthquake occurred.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
3. It was reported that one lady had got her head and neck injured，but not seriously.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
4. France and several other European countries sent their medical teams to work side by side with
the British doctors.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
5. The country's strongest earthquake took place in London in 1580.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
6. Musson predicted that another earthquake would occur in southeast England sooner or later.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
7. It can be inferred from the passage that England is rarely hit by high magnitude earthquakes.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
答案与题解:
1. B 题句说2007年4月28日的地震致使全英格兰都停电，与短文第一段第一句表达的内容不符。短文说地震殃及英格兰东南部的肯特郡部分地区，电力中断，几千名居民无电可用。所以，题句是错误的，答案为B。
2. C 本题所说的意思是:地震发生后，海峡隧道关闭了10小时。题句表达的内容短文中不到，故答案为C。
3. A 题句的意思是:地震中一个妇女的头部和颈部受了点轻伤。题句表达的意思与第一段最后一句表达的内容相符。所以选项A是答案。
4. C 题句表达的意思是:法国和其他几个欧洲国家派遣他们的医疗队去英国与当地的医生并肩工作。这一内容短文中不到，故答案为C。
5. B 题句所说的英国最强烈的地震于1580年发生在伦敦，这与短文表述的事实不符。短文第七段第一句明白无误地说，英国最强烈的地震于1931年发生在北海。题句表达的信息是错误的，故答案为B。
6. A 题句说Masson预言在英格兰东南部迟早将发生另一次地震。这一说法与短文最后一段第三句所表达的意思相符。所以答案是A。
7. A 短文第六段第一句说，全球每年发生强度为里氏4级左右的地震有几千次，但是这种中等强度的地震在英格兰很少发生。据此，读者可以容易地推断出，高震级的地震在英格兰就更少见了。
What Is a Dream?
For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about.
Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning.
Others，however， think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many
experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions.
Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from
God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific
way.
The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study
dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud
wrote that dreams are an expression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow
people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real
life.
The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freud’s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to
communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about
themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling
may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people
who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.
Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example,
psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that
dreams are tightly linked to a person’s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for
example, might dream about crime.
Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research
shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a
mental skill that needs time to develop.
He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the
dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men’s dreams are
often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s
dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures
around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.
Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer
this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that
something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn’t panic. The dream may have meaning,
but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to
remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.
词汇：
psychologist 心理学家 psychiatrist 精神病学家
Austrian 奥地利的 gender 性别
注释：
d Freud西格蒙德·弗洛伊德(1856—1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等。
Jung：卡尔·荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人。
example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams
often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。
练习：
everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
ing to Freud, people dream about things that they cannot talk about.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
ing to Domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
and women dream about different things.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
ists agree that dreams predict the future.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
答案与题解
1.A 这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义;而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感。
2.A 第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、想法或恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。
3.B 第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to
communicate a message to the dreamer.(荣格认为梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息)He
thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.(他认为
人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己)。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。
4.C 文中没有提及。
5.A 依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：婴儿不像成人做那么多的梦，做梦是一种需要时间提高的技能。这就说明了婴儿不具备成人做梦的能力。
6.A 本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。
7.B 最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。
译文：梦是什么
几百年来，人们都对他们梦到的奇异的事情感到疑惑。一些心理学家认为，这种大脑的夜间活动并没有特殊含义，另一些人则认为，梦是生命重要的一部分。实际上，许多专家认为，梦能揭示人的心理和情感活动。
近代以前，很多人认为梦传递的是上帝的信息。直到20世纪，人们才开始从科学的角度研究梦。
奥地利心理学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德或许是第一个用科学的方法研究梦的人。在他的著作《 梦的解析》(1900) 中，弗洛伊德写道，梦是一个人愿望的表达。他认为梦打开了一扇窗，让人们得以表达在生活中不敢表达的情感、思想和恐惧。
瑞士精神病学家卡尔 ·荣格曾是弗洛伊德的学生，但他对梦的看法与弗洛伊德不同，他认为，梦的作用是给做梦的人传递一种信息，而人们通过自己的梦，可以对自己有一个更深刻的了解。比如，如果一个人梦到从高处坠落，那么他应该反思自己是不是自视过高。反过来，如果梦中自己成了英雄，应该想想平时可能太看低自己了。
现代心理学家还在继续发展关于梦的理论，来自位于圣克鲁兹的加利福尼亚大学的威廉· 多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他认为，梦境和一个人的日常生活、思想和行为都紧密相关，比方说，一个罪犯就可能梦到犯罪。
多姆霍夫还认为，梦和年龄也有关系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人那么多梦。他认为，做梦也是一项心理机能，也随着年龄增长而发展。
多姆霍夫还发现梦和性别之间的关系。通过研究. 他发现男性和女性的梦境常常是不同的。例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。多姆霍夫研究了全世界来自11种不同文化的古今案例，得出了上述结论。
梦能帮助我们更好地了解自己吗?心理学家还在尝试通过不同方式来解答这个问题，不过，有一件事他们是意见一致的：如果你梦到有不好的事要发生，不要慌张。梦确实有含义，但也不意味着你梦到的事真的会发生。要记住，梦中的世界并不是真实的世界。
The Biology of Music （B级）
Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may also play an important
role in love. But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all
the answers.
What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and me
other is music. It is true that some animals can sing ( and many birds sing better than a lot of
people).
However,the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true
that I humans, not animals , have developed musical instruments.
Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However,people can use music
to communicate things - especially their emotions. When music is combined with
speech in a song .it is a very powerful form of communication. But,biologically
speaking , what is music"?
If' music is truly different from speech,then we should process music and
language in different parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.
Sometime people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process langua .
However, they don't automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, Vissarion
Shebalin, a Russian composer,had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could
no longer speak or understand speech. He could, however, still compose music until his death
ten years later. On the other hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical
ability , but they can still speak and understand speech. This shows that the brain processes
music and language separately.
By studying the physical effects of music on the body, scientists have also learned a lot
about how music influences the emotions. But why does music have such a strong effect on
us' That is a harder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, Lon
don, thinks that
muSiC and love have a strong connection Music requires special talent, practice, and
physicai ability. That's why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone's mate. For
examplel singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You
also need a good, memory to remember the notes. And playing or singing those notes correctly
suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition. Finally , when a man sings to the woman
he loves ( or vice versa) , it may be a way of showing off.
However , Miller's theory still doesn't explain why certain combinations of sounds
influence our emotions so deeply. For scientists, this is clearly an area that needs further
research.
automatically [ˌɔ:təˈmætɪkəlɪ] adv. 自动地
note [nəut] n.音符
stroke [strəuk] n.中风
注释：
is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments：人研制出了乐器，而动物则不能。develop：研制，例如：Scientists are developing new
drugs to treat cancer．科学家们正在研发新药用以癌症。
l. Humans,but not animals,can sing.
A Rig t B Wrong C Not mentioned
2. People can use music to communicate their emotions.
A Right B Wron ; C Not mentioned
34 We use the same part of the brain for music and language.
A Rig t B Wrong C, Not mentioned
4. Geoffery Miler has done research on muSlC and emotions.
A Rig t B Wrong C Not mentioned
5. It's hard for humans to compose music.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
6. Memory is not an important part in Singing in tune.
A Right B wrong ; C Not mentioned
7. Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1．B 第二段的第三句：It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing better
than a lot of people)。可以看出有些动物会唱歌，而不只人类会唱歌。
2．A 第三段的第三句：However,people can use music to communicate things –
especially
their emotions．这句清楚表明，人们可以用音乐来表达情感。
3．B 第四段说明：科学证明人们用大脑的不同区域处理语言和音乐。在第五段，作者用 Vissarion Shebalin的例子进一步说明人脑处理语言和音乐的位置不同，Shebalin中风以后不能讲话也听不懂别人的话，但他却能创作乐曲。
4．A 第六段的第四句：Geoffrev Miller,a researcher at University College, London,
thinks that music and love have a strong connection．这句说明Miller对音乐和爱（情感）的关系进行了研究，他得出的结论是：音乐和爱有密切的关联。
5．C 文中没有提及创作乐曲是否困难。
6．B 笫六段有一句：You also need a good memory to remember the notes，此句说明必须具备好的记忆力记音符才能唱得符合调子。
7．A 最后一段讲的是：科学家们需要做更多的研究才能解释为什么有些声音影响我们的情感会如此之深。也就是说，科学家不能全部解释音乐对人类的影响。
第十篇 音乐生物学
人们把音乐作为一种高效的交流方式，在爱情中它也可能会起到重要的作用。但是音乐是什么？它又是如何起到神奇的效果？科学界还没有给出答案。
哪两项事物使得人类不同于动物？一个是语言，另一个是音乐。当然一些动物会唱歌(并且许多鸟唱得比很多人都好听)，但是，动物的歌声是有限的，比如鸟类和鲸鱼。同样，是人类而不是动物开发出了乐器。
音乐是个奇怪的东西，它与语言有明显的不同。但是，人们能够用音乐去传达——尤其是情感。当音乐与歌曲中的语言结合在一起的时候，它就是一种强有力的表达方式。但是，
从生物学来讲，音乐是什么？
如果音乐与语言真的不同，那么我们应该在大脑的不同区域内对音乐和语言进行加工处理，科学证据也证实了这一点。
有时，受过脑损伤的人会丧失他们处理语言的能力。但是，他们不会自动地丢失音乐才能。比如，维沙翁·舍巴林，一位苏联作曲家，在1953年得了中风。他的大脑的左半边受到损害，他再也不能说话或是理解别人的话，但是他仍然能够谱曲，直到十年后他离开人世。另一方面，中风有时会使人们丧失音乐能力，但是他们仍然能够说话也能听懂别人的话。这就说明大脑是分别加了处理音乐和语言的。
通过研究音乐在人身体上的物理效应，科学家也了解到许多关于音乐是如何影响情感的。但是，为什么音乐对我们有如此强烈的影响？这是一个更难回答的问题。伦敦大学学院的研究员杰弗里·米勒认为音乐和爱有紧密的关，音乐需要特殊才能、练习和体能。这也许是一种方式让你展示你适合做某人的伴侣。比如，按调唱歌或者弹奏乐器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的记忆力来记住音符。能正确地演奏或者唱出这些音符也证明你的听力也非常好。所以，当一个男人唱给他心爱的女人时(反之亦然) 音乐就可能成为一种展示的方式。
然而，米勒的理论仍然不能解释为什么声音的特定结合可以深深地影响我们的情感。对于科学家来说，这显然是一个需要深入研究的领域。
Screen Test
1 Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this
happens early eough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey
published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia,
Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.
2 But the medical benefit of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the
radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses
of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.
3 Researchers at the Polytechnic University1 of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more
than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women‘s cumulative dose of
radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.
4 The mathematical model recommended by Britain‘s National Radiological Protection Board
(NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18
of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic
Radiation led, to a lower figure of 20 cancers.
5 The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is ―not very significant‖
compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia
programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women
screened.
6 But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by
between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed
to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help ―optimise the technique‖ for
breast cancer screening.
7 ―There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks.‖ admits
Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. ―On
the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a
risk of causing one later in life. That‘s why radiation exposure should be minimised in any
screening programme.‖词汇： polytechnic /7pCli5teknik/adj.多工艺的 contract /5kCntrAkt/v.感染 cumulative /5kju:mjulEtiv/adj.递增的 optimise /5Cptimaiz/v.昀大程度地完善 radiological
/9reIdIEJ`lCdVIkEl/adj.放射性的 trade-off n.平衡注释：
1. Polytechnic University:理工大学
练习:
1. Paragraph 2 A Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman B Investigating the Effect of
Screening
2. Paragraph 3
C Effects Predicted by Two Different Models
3. Paragraph 4 D Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation E Treatment of Cancers
4. Paragraph 5
F Factors That Trigger Cancers
5. Early discovery of breast cancer may .
6. Advantages of screening women under 50 are .
7. Delaying the age at which screening starts may .
8. Radiation exposure should be .
A be costly B harmful C save a life D still open to debate E reduce the risk of radiation triggering
a cancer F reduced to the minimum
答案与题解 :
1. A A说的是：用 X射线检查可能对年轻女人不好。下面是第二段讲的意思：但是 .用 X射线检查年轻女人，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的，部分原因是辐射有诱发癌症的小小的危险。另外，年轻女人乳房组织紧密，给予的 X射线的剂量要多一些。
2. B B说的是：调查用 X射线检查的结果。第三段的第一句话是这么说的： Valencia理工大学的研究人员分析了 11个社区诊所用 X射线检查 16万以上女人的结果。可以看出，这句话为真， B必然为真。
3. C C说的是：两种不同的模型预测的结果。第四段讲的是，两种不同的数学模型在预测用
X射线检查女人诱发癌症的结果是不一样的。 C概述了这段话。
4. D D说的是：辐射诱发癌症的危险是很小的。第五段的第一句话是这么说的： The
researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is ―not very significant‖ compared to
the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated.研究人员争辩说，与发现后接受的癌症数字相比，由辐射诱发癌症的数字是很小的。
5. C C与题干生成： Early discovery of breast cancer may save a life.乳腺癌发现得早也许能挽救生命。答案可以从第一段中到。
6. D D与题干生成： Advantages of screening women under 50 are still open to debate.对 50岁以下的女人用 X射线检查的好处仍然是有争议的。第二段的第一个句子是这么说的： But
the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial„但是，用 X 射线检查年轻女人，就医学上的好处而论是有争议„„这两个句子用词有些差别，基本意思是相同的。
7. E E与题干生成： Delaying the age at which screening starts may reduce the risk of radiation
triggering a cancer.延缓用 X射线检查的年龄也许能减少辐射诱发癌症的危险。答案在第六段。
8. F F与题干生成， Radiation exposure should be reduced to the minimum.应把接受辐射降低到昀小的程度。答案在文章的昀后一句。
第七篇透视检查
每年上百万的女人都做 X射线透视，检查是否有乳腺癌迹象。如果检查得足够早，疾病就
可以被成功地。根据去年公布的一项调查， 21个国家有透视计划。其中 9个国家，包括澳大利亚、加拿大、美国和西班牙为 50岁以下女性进行透视 .
但是用 X射线检查年轻女人，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的，部分原因是辐射有诱发癌症的小小的危险。另外，年轻女人乳房组织紧密，给予的 X射线的剂量要多一些。
Valencia理工大学的研究人员分析了 11个社区诊所用 X射线检查 16万以上女人的结果。估测了女性的辐射累积剂量之后，他们用两种模型计算这可能导致的额外的癌症数量。
英国国家辐射保护委员会推荐的数学模型预言 X射线计划会导致每 10万个女人中的 36个患上癌症， 18人致死。联合国原子辐射影响科学委员会首选的模型得出了一个较低的数字—— 20人患癌症。
研究人员争辩说，与发现后接受的癌症数字相比，由辐射诱发癌症的数字是很小的。他们说， Valencia项目在每 10万位接受远视的妇女中发现 300～150个乳腺癌病例。
但是他们指出如果 X射线检查在 50岁耐不是 45岁时开始，会使妇女由于辐射而患癌症的危险减少 40%～ 80%，因为她们可以接受更少的辐射。他们暗示说他们研究的结果有助于使乳腺癌透视的技术更加乐观。
英国国家辐射保护委员会的 Michael Clark承认，―在胸透的诊断益处和危险之间有一个平衡‖。但是他警告说，应该谨慎地解释此项研究。―基于目前的数据，每成功地发现 10例癌症就有可能导致今后出现一例癌症。这就是在所有的透视计划中，接受辐射应该减少到昀小的原因。
Washoe Learned American Sign Language
Washoe学会了美国手语
1 An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and
born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the
American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community1 and
around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language2. She was said to be the first
non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their
ability to understand language. 一个影响科学思维的动物已经死亡了。一个出生在非洲名为Washoe的黑猩猩上个月月底在 美国华盛顿州的一个研究中心自然死亡,死时42岁。Washoe在科学界和世界各地众所周知，是 因为它能够使用美国手语。它是第一个了解人类语言的非人类。它的技能也导致有关灵长类动物和它们所能理解的语言的争议。
2 Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in
1966. In 1969, the Gardners7 described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who
experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand4 about 250 words. For example, Washoe
made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and
bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?" Once5 the news about Washoe
spread, many language scientists began studies of their own6 into this new and exciting area of
research. The whole direction of primate research changed. 科学家Alien和Beatrix Gardner于1966年开始教Washoe手语。1969年，Gardners在科学的报 告中描述了 Washoe的进步。对Washoe做实验的人说Washoe逐渐掌握了约250个单词。例如， Washoe能用手语表达―该吃饭了‖!它能要苹果和番蕉这样的食品。它也问诸如―谁要来玩‖之 类的问题。Washoe能用手语的消息一散开，许多语言学家开始在他们自己这一令人振奋的新研究 领域展开研究。灵长类动物的整个研究方向改变了。
3 However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from
watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there
are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform
the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the
Gardners7. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught
sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive. 然而，批评者认为Washoe只学会了看它的教师的手语重复动作。他们说Washoe从来没有发 展真正的语言技能。即使是现在，也有一些研究表明灵长类动物学习手语只是机械重复、死记硬 背、物质刺激的结果。可是Washoe的饲养员不同意这种说法。Roger Fouts以前是Gainer夫妇的 学生。Roger
Fouts把Washoe带到了华盛顿埃伦斯堡的一个研究中心。在这里，Washoe教三个年 轻的黑猩猩手语，这三个黑猩猩依然活着。
4 Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believes Washoe provided new information
about the mental workings of chimpanzees8. Today, there are not as many scientists studying
language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
像Jane Goodall这样的独立的科学家认为，Washoe为黑猩猩心理活动的研究提供了新信息。
今天，没有那么多科学家研究黑猩猩的语言技能。部分原因在于这类研究需要花费很长的时间。
5 Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is
sure -- Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence. 对黑猩猩懂得人类交流方式与否的辩论仍在继续。然而，有一件事却是肯定的~"Washoe改 变了有关动物智能可能性的普遍观点。
词汇:
chimpanzee n.黑猩猩 critic n.评论家，批评家
community n.社区，圈子 workings n.活动，运行
primate n.灵长类动物 chimp n.=chimpanzee
注释：
1. in the scientific community : 在科学界，在科学家的圈子里
2. American Sign Language(ASL): 美国手语。利用手、脸部表情、身体姿势表达思想的美国聋哑人语言。在加拿大、墨西哥等地也使用ASL。ASL与British Sign Language(BSL英国手语)不同，两者不能相互理解。
3. led to debate: 引起辩论。lead to意为―导致‖，to为介词，debate为名词。
4. she grew to understand about 250 words: 她渐渐掌握约250个单词。9row t0是―渐渐‖的意思。
5. Once : 一旦。0nce是连接词。例:Children like to cycle once they have learned how. 小孩一旦学会了如何骑自行车，就会喜欢上它。
6. of their own: 属于自己的。of their own的含义与on their own不同， on their own是―独自‖的意思。
7. the Gardners: Gardner夫妇
8. Scientists like private researcher Jane : 像个体研究者Jane Goodall这样的科学家相信……。like(像，跟……一样)是介词，本句的谓语是believe。句子中的private
researcher意为―不受雇于任何单位，自己独立工作的科研人员。‖
练习：
1. Paragraph 1▁▁
2. Paragraph 2▁▁
3. Paragraph 3▁▁
4. Paragraph 4▁▁
A Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research Nowadays
B Report about Washoe's Progress in Learning Sign Language
C General Information about Washoe
D The Gardeners' Contributions Recognized
E Debate on Chimps' Intelligence
F Washoe's Love for Three Young Chimps
5. Washoe could make signs to communicate
6. Some scientists doubted
7. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language
8. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent
A if the Gardeners' argument was sound
B because she was cleverer than other chimps
C when she wanted to eat
D while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
F while Washoe was learning sign language
答案与题解：
1. C 第一段主要介绍猩猩Washoe的出生地、死亡年龄、被带到美国学习美式手语等一般情况。用General Information about Washoe来概括是很准确的。
2. B 第二段的关键句是In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific
report.随后的句子简略的介绍了Washoe的学习情况和结果，如已学会了250个单词，并能用手语表达―该吃饭了‖等概念。所以，Report about Washoe's Progress in Learning Sign
Language(选项B)是答案。
3. E 第三段介绍了对Gardener夫妇发表的报告有两种不同的解读。一派认为Washoe的手语能力只是机械重复、死记硬背、物质激励的结果，不是智能的表现。另一派认为知识智能的表现，其证据是Washoe还能教三个小猩猩学习手语。争论的焦点是猩猩有没有智能。选项E用debate来概括上述争论，所以是答案。
4. A 第四段解释了为什么现在从事这项研究的科学家人数不多。部分原因是研究周期太长。
5. C 选C 的第四段第二句：Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat.
6. A 第三段的上半段说了一些科学家对Gardener 夫妇的试验的解读所持怀疑态度。题干中出现的doubted引导我们选A。
7. D 选D DE 依据是第三段的最后一句,即―He took Washoe to a research center in
Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees,
which are still alive.‖
8. E 本文第二段谈到试验的成果时有一个句子：―She could request foods like apples and
bananas‖。根据全段意思和上述句子，选择E是正确的。
A Sunshade for the Planet
Even with the best will1 in the world, reducing our carbon emissions is not going prevent
global warming. It has become clear that even if we take the most strong measures to control
emissions, the uncertainties in our climate models still leave open the possibility of extreme
warming and rises in sea level. At the same time, resistance by governments and special interest
groups makes it quite possible that the actions suggested by climate scientists might not be
implemented soon enough.
Fortunately, if the worst comes to the worse2, scientists still have a few tricks up their
sleeves3. For the most part they have strongly resisted discussing these options for fear of inviting
a sense of complacency that might thwart efforts to tackle the root of the problem. Until now, that
is. A growing number of researchers are taking a fresh look at large-scale ―geoengineering‖
projects that might be used to counteract global warming. ―I use the analogy of methadone4,‖ says
Stephen Schneider, a climate researcher at Stanford University in California who was among the
first to draw attention to global warming. ―If you have a heroin addict, the correct treatment is
hospitalization, and a long rehab. But if they absolutely refuse, methadone is better than heroin.
Basically the idea is to apply ―sunscreen‖ to the whole planet. One astronomer has come up
with a radical plan to cool Earth: launch trillions of feather-light discs into space, where they
would form a vast cloud that would block the sun‘s rays. It‘s controversial, but recent studies
suggest there are ways to deflect just enough of the sunlight reaching the Earth‘s surface to
counteract the warming produced by the greenhouse effect. Global climate models show that
blocking just 1. 8 per cent of the incident energy in the sun‘s rays would cancel out the warming
effects produced by a doubling of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. That could be crucial,
because even the most severe emissions-control measures being proposed would leave us with a
doubling of carbon dioxide by the end of this century, and that would last for at least a century
more.
注释:
1. the best will:昀好的愿望
2. if the worst comes to the worst:如果昀昀糟糕的事情发生了。这是英式英语的用法，在美式英语中它说成 if worst comes to worst。在不同的语境中，有不同的译法。如 : ―If the worst
comes to the worst，‖ Becky thought， ―my retreat is secure; and I have the right-hand seat in the
barouche.‖蓓基想道 :―逼到昀后一条路，逃难是不怕的了，在他的大马车里，我险稳地有一个位了。‖又如 : If the worst comes to the worst，we‘ll sell the car.大不了我们把车卖了。
3. scientists still have a few tricks up their sleeves:科学家们仍然有些不为人所知的招数。
have something up one‘s sleeve是英语成语，意思是 : to have a secret idea or plan,有锦囊妙计，有所保留的，秘而不宣的谋略或计划，例如 : If this trip doesn‘t work out I've still got a few
ideas up my sleeve.
4. methadone:，一种有效的合成麻醉药，它不像或那样容易让人上瘾，在戒毒中被用作这些的替代品。练习:
1. According to the first two paragraphs，the author thinks that A strong measures have been
taken by the government to prevent global warming. B to reduce carbon emissions is an
impossible mission. C despite the difficulty, scientists have some options to prevent global
warming. D actions suggested by scientists will never he realized.
2. Scientists resist talking about their options because they don‘t want people to A know what
they are doing. B feel their efforts are useless C think the problem has been solved. D see the real
problem.
3. What does Stephen Schneider say about a heroin addict and methadone? A Methadone is
an effective way to treat a hard heroin addict. B Methadone is not a correct way to treat a heroin
addict. C Hospitalization together with methadone can work effectively with a heroin addict. D
Methadone and heroin arc equally effective in treating a heroin addict.
4. What is Stephen Schneider‘s idea of preventing global warming? A To ask governments to
take stronger measures. B To increase the sunlight reaching the Earth. C To apply sunscreen to the
Earth. D To decrease greenhouse gases.
5. What is NOT true of the effectiveness of ―sunscreen‖, according to the last paragraph? A It
deflects sunlight reaching the Earth to counteract the warming. B It blocks the incident energy in
the sun‘s rays. C It is a controversial method. D It decreases greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
答案与题解 :
1. C 短文第一段讲了防止地球变暧是一项艰巨的任务，第二段说，尽管如此，科学家还是有些办法，所以 C是正确选择。 A是错误选择，因为作者认为政府和一些利益集团阻碍了科学家所倡导的行动的实施； B不是作者的观点； D也不是正确选择，因为第一段的昀后一句― might not be implemented soon enough‖并不表明永远不能实现。
2. C 文章的第二段说，即使昀糟糕的情况发生，科学家还是有几招的。但他们不希望讨论他们的招数，因为恐怕人们不再有危机感而削弱彻底解决问题的努力。所以 C是正确选择。
3. A文章的第二段 Stehgen Schneider教授将自己解决地球变暖问题的办法比作。因为在瘾君子拒绝正常住院时，服用是一种缓解毒瘾的有效方法。所以 A是正确的选择。
4. C文章昀后一段的第一个句子提供的答案。
5. D 短文昀后一段描述了― sunscreen‖如何解决地球变暖问题。尽管有争议，但是研究证明，―太阳屏‖能反射和阻碍阳光，起到抵消由温室效应引起的地球升温。昀后一段的第三和第四句是理解这个问题的关键。 D不是文章所表达的内容，所以是正确答案。
译文：
地球防晒霜
就算怀着最美好的愿望，仅仅减少二氧化碳的排放量还是不能制止全球变暖。很明显，即便采取最强硬的措施来控制排放，气候的变化无常仍能导致极速变暖和海平面上升。另一方面，受到政府和特殊利益体的阻挠，气候学家往往不能将措施很快实施彻底。 ‘
幸好，如果被逼上绝路，科学家们还有最后几招。在大多数情况下，他们拒绝讨论这些施，害怕人们会因此沾沾门喜而使这个问题不能被彻底解决。至少目前是这样。越来越多的研究者相信一项大型的地质丁程建设可用来抵御全球变暖。斯坦福大学的一位气象学家Stephen
Schneider最早提出气候变暖这项议题的学者之一。他说：―我把它比作。如果你那里有一个瘾者，那么正确的方法就是住院，接受长时间的康复。拒绝正常住院，那服用是一种缓解毒瘾的有效方法。‖
总体思路是给地球也涂上防晒霜。一个天文学家突发奇想，想借此冷却地球：发射亿万轻如羽毛的碟片进入太空形成巨大―云层‖以阻碍太阳光。这个想法备受争议，但最近的研究表明，有—些方法可以控制到达地球表面的阳光以抵消温室效应产生的气候变暖。全球气候模型表明，阻断百之一点八的太阳能刚好可以抵消大气中双倍的温室气体所引起的气候变暖现象。这个想法影响深远，因为即使采取最严格的控制气体排放措施，到本世纪末，二氧化碳量仍会翻倍。并且这种情况将再持续至少一个世纪。
Thirst for Oil
Worldwide every day,we devour the energy equivalent of about 200 million barrels of
of the energy on Earth comes from the fact enough energy from the Sun
hits the planet’s surface each minute to cover our needs for an entire year,we just need to
find an efficient way to use far the energy in oil has been cheaper and easier to get
as supplies dwindle,this will change,and we will need to cure our addiction to oil.
Burning wood satisfied most energy needs until the steam-driven industrial
revolution,when energy-dense coal became the fuel of is still used,mostly in
power stations,to cover one quarter of our energy needs,but its use has been declining
since we started pumping up is the least efficient,unhealthiest and most
environmentally damaging fossil fuel,but could make a comeback,as supplies are still
plentiful: its reserves are five times larger than oil’s.
Today petroleum,a mineral oil obtained from below the surface of the Earth and used to
produce petrol,diesel oil and various other chemical substances,provides around 40% of
the world’s energy needs,mostly fuelling US consumes n quarter of all
oil,and generates a similar proportion of greenhouse gas emissions.
The majority of oil comes from the Middle East,which has half of known other
significant sources include Russia,North America,Norway,Venezuela and the North
’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge1 could be a major new US source,to reduce
reliance on foreign imports.
Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years,though
opinions and estimates could fast reach an energy crisis in the next few
decades,when demand exceeds conventional reserves become more difficult
to access,others such as oil shales and tar sands may be used could also
be obtained from coal.
Since we started using fossil fuels,we have released 400 billion tonnes2 of carbon,and
burning the entire reserves could eventually raise world temperatures by 130
other horrors,this would result in the destruction of all rainforests and the melting of all
Arctic ice.
注释：
's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge:美国阿拉斯加北极国家野生动物保护区。 2001年,美国众议院通过了一项基于布什提出的在那里进行石油开采的议案。该议案遭到环境保护主义组织的反对。因此,目前在该区禁止开采石油。
:公吨(= 1,000公斤〉。不同于 ton。ton:在美国等于二千磅 (=0.907公吨),所以称作
short ton:短吨。
译文：
石油匮乏
全世界每天都要消耗相当于亿桶石油的能源。地球上的大部分能源来自于太阳。事实上,每分钟到达地球表层的来自于太阳的能源就足已满足我们一整年的需求,我们只是需要有效地加以利用而已。到目前为止,石油一直是一种较便宜、易获得的能源。但当供应缩减时,情况就会改变,我们就不能像现在这样不加节制地消耗石油了。
在蒸汽工业命时代,高能煤成为首选燃料之前,燃木能满足大部分能源需求。现在,煤仍然大量地运用于发电站,满足我们四分之一的能源需求。但自从我们开始大量开采石油后,煤的使用就已经在逐渐衰退。煤是使用效率最低、最不健康、最不环保的化石燃料,但因其供应充足——煤的储量是石油的6倍,煤的使用量又有所回升。
今天,石油作为一种从地表层挖掘出,用于生产汽油、柴油和其他各种化学物质的矿物油,供应着大约40%的世界能源需求,其中大部分用于供给机动车辆；美国消耗着世界四分之一的石油,同时排放出大约全球1/4的温室气体。
大部分的石油来自中东,牛东拥有50％的世界已勘探石油储存量。其他的石油产地包括俄罗斯、北美、挪威、委内瑞拉和北海。阿拉斯加北极国家野生动物保护区最新成为美国能源的又一主要供应地,减少了美国对国外进口石油的依赖。
尽管意见和评价各有不同,但大多数专家预测人类将在50年之内轻而易举地耗尽现行的所有储备石油。未来的几十年,当供不应求时我们会很快陷入能源危机。当常规能源不容易获得时,代之使用的可能是诸如油页岩和沥青砂等能源。石油也可从煤中提炼获得。
自从我们开始使用化石燃料,我们已经释放出4000亿吨碳。当化石燃料全部用完时,世界温度将上升13摄氏度。更恐怖的是,这将会导致所有热带雨林的破坏和北极冰的溶解。
Explorer of the Extreme Deep
Oceans cover more than two-thirds of our planet． Yet，just a small fraction of the
undcrwaler world has been uxplored． Now，Scientists at the Woods Hole1 Oceanographic
Institution (WHOI) in Massachusetts are building an underwater vehicle hat will carry explorers
as deep as 6,500 meters (21,320 feet)．The new machine，known as a manned submersible or
human-operated vehicle (HOV)，will replace another one named Alvin2 which bas an amazing
record of discovery，playing a key role in various important and famous undersea
expeditions．Alvin has been operating for 40 years but can go down only 4,500 meters (14,784
feet)．It‘s about time for an upgrade，WHOI researchers say．
Alvin was launched in 1964．Since then，Alvin has worked between 200 and 250 days a year，
says Daniel Fornari，a marine geologist and director of the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute at
WHOI．During its lifetime，Alvin has carried some 12,000 people on a total of more than 3,000
dives． A newer，better versions of Alvin is bound to reveal even more surprises ahout a world that
is still full of mysteries，Fornari says．It might also make the job of exploration a little easier．―We
take so much for granted on land,‖ Fornari says．―We can walk around and see with our eyes how
big things are． We can see colors，special arrangements．‖
Size-wise，the new HOV will be similar to Alvin．It‘ll be about 37 feet long．The setting area
inside will be a small sphere，about 8 feet wide，like Alvin，it‘ll carry a pilot and two passengers．It
will be just as maneuverable．In most other ways，it will give passengers more opportunities to
enjoy the view，for one thing．Alvin has only three windows，the new vehicle will have five，with more overlap so that the passengers and the pilot can see the same thing．
Alvin can go up and down at a rate of 30 meters every second，and its maximum speed is 2
knots (about 2．3 miles per hour)，while the new vehicle will be able to ascend and descend at 44
meters per second．It‘ll reach speeds of 3 knots，or 3．5 miles per hour．
词汇：
fraction/5frAkFEn/n．一部分 dive/daiv/v．＆ n．潜水；跳水
underwater/5QndE5wC:tE(r)/adj． bound/baund /adj．受约束的，一定的 水下的；adv．在水下
sphere/sfiE(r)/n．球体；范围 manned/5mAnd/adj．载人的
maneuverable/mE5nu:vErEbl/adj． undersea/5QndEsi:/ adj．海底的
机动的，可调动的 submersible/sQb5mE:sEbl/n．潜艇；潜水器
overlap /5EuvE5lAp/v．＆ n．重叠 upgrade/5Qp^reid/n．升级
ascend/E5send/ v．上升 geologist/dVi5ClEdVist/n．地质学家
注释：
1． Woods Hole：美国马萨诸塞州的一个渔村，但同时拥有许多重要研究机构，如：the
Marine Biological Laboratory，the Sea Education Association以及the Woods Hole
Oceanographic lnstitution。
2． Alvin：世界上第一个深海潜水器，它最有名的深海探测包括1986年对泰坦尼克号残骸的测量工作。
练习：
1． What is Alvin?
A A research institute．
B A transporting vehicle．
C A submersible．
D A scientist．
2． Which of the following statements is NOT a fact about Alvin?
A h can carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters．
B It has played a key role in various important undersea expeditions
C It was launched in the sixties of the twentieth century．
D It has been used for more than 40 years．
3． ―．．．a world that is still full of mysteries‖ refers to
A the earth．
B out space．
C the ocean．
D Mars．
4． In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin similar?
A Size．
B Speed．
C Capacity．
D Shape．
5． In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin different?
A Offering better views．
B Speed．
C Size．
D Both A and B．
答案与题解：
1． C 短文第一段的第四、第五句提供了答案
2． A 文章第一段从第三句开始说，科学家正在研制一艘可将研究人员带到6 500米深处的潜水装置，而它将替代Alvin，因为Alvin只能潜到4 500米深处。A不是事实，所以是正确选择。
3． C 本文讨论探索海底世界的潜水装置，所以―充满神秘彩的世界‖指的就是海洋。
4． D 第三段的头三个句子告诉我们，HOV和Alvin在体积上和容量上相似。所以D是正确选择。
5． D 第三段最后两句告诉我们，Alvin只有三个窗户，而HOV有五个。最后一段告诉我们，两艘潜水装置的上下活动速度和行进速度有所差别。所以D是正确选择。
译文：
深海探索器
海洋覆盖了我们地球三分之二的面积，但被开发的地下水却只有很小一部分。目前，马萨诸塞木洞海洋研究所的科学家们正在开发一种能载探索家们深入水下6 500米(21 320英尺)的水下交通丁具。作为一种载人潜艇或人T操作丁具，这种新的机器将替代世界上第一个深海潜水器Alvin。Azui‖潜水器已经保持了惊人的纪录，在各种重要的深海考察中发挥着重要作用。Alvin潜水器已经运行了40年，但它只能深人水下4 500米(14 784英尺)。术洞海洋协会的研究家们说，潜水下具陔升级了。
Alvin潜水器下水始于1964年。海洋地质学家兼木洞海洋学研究所深海探索协会主任Daniel其不意Fornari说，自1 964年后，Alvin潜水器每年运行200～250天。在整个航程巾，它载12 000人进行过3 000多次潜水。
Fornari说，新式的Aluin潜水器必将揭示这个依旧充满神秘的水下世界的许多奇妙之处。它也可能会使水下探索更容易些。Fornari说：―我们在陆上把许多东两想当然，我们会四处行走，用我们的双眼看周同的东两的大小。我们会看到各种颜，各种特殊的布置。‖
这种新的人工操作机器与Aluin潜水器很相似，大小适中。长约37英，里面环境将是个小球体，约8英尺宽。和Azum一样，它将载一名宇航员和两名乘客。可渊动。其他方面。它将使乘客有更多机会欣赏风景，闪为旧式Aluin潜水器只有三个窗，―，新式的将有五个窗户，其中有很多折叠，乘客和宇航员可以看见相同的事物。
旧式Aluin抽潜水器可以每秒上下30米．最快时速是2节(约2．3英里／小时)；衙新式潜水器将能每秒上下44米，它最快时速将达到3节(3．5英曜/小时)。
Plant Gas
Scientists have been studying natural sources of methane for decades but hadn’t regarded plants as a producer，notes Frank Keppler，a geochem[st at the Max Planck
Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg，Germany1．Now Keppler and his colleagues
find that plants，from grasses to trees，may also be sources of the greenhouse gas．This
is really surprising，because most scientists assumed that methane production
requires an oxygen-free environment．
Previously，researchers had thought that it was impossible for plants to make
significant amounts of the gas．They had assumed that，microbes2 need to be in
environments without oxygen to produce methane．Methane is a greenhouse gas，like
carbon dioxide．Gases such as methane and carbon dioxide trap heat in Earth’s
atmosphere and contributeto global warming．
In its experiments，Keppler’s team used sealed chambers that contained the same
concentration of oxygen that Earth’s atmosphere has．They measured the amounts of
methane that were released by both living plants；and dried plant material，such
as fallen leaves．
With the dried plants，the researchers took measurement at temperatures ranging
from 30 degrees Celsius to 70 degrees C．At 30 degrees C，they found，a gram of dried
plant material released up to 3 nanograms of methane per hour．(One nanogram is a
billionth of a gram．) With every 10-degree rise in temperature，the amount of methane
released each hour roughly doubled．
Living plants growing at their normal temperatures released as much as 370
nanograms of methane per gram of plant tissue per hour．Methane emissions tripled
when living and dead plant was exposed to sunlight．
Beeause there was plenty of oxygen available，it’s unlikely that the types of
bacteria that normally make methane were involved． Experiments on plants that
weregrown in water rather than soil also resulted in methane emissions．That’s
another strong sign that the gas came from the plants and not soil microbes．
The new finding is an “interesting observation,” says Jennifer Y．King，a
biogeochemist at the University of Minnesota in St．Paul3．Because some types of
soil microbes consume methane，they may prevent plant-produced methane from reaching
the atmosphere．Field tests will be needed to assess the plant’s influence，she
notes．
练习：
1． What was scientists understanding of methane?
A h was produced from plants．
B It was not a greenhouse gas．
C It was produced in oxygen-free environments．
D It traps more heat than any other greenhouse gas．
2． To test whether plants are a sot，roe of methane，the scientists created
A a oxygen-free environment．
B an environment with the same concentration of oxygen as the Earth has．
C a carbon dioxide-free environment．
D an environment filled with the greenhouse gas．
3． Which statement is true of the methane emissions of plants in the experiment?
A The lower the temperature，the higher the amount of methane emissions．
B I．iving plants release less methane than dried plants at the same temperature．
C When exposed to sunlight，plants stop releasing methane．
D The higher the temperature，the greater the amount of methane emissions．
4． Which of the following about methane is Not mentioned in the passage?
A Plants growing in soil release methane．
B Plants growing in water release methane．
C Soil microbes consume methane．
D Microbes in plants produce methane．
5． What is the beneficial point of some microbes consuming plant-produced
methane?
A Methane becomes less poisonous．
B Methane is turned into a fertilizer．
C Less methane reaches the atmosphere．
D Air becomes cleaner．
词汇:
methane n．甲烷，沼气
emission n．散发，发射
geochemist n．地球化学家
triple v．增加三倍；adj．三倍的
Celsius n．＆．adj．摄氏（的）
bacteria n．(bacterium 的复数)细菌
microbe n．微生物
nanogram n．微克
biogeochemist n．生物地球化学家
chamber n．室，房间；腔
注释：
1． the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg，Germany：马克思·普朗克核物理研究所，位于德国海德堡。海德堡系德国西南部城市，在巴登一符腾堡州的内卡河畔。海德堡大学是德国历史最悠久的大学。
2． microbe：细菌，意义同bacterium(bacteria的单数形式)。但microbe不用作专门术语。
3． St．Paul：圣保罗，美国明尼苏达州首府。
答案与题解：
1． C 短文的第一和第二段都讲到，科学家过去曾经认为，沼气必须在无氧的环境中才能产生。注意，作者用的是过去式：Most scientists assumed that．．．They had assumed
that．．．。
2． B 第三段第一句说，科学家使用密封的房间来做实验，房间里氧气的浓度与地球大气中的氧气浓度相仿。所以B句符合原文的意思，其他三个选择则不符合原文内容。
3． D 根据第四和第五段的内容，只有D是正确的说法。温度越高沼气的释放量越高，有生命的植物释放的沼气远大于干植物的释放量，在阳光下，它们的沼气释放量是正常情况的三倍。
4． D 最后两段告诉我们，无论在土壤中还是在水中生长的植物都能释放沼气，土壤中的微生物消耗沼气，使沼气不至于进入空气。所以A、B、C的内容均符合短文最后两段中作者的意思。D的内容短文中没有提到。
5． C 最后一段的第二句可以到本题的答案。
植物，沼气的又一来源
德国马克思·普朗克核物理研究所地球化学家Frank Keppler提到，科学家已经研究沼气几十年，但一直没认为植物能产生沼气。现在Keppler和同事们发现从草到树的植物也可能是温室气体的来源。这的确是令人惊讶的，阅为大多数科学家认为沼气是在缺氧环境中产生的。
以前，研究人员认为植物不可能产㈩大量的气体。他们认为微生物需要在无氧环境下生产沼气。沼气和二氧化碳一样都是温室气体，它们在地球大气中吸收热量导致全球变暖。
在实验中，Keppler一组使用内含与地球大气中同等密度氧的密闭室来测量从活植物和干植物如落叶中释放的沼气量。
研究人员测量干植物时温度在30摄氏度到70摄氏度。3摄氏度时，他们发现一克干植物每小时释放3微克沼气。温度每上升10度，每小时释放的沼气量约会增加一倍。
对于正常温度下生长的活植物，每一克植物组织每小时释放出370微克的沼气。当活的或者死的植物暴露在阳光下时，沼气释放量会增加两倍。
由于有大量的氧气，正常生产沼气的细菌不可能加入。在对生长在水中而不是土壤中的植物进行实验时也发现有沼气释放。这也表明气体产生于植物而不是土壤微生物。
圣保罗明尼苏达州大学：生物地球化学家Jennifer 说，这些新发现是一项“有趣的观察记录”。因为一些土壤微生物消耗沼气，它们会阻止植物产生的沼气到达大气中。Jennifer 指出，需要对土地进行测试以判定植物的影响。
Real World Robots
When you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same
general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your
questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the
way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all.
Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out
repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more
than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is
programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a
computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence,
such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.
A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot
has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place
on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in
combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes
various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump
into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum
inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how
quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound
waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to
the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s
actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions
and use of artificial-intelligence programs.
词汇：envision v. 想象，预想device n. 装置accentuate v. 强调，重读
artificial intelligence n. 人工智能limb n. 臂antennae n. 天线incline v. 倾斜
pendulum n. 钟摆ultrasonic adj. 超声的metallic adj. 金属的monotone n. 单调的
humanoid adj. 像人的axle n. 轮轴rotate v. 旋转swivel n. 旋转teeter v. 摇晃
gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪vertical n. 直立的
注释：1．To find its way in ：为了在周围到路……
2．the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in
its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上（以此来探知路径）。
练习：
1．Another good title for this passage would be
A Robots: Taking the Place of Humans.B Artificial Intelligence Programs.
C Today’s Robots and How They Function.D Modern-Day Sensors.
2．Artificial intelligence is
A the unnatural way in which robots move.
B a voiceless, box-shaped machine that performs repetitive tasks.
C sensors such as antennae and a gyroscope.
D a computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.
3．The last paragraph suggests that future robots will be
A more humanlike in behavior and actions.B more like automatic machines.
C better able to move on inclines.D better equipped with laser light sensors.
4．The writer begins the passage by comparing
A the shape of a human being with a box.B a modem robot with a fictional robot.
Can imaginary machine with a computer program with artificial intelligence.
5．The word humanoid means
A lacking human characteristics.B anything having the appearance of a humanoid.
C being void or vacant.D having a human form or characteristics.
答案与题解：
1．C 从文中得知，文章主要介绍了机器人和它们的运行方式，因此选择C选项。
2．D Artificial是“人工”的意思，intelligence是“智能”的意思。另外从文中得知，机器人使用artificial intelligence能够进行与人类类似的推理分析等活动，因此可知它是一种类似人类智能的计算机程序。
3．A 最后一段讲机器人的发展方向是更加智能，能够自己判断并修正行为，而不仅仅是完成重复性的工作。
4．B 文章开头的时候作者让读者描述他们脑海中的机器人概念，并随后介绍了实际的机器人是怎样的，因此选择B选项。
5．D 从humanoid的词根human可看出这个词是形容与人类有关的特征。另外根据文章对这个词的描述可以得出这个词是表示和人类类似的特征，不管是外形上，还是行为方式上。
Eat to Live
A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it‘s not much fun — and it might not even be
necessary. We may be able to hang on tomost of that youthful vigor even if we don‘t start to diet
until old age.
Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that
some of an elderly mouse‘s liver genes can he made to behave as they did when the mouse was
young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won‘t reverse other
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damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of
toxins.
Spindlers team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on
half-rations. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed for a month when
they were 34 months old — equivalent to about 70 human years.
The researchers checked the activity of 11, 000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46
changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like
inflammation and free radical production— probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that
had dieted nil their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most
surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per
cent of these gene changes.
―This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly.‖ say Huber Warner from the
National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.
No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful.
―There‘s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,‖ he says.
If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older,
our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting,
says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.
But Spindler isn‘t sure the trade-off is worth it. ―The mice get less disease, they live longer, but
they‘re hungry,‖ he says, ―Even seeing what a diet does , it‘s still hard to go to a restaurant and say:
‗I can only cat half of that‘.‖ Spindler hopes we soon won‘t need to diet at all. His company,
Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of caloric restriction.
词汇: meager /5mi:^E(r)/adj.不足的 toxin /5tCksin/n.毒素 youthful /5ju:Wful/adj.有青春活力的 metabolize /mE5tAbElaiz/v.使（一种物质）进入新陈vigor /5vi^E/n.精力，活力 代谢过程
liver /5livE/n.肝脏 genetic /dVi5netik/adj.基因的 ration /5rAFEn/n.定量 rejuvenation
/ri5dVu:vineiFEn/n. 恢复活力，返老还童caloric /kE5lCrik/n.卡（热量的单位） trade-off n.交换，交易 inflammation / 7inflE5meiFEn/n.炎症，发炎 rejuvenate /ri5dVu:vineit/v.恢复活力注释:
1. hang on to：继续保留。例如 : You should hang on to that painting — it might be worth a lot of
money one day.你应该继续保留那幅画—或许有一天它会值很多钱。
2. The genetic rejuvenation won‘t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could
help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins：老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆转老鼠在其他方面的老化，但却有助于肝脏代谢药物或除去毒素。 other damage caused by time岁月造成的其他方面的破坏，即―其他方面的老化‖。 metabolize drugs：代谢药物，即―使药物参与新陈代谢以提高药效‖。get rid of摆脱，除去。
3. half-ration和 half-feed都是指―老鼠饲料正常定昀 (normal diet)的一半‖。
4. free radical production：指―(有机体组织、器官等的 )无限激增‖。
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5. kick in：意为―开始起作用‖。如： We‘re still waiting for the air condition to kick in.我们还在等着空调开始起作用。
6. be worth it：意为―值得，有益‖。例如： They are expensive, but they are worth it.那些东西很贵，但划得来。练习:
1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? A Eating less than usual might
make us live longer. B we go on A diet when old, we may keep healthy. C Dieting might not be
needed. D We have to begin dieting since childhood.
2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2? A To describe the influence or
old age on mice. B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice. C To tell us how mice‘s liver
genes behave. D To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs.
3. What can he inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage? A They
will not experience free radical production. B They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in
their lifetime. C They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes. D They are more
likely to suffer from inflammation.
4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers? A The mice
that started dieting in old age. B 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young
genes. C Calorie restriction that works in people. D Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective.
5. According 10 the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that A calorie restriction is very
important to young people.
B seeing the effect of a diet, people will like to eat less than normal.
C dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.
D drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction.
答案与题解 :
1. D第一段第一句讲―节食可能不是非做不可的事‖，第二句讲―即使上了年纪再节食，我们仍然有可能在很
大程度上保持青春活力‖，因此，―我们必须从小就开始节食‖是错误的， D是答案。
2. B第二段提提及―一只高龄老鼠的‖时候，作者谈到―只要连续四周限制它进食，它的肝脏基因就会变得和
衰老前一样充满活力‖。据此，为了描述节食对老鼠所产做的影响‖昀好地回答了题干中的问题。
3. D第四段提到，―正常饲养的老鼠随着年龄的增长 46条肝脏基因会发生变化，这种变化与炎症和有机体组织无限激增有关‖，因此， D正确。
4. A第四段昀后一个句子讲―但昀惊人的发现是那些上了年纪才开始节食的老鼠也能从
70%的基因变化中受
益‖。―昀惊人的‖自然是―昀令研究人员感兴趣的‖。
5. C文章昀后两段谈及 Spindler对节食的看法。首先，他不能肯定节食是否值得。其次，他希望在不久的将来，
我们不必节食。所以，我们可以推知，他认为节食不是值得以健康长寿的好办法。
第二十五篇为生存而食
粗茶淡饭或许能给你健康和长寿，但这并不有趣——很有可能也没必要。即便在年老以后才开始节食我们也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。
加州大学 Riverside分校的斯蒂芬·斯潘德尔及其同事发现，只要连续四周限制一些衰老的老鼠进食，它们的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力。虽然老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆转它们在其他方面的老化，但是却有助于这些老鼠的肝脏对药物的新陈代谢消除毒素。
斯潘德尔的队员们一直给其中的三只老鼠正常量的饲料，而给另三只老鼠正常量饲料的一半，给三只 34个月大的老鼠（相当于人类年龄的 70岁）喂了一个月的半量饲料，之前这三只老鼠的饲料量是正常的。
研究者们检查了这些老鼠肝脏的 11000种基因的活性，发现正常饲养的老鼠有 46种基因随年龄的改变而改变。这些改变都与有机体组织的无限激增有关——这对老鼠的健康来说不是什么好消息。而对于那些终身都在节食的老鼠来说，那 46种基因中的 27种仍然继续保持着青春活力。但是昀令人吃惊的发现却是那些只是在老年时期节食的老鼠们受益于 10%的基因变异。
―这只是第一个这些效果迅速起作用的暗示‖，来自华盛顿特区周边的国家老年学学院的哈勃·华纳说。
至今仍然没有人清楚卡路里的控制对人类来说是否如同对老鼠那样有效，但是斯潘德尔对此充满了希望：―有足以引人注意的证据表明这同样有效。‖
如果这确实也对人类有效，我们有理由相信肝脏也可能恢复活力。举个例子，随着我们一天天衰老，我们的身体对药物的新陈代谢越来越没有效率。短时期内的节食，斯潘德尔说到，完全足以保证药效。
但是斯潘德尔并不确定这个方法值得尝试。―老鼠患病少了，寿命延长了，但是它们很饥饿， ‖他说，―即使能清楚地认识到节食的功效，人们仍然很难在餐馆中说自己只能吃一半的食物。‖
斯潘德尔希望我们根本就不用节食。他的公司，加利福尼亚州的寿命遗传学公司，正在寻有限制卡路里效能的药物。
Driven to Distraction
Joe Coyne slides into the driver‘s seat, starts up the car and heads to town. The empty stretch of
interstate gives way to urban congestion, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly
crosses the street in front of him.
But even if he hadn‘t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. She isn‘t real. Neither is
the town. And Coyne isn‘t really driving. Coyne is demonstrating a computerized driving
simulator that is helping researchers at Old Dominion University (ODU) examine how in-vehicle
guidance systems affect the person behind the wheel.5
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The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too
distracting — or whether any distractions are offsetby the benefits drivers get from having help
finding their way in unfamiliar locations.6
―We are looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,‖ said Caryl Baldwin, the
assistant psychology professor lending the research, which involves measuring drivers reaction
time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues.
The researchers just completed a study of the mental workload involved in driving through
different kinds of environments and heavy vs, light traffic. Preliminary results show that as people
―get into more challenging driving situations, they don‘t have any extra mental energy to respond
to something else in the environment.‖ Baldwin said.
But the tradeoffs could be worth it, she said. The next step is to test different ways of giving
drivers navigational information and how those methods change the drivers‘ mental workload.
―Is it best if they see a picture „ that shows their position, a map kind of display?‖Baldwin said.
―Is it best if they hear it?‖
Navigational systems now on the market give point-by-point directions that follow a prescribed
route. ―They‘re very unforgiving,‖ Baldwin said. ―If you miss a turn, they can almost seem to get
angry.‖
That style of directions also can be frustrating for people who prefer more general instructions. But
such broad directions can confuse drivers who prefer route directions. Baldwin said.
Perhaps manufacturers should allow drivers to choose the style of directions they want, or modify
systems to present some information in a way that makes sense for people who prefer the survey
style, she said.
Interestingly, other research has shown that about 60 percent of men prefer the survey style, while
60 percent women prefer the route style, Baldwin said. This explains the classic little thing of why
men don‘t like to stop and ask for directions and women do, Baldwin added.词汇： interstate
/7intE(:)5steit/n.州际公路 computerize /kEm5pju:tEraiz/v.使计算机化，用计算机workload
/5wE:klEud/n.工作负担，工作量 操作 congestion /kEn5dVestFEn/n.拥挤 unforgiving
/5QnfE5^iviN/adj.不原谅人的，无情的 tradeoff交替使用；交替 ;换位 Coney /5kEuni/n.康尼注释：
1. head：意为―to go in a certain direction‖(朝着一定方向前进 )。
2. The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion„：空荡荡的那段州际公路结束了进入拥塞的城市„„ interstate：州际高速公路体系； give way to：让位于。
3. Old Dominion University：Old Dominion是美国弗吉尼亚州的别称。
4. the person behind the wheel：开车人
5. offset：意为― to counterbalance or compensate for‖(平衡或补偿 )。
6. whether any distractions are offset by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their
way in unfamiliar
locations：这个句子的大意是―驾驶员在陌生环境里从那些可读和可听的说明 (audible or
written direction)中所得到的寻路指南等益处是否抵消了这些东西引起的注意力不集中的问题‖。
7. auditory and visual：听觉和视觉提示
8. mental workload：精神负荷
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9. a map kind of display：有点像地图那样的显示图片。 kind of是一种非正式表达，意思是
―rather；somewhat (相当；有一些 )，如：I am kind of hot.我有点热。
10. make sense：使有意义，意思清楚练习:
1. Which statement is true of the description in the first two paragraphs? A If Coyne had stopped
the car in time, he wouldn‘t have hit the woman.
B The woman would have been knocked over, if Coyne had followed the traffic regulations. C
Coyne is not really driving so it is impossible for him to have hit the woman. D If the woman had
not crossed the street suddenly, Coyne would not have hit her.
2. What do researchers want to find out, according to the third and fourth paragraphs? A Whether
or not audible or written directions are distracting. B How long it will take the driver to respond to
auditory and visual stimuli. C How the driver perform under certain mental workload. D All of the
above.
3. What are the preliminary results given in the fifth paragraph? A Drivers are afraid of getting
into challenging driving situations. B In challenging driving situations, drivers still have extra
energy to handle other things. C In challenging driving situations, drivers do not have any
additional mental energy to deal with something else. D Drivers‘ mental load remains unchanged
under different situations.
4. The sixth paragraph mainly state that the researchers A are designing a visual navigational
information system. B are designing an audio navigational information system. C are designing an
audio-visual navigational information system. D want to determine the best ways of giving
navigational information system.
5. What kind of directions do men and women prefer? A Women prefer more general directions
and men prefer route directions. B Men prefer more general direction and women prefer route
directions. C Both men and women prefer general directions. D Both men and women prefer route
directions.
答案与解释 :
1. C 根据第一段和第二段的内容，读者可以知道，这不是 Coyne真实的驾车经历。第二段的第一句是虚拟语气，意思是即使他没有及时刹车，那位妇女也是安全的。因此 A、B和 D都不符合句意。
2. D 第三段告诉我们，研究者要了解什么样的驾车指南会使回车者分心。第四段告诉我们，他们要研究驾车者在驾驶中的精神负荷，测试驾车者对声音和图像的反应，包括反映时间和大脑活动。所以， D是正确选项。
3. C第五段昀后一句提供了答案。
4. D 根据本段第一句可以得知答案。
5.B 文章的昀后四段讨论驾车指南的两种类型：第九段使用的两个表达是： general
instructions和 route directions 即是第八段中的 point-by-point directions that follow a
prescribed route；第十段和第十一段使用的表达是：survey style 和 route style。因此， general
instructions或 general directions指的是一种传递总体信息的驾车指南， point-by-point
directions和 route style是一种传递具体路线信息的驾车指南。根据昀后一段的描述，大多数男士偏向于 general directions，而女士则偏向于 point-by-point directions，即 route style。
第二十七篇分散注意力驾驶
Joe Coyne滑进驾驶座，发动汽车朝城里开去。空荡荡的那段州际公路结束了，进入到拥塞
的城市。这时，一个行人突然从 Coyne的车前穿过，他急忙紧急刹车。
但是，就算 Coyne来不及刹车，那个妇女也不会有事儿。因为，她是一个假人。整座城市也是假的。 Coyne并不是真的在开车。他只是在演示一个计算机操控的驾驶模拟器，帮助 Old
Dominion大学的研究者们检测车内导向系统如何影响开车人。
研究人员希望了解这些能够提供语音或书面批示的系统是否干扰太大，或者这些干扰能否与这些系统给驾驶员在陌生环境里指路的益处相抵消。
主持研究的心理学助理教授 Caryl Baldwin说：―我们一直关注着驾驶员的表现和精神负荷。‖包括驾驶员在对听觉和视觉提示作出反应时的反应时间和大脑活动。
研究人员刚刚完成了一项关于在不同环境中，如交通畅通或交通拥挤时驾驶员精神负荷的调查。 Baldwin说，初步的调查结果显示，人们―在更富挑战性的环境中驾驶时，并不会对周围相环境的变化作出更大的反应。 ‖
她说，两种提示的交替使用还是有效的。下一步，他们将测试为驾驶员提供导向信息的不同方法以及这些方法如何改变驾驶员的精神负担。
Baldwin说：―是给驾驶员看类似地图那样的显示图片好，还是让他们听到指示信息好呢？‖
现在市场上的导向系统会按照预定的路线一个地点一个地点地给出指导。 Baldwin说：―这些系统通常不会原谅人的错误。如果驾驶员错过了一个转弯，它们就会变得非常生气。‖
这种指导信息的方式通常会使更喜欢笼统信息的驾驶员产生一种受挫惑。 Baldwin 说，笼统的信息却会使更喜欢线路指示的驾驶员感到困惑。
她说，也许，系统制造商们应该允许驾驶员能够选择自己喜欢的指示方式，或者改变系统以驾驶员喜欢的方式提供某些信息。
有意思的是，其他研究者表示 60%的男性更喜欢这种提供调查信息的导向系统，而
60%的女性则更喜欢线路指示系统。 Baldwin说，这也就可以解释为什么女人喜欢下车问路，而男人却不的经典例子。
Hurricane Katrina
A hurricane is n fiercely powerful , rotating form of tropical storm that can be 124 to 1,240 miles
in diameter. The term hurricane is derived from Hurican, the name of 8 native American storm
god. Hurricanes are typical of a calm central region of low pressure between 12 to 60 miles in
diameter, known as the eye. They occur in tropical regions. Over its lifetime, one of these storms
can release as much energy as 10,000 nuclear bombs.
The seed for hurricane formation is a cluster of thunderstorms over warm tropical waters.
Hurricanes can only form and be fed when the sea-surface temperature exceeds 27C and the
surrounding atmosphere is calm. These requirements are met between June and November in the
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northern hemisphere.
Under these conditions, large quantities of water evaporate and condense into clouds and rain —
releasing heat in the process. It is this heat energy, combined with the rotation of the Earth, that
drives a hurricane.
When the warm column of air from the sea surface first begins to rise, it causes an area of low
pressure. This in turn creates wind as air is drawn into the area. This spinning wind drags up more
moisture-laden air from the sea surface in a process that swells the storm. Cold air falls back to
the ocean surface through the eye and on the outside of the storm.
Initially, when wind speeds reach 23 miles per hour, these mild, wet and grey weather systems are
known as depressions. Hurricane Katrina formed in this way over the southeastern Bahamas on
23 August 2005. Katrina has had a devastating impact on the Gulf Coast of the US, leaving a
disaster zone of 90,000 square miles in its wake— almost the size of the UK. Thousands have
been killed or injured and more than half a million people have been displaced in a humanitarian
crisis of a scale not seen in the US since the great depression. The cost of the damage may top
$ 100 billion.词汇: hurricane / 5hQrikEn /n.飓风 evaporate /i5vApEreit/v.（使）蒸发，（使）挥发 rotate / rEu5teit /v.旋转，转动 condense /kEn5dens/v.使冷却凝结；使浓缩 cluster /5klQstE/n.一,一束 moisture-laden adj.充满水分的，充满湿度的 thunderstorm n.雷暴 sustain
/sEs5tein/v.保持，持续 hemisphere /5hemisfiE/n.(地球的)半球 humanitarian /
hju(:)7mAni5tZEriEn/adj.人道主义的注释:
1. storm god:风暴之神。原为加勒比海 (Caribbean-Sea)地区加勒比人心目中的―罪恶之神‖ (the
god of evil)。
2. are typical of:以„„为特征，有„„特点。
3. over its lifetime:在(飓风)肆虐的整个过程中
4. release as much energy as 10,000 nuclear bombs:释放相当于 l万颗核弹的能量
5. The seed for hurricane formation: 飓风形成的原因。 seed原义为―种子‖，在这里的意思是―原因‖。
6. ... be fed: feed在这里的意思是 : to supply with something essential for growth, maintenance,
or operation (为生长、维持或运行提供某些必要的物质条件 )，在此可理解为―引发‖。
7. the warm column of air:柱状暖气流
8. a process that swells the storm:增大暴风雨威力的变化过程。 swell:在此作动词用，意思是
to cause to increase in volume, size, number, degree, or intensity (增强体积、尺寸、数量、程度或强度 )。
9. the eye:指第一段中提到的―飓风中心‖。
10. depressions:低气压区
11. in its wakes在„„之后。例如 : The car left clouds of dust in its wake.车后扬起了一阵尘土。
12. „ more than half a million people have been displaced in a humanitarian crisis of a scale not
seen in the US since the great depression:五十多万人被迫离开家园，如此大规模的人道主义危机是美国自大萧条以来还未经历过的。 be displaced:被迫离开某地。 the great depression:大萧条，指从 1929年开始、持续至大约 1939年在北美洲、欧洲和世界其他工业化地区发生121311
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的经济衰退。
13. top:在此作动词用，意思是 to exceed or surpass(多于，越过 )。练习:
1. What is the eye of a hurricane? A A native American storm god.
B A rotating form of tropical storm that can be 124 to 1240 miles in diameter. C A calm central
region of low pressure between 12 to 60 miles in diameter. D A storm that can release as much
energy as 10,000 nuclear bombs.
2. Which of the following is NOT the ―requirements‖ mentioned in the second paragraph? A The
tropical waters are warm and calm. B The sea-surface temperature exceeds 27°C. C There are
thunderstorms over warm tropical waters. D The atmosphere surrounding the sea is calm.
3. Which of the following is the best explanation of the word ―drive‖ in the third paragraph? A To
guide, control, or direct. B To force to go through or push in. C To supply the motive force or
power and cause to function. D To force to move in a particular direction.
4. What does the warm air mentioned in the fourth paragraph produce when it is rising from the
sea surface? A High pressure. B Low pressure. C Wind. D Cold air.
5. What is NOT true of Hurricane Katrina according to the last paragraph? A The area affected is
almost the size of the UK. B It left a disaster zone of 90,000 square miles. C Half a million people
are forced to leave the area. D The humanitarian crisis is as serious as that of the great depression.
答案与题解 :
1. C 文章的第一段第三句描述了飓风的特点，即一个直径为 12～60英里的、平静的低气压中心地带。这个中心就叫做 eye of a hurricane。
2. A第二段的第一、二句描写飓风的形成原因，昀后一句中的 These requirements即是第一、二句中所述内容。所以 B、C和 D都不是正确选项。
3. C A的意思是―驾驶‖；B的意思是―敲‖，―打‖、―击‖，如: Drive in a nail.把钉子敲进去。 D的意思是―驱赶‖，如: Drive the cattle along the road.沿大路驱赶牛。 C的意思是―发动‖、―驱动‖，是正确选项。
4. B第四段第一句提供了答案。„ it causes tan area of low pressure. it代指从海面上升起来的暖流。
5. D A、B、C的内容均在课文昀后一段中被提到。文中„ in a humanitarian crisis of a scale not
seen in the US since the great depression.的大致意思是 :如此大规模的人道主义危机是美国自大萧条以来还未约历过的。 D句不符合这句话的意思，所以是正确选项。
第三十一篇卡特里娜飓风
飓风是一种猛烈、强大、螺旋形式的热带风暴，直径可达 124～1240英哩。飓风 hurricane一词是由 Hurica一词衍生而来， Hurican是美国本地风暴之神的名字。飓风的特征是其中心的无风区域气压低，直径在 12～ 60英里之间，被称作风眼。它们在热带区域出现。在飓风肆虐整个过程中，有一种飓风可释放相当于 1万颗核弹的能量。
飓风形成的原因是由于雷暴聚集在温暖的热带水面上。只有当海平面的温度超过 27摄氏度并且周围的空气稳定时，飓风才能形成，壮大。在 6月到 11月之间的北半球这些条件可达到。
在这些条件下，大量的水蒸气凝结成云和雨，并在此过程中释放热量。正是这些热能，加上
地球的自转驱动着飓风。
当海平面的柱状暖气流首次开始上升时，它会引起一片低气压区，而这一区域紧接着会形成风，因为空气被吸引流动进这一区域。这一旋转运动的风带起了海面上更多的充满水汽的空气。这一过程增大了暴风的威力。冷空气通过暴风中心降回海面，落到暴风外围。
开始，当风速达到每小时 23英时，这些温和、潮湿、灰的气候系统被称作低气压区。
2005年的 8月 23日，卡特里娜飓风以这种方式在巴哈马岛东南形成。卡特里娜飓风对美国墨西哥湾沿岸造成了毁灭性打击，其后留下了面积为 9万平方英里的受灾区域——几乎和英国的面积一样大。数以千计的人因此伤亡。五十多万人被迫离开家园，如此大规模的人道主义危机是美国自大萧条以来还未经历过的。此次飓风造成的破坏可能超过 1千亿美元。
Mind-reading Machine（B级）
A team of researchers in California has developed a way to predict what kinds of objects people
are looking at by scanning what‘s happening in their brains.
When you look at something, your eyes send a signal about that object to your brain. Different
regions of the brain process the information your eyes send. Cells in your brain called neurons are
responsible for this processing.
The fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)brain scans could generally match electrical
activity in the brain to the basic shape of a picture that someone was looking at.
Like cells anywhere else in your body, active neurons use oxygen. Blood brings oxygen to the
neurons, and the more active a neuron is, the more oxygen it will consume. The more active a
region of the brain, the more active its neurons, and in turn, the more blood will travel to that
region. And by using fMRI, scientists can visualize which parts of the brain receive more
oxygen-rich blood — and therefore, which parts are working to process information.
An fMRI machine is a device that scans the brain and measures changes in blood flow to the brain.
The technology shows researchers how brain activity changes when a person thinks, looks at
something, or carries out an activity like speaking or reading. By highlighting the areas of the
brain at work when a person looks at different images, fMRI may help scientists determine
specific patterns of brain activity associated with different kinds of images.
The California researchers tested brain activity by having two volunteers view hundreds of
pictures of everyday objects, like people, animals, and fruits. The scientists used an fMRI machine
to record the volunteers‘ brain activity with each photograph they looked at. Different objects
caused different regions of the volunteers‘ brains to light up on the scan, indicating activity. The
scientists used this information to build a model to predict how the brain might respond to any
image the eyes see.
In a second test, the scientists asked the volunteers to look at 120 new pictures. Like before, their
brains were scanned every time they looked at a new image. This time, the scientists used their
model to match the fMRI scans to the image. For example, if a scan in the second test showed the
32
1
same pattern of brain activity that was strongly related to pictures of apples in the first test, their
model would have predicted the volunteers were looking at apples.
词汇： scan /skAn/ v. &n. 扫描 neuron /5njuErCn/ n. 神经元visualize /5vIzjJElaIz/ v.使可见；设想 注释:
1. Mind-reading: 能读出（猜出）人的想法的。 mind-read: 可做动词，如， As a successful
salesman, he is able to mind-read his customers.
2. FMRI（functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging）：功能性磁振造影。这是一种新兴的神经影像学方式，其原理是利用磁振造影来测量神经元活动所引发之血液动力的改变。
3. visualize: 意为 make（something）visible to the eye，即―使可见，使显现 ‖。练习:
1. What is responsible for processing the information sent by your eyes?
A）A small region of the brain.
B）The central part of the brain.
C）Neurons in the brain.
D）Oxygen-rich blood.
2. Which of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer?
A）Ceils in your brain are called neurons.
B）The more oxygen a neuron consumes, the more blood it needs.
C）fMRI helps scientists to discover which parts of the brain process information.
D）fMRI helps scientists to discover how the brain develops intelligently.
3. ―Highlighting the areas of the brain at work‖ means
A）―marking the parts of the brain that are processing information‖
B）―giving light to the parts of the brain that are processing information‖ C）―putting the parts of
the brain to work‖
D）―stopping the parts of the brain from working‖
4. What did the researchers experiment on?
A）Animals, objects, and fruits.
B）Two volunteers.
C）fMRI machines.
D）Thousands of pictures.
5. Which of the following can be the best replacement of the tide?
A）The Recent Development in Science and Technology.
B）Your Thoughts Can Be Scanned.
C）A Technological Dream.
D）A Device that can Help You Calculate.答案与题解：
1. C 文章第二段的昀后两个句子提供了答案。 Cells in your brain called neurons are
responsible for this processing．这里的 processing指的就是上句中的内容。
2. D 的电容文章中没有出现。 A的内容在第二段可到。 B的内容在第二段可到。 C的内容在第五段可到。
3. A highlight：使„显得突出，标出。 at work：正在工作的。这里指正在处理信息的（大脑区域）。
4. B答案在文章的第六段中可以到。实验者让两个自愿受试者观看许多照片，并用 fMRI对设备测试他们的大脑在这一过程中的活动。
5．B A论述的范围太大。 fMR技术已不再是梦想，所以 C也不是正确选择。 D所述内容与文章完全不符。 B符合文章内容，是昀佳选择。
第三十二篇读心机
一个加州的研究团队开发了一种可以通过扫描人体大脑所发生的变化从而预测出这个人正在看一些什么样的物体的方法。
当你注视一些物体时，你的眼睛会发送一个关于该物体的信号到你的大脑中。大脑的不同区域处理眼睛发送的这些信号。大脑中负责这个过程的细胞叫做神经元。
fMBI(功能性磁振造影 )脑扫描可以大体地比较大脑中人们对所观察物体基本形状的电运动。像身体中其他地方的细胞一样，活跃的神经元细胞也需要氧气。血液为神经元提供氧气，神经元越活跃，对氧气量的需求越大。大脑中越是活跃的区域，它的神经元也就越活跃。为此，更多的血液会流经这一区域。那么通过使用 fMRI，科学家可以使大脑中接收相对多的富氧血液的部分可视化。因此，可视化的部分就是处理信息的部分。
fMRI机是一种可以扫描大脑和测量流向大脑的血液变化的设备。这项技术为研究者显示，当人们思考观察进行像说话阅读这样的活动时，大脑运动的变化。通过突出显示人们观看不同图像时头脑工作的区域， fMRI可以帮助科学家们确定与不同图像相关的大脑活动的具体形式。
加州的研究者让两个志愿者观测数百个诸如人、动物和水果这样的日常事物。他们用这样方式来测试大脑的活动。科学家使用 fMRI机来记录志愿者看每一张图片时大脑的活动。显示这一活动时，不同物体会使志愿者大脑的不同区域在扫描时亮度增加。科学家利用此信息来建立一种模式去预测大脑对所看到事物可能如何反映。
在第二个测试中，科学家让志愿者看 120个新图像。和以前一样，他们每看一张新图像时大脑都被扫描一次。这次，科学家用他们的模式来比较 fMRI扫描的图像。例如，如果图像在第二次测试显示相同的形式的大脑活动，同时，该脑活动与在第一次测试中苹果图片有大关联，那么这个模式可能会预测出志愿者们正在看一些苹果。
Baby Talk
Babies normally start to talk when they are 13 to 15 months old. Ryan Jones is only
eight months old, but he is already “talking” with his parents. When lie is hungry,
he opens and closes his hand. This means milk. He also knows the signs for his
favorite toy and the word more.
Ryan is not deaf, and his parents are not deaf, but his mother and father are
teaching him to sign. They say a word and make a sign at the same time. They
repeat this again and again. When ___1___ Ryan’s parents think that he will be a
happier baby because he can communicate with them.
Ryan s parents are teaching Ryan to sign because of a man named Joseph Garcia.
Although Garcia was not from a deaf family, he decided to learn American Sign
Language (ASL). First, he took courses in ASL. Then he got a job helping deaf
people communicate with hearing people. In his work, he saw many deaf parents
sign to their infants. He noticed that these babies were able to communicate much
earlier than hearing children. ___2___ When they were one year old, they could use
as many as 50 signs.
Garcia decided to try something new. He taught ASL to parents who were not deaf.
The families started to teach signs to their infants when they were six or seven
months old. ___3___ More and more parents took Garcia’s ASL classes. Like Ryan’s family, they were excited about signing with their babies. They wanted to give
their babies a way to communicate before they could use spoken words.
Some people worry about signing to babies. They are afraid that these babies won’t feel a need to talk. Maybe they will develop spoken language later than other
babies. ___4___ In fact, one study found just the opposite. Signing babies actually
learned to speak earlier than other children. As they grow older, these children are
more interested in books. They also score higher on intelligence tests1.
There is still a big question for parents: Which are the best signs to teach their
babies? Some parents make their own signs. Other parents want to teach ASL.
___5___ There’s no clear answer, but we do know this: All signing babies and their
families are talking quite a lot!
词汇：
normally /'nɔ:m(ə)li/ adv. 正常地；通常地，一般地
infant /'infənt / n. 婴儿；幼儿；未成年人
communicate /kə'mju:nikeit/ 通信；交流；感染
opposite /'ɔpəzit/ adj. 相反的；n. 对立面，反义词
注释：
1. intelligence test：智力测试
练习：
A However, research does not show this.
B All parents want to teach babies to sign.
C Ryan learns a new sign, his family is very excited.
D These babies started using signs about two months later.
E It can be useful because many people understand it.
F They talked with signs by the time they were eight months old.
答案与题解：
1. C 第二段主要是讨论Ryan学习手语的过程，当他学会一种新的手势时，父母非常高兴。
2. F 这一段讲的是婴儿在学习手语过程中的共同规律。题目前一句讲Garcia注意到学习手语的婴儿比普通婴儿更早开始交流，后一句讲婴儿1岁时能使用的手势多达50种，因此，
此处应填“这些婴儿从8个月起就开始用手语交流”。
3. D 这一段讲有些家庭在婴儿六七个月的时候开始教他们手语。D选项中的these
babies指代这些婴儿，符合题意。
4. A 前文讲有些人担心婴儿学习手语会导致其会话能力发展缓慢，后文讲的是研究表明并不是这样，因此空格处应填表示转折的句子。
5. E E选项是对前文中ASL的解释，ASL是通用手语，因此能被更多的人理解。选项中的it即指代ASL。
参考译文
第三篇 婴儿语
婴儿通常在1 ~15个月的时候开始说话。Ryan Jones刚刚8个月，但他已经开始和父母“说话”了。他饿的时候，就会把手一张一合，这个动作表示牛奶。他还懂得表示他最喜欢的玩具以及“更多”这个词。
Ryan不是聋哑人，他的父母也不是，但他们正在教他手语。他们在说话的同时做出相应的手语姿势，并不断重复。当Ryan学会一个新的手势时，家人都非常高兴。Ryan的父母认为，因为能和父母交流，Ryan会成为一个更快乐的婴儿。
Ryan的父母之所以教Ryan手语，是因为一名叫Joseph Garcia的人。Garcia也不是聋哑人，但他决定学习美国手语（ASL）。最开始的时候，他参加了一门相关课程的学习。之后，他得到了一份帮助聋哑人和正常人交流的工作，在工作中，他看到很多聋哑人父母用手语与他们的幼子交流。他注意到，这些孩子能比正常孩子更早地与他人交流。他们8个月大的时候就能通过手语进行交流，而到了1岁的时候，他们能使用多达50种手势。
Garcia决定进行一些新的尝试，他向非聋哑人父母教授美国手语。这些家庭在孩子六七个月的时候就教孩子手语，而孩子们在大约两个月之后就开始使用这些手语了。越来越多的父母前去参加的美国手语课程。和Ryan的家人一样，他们对于能和孩子通过手语交流感到非
常兴奋。他们想让孩子在会说话之前学会一种交流的方式。
有些人对此很担忧，他们担心这些小孩会觉得开口说话没有必要，这样他们的语言能力发展可能比其他孩子慢。然而，研究表明，事实并非如此。实际上，有一项研究发现，事实正好相反，掌握手语的孩子实际上比其他孩子更早开口说话。随着年龄的增长，他们对阅读的兴趣更强，在智力测试中获得的分数更高。
对于父母来说，还有一个大问题：哪种手语对孩子来说是最好的？有的父母使用自己创造的手势，还有些父母使用美国手语，这种手语懂的人多，因此更有用。目前对于这个问题还没有明确的答案，但是我们确切地知道：会用手语的婴儿和他们的家人会“说”很多话！
Common Questions about Dreams
Does everyone dream?
Yes. Research shows that we all dream. We have our most vivid dreams during a
type of sleep called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. During REM sleep, the brain
is very active. The eyes move quickly back and forth under the lids, and the large
muscles of the body are relaxed. REM sleep occurs every 90-100 minutes, three to
four times a night, and it lasts longer as the night goes on. ___1___ We dream at
other times during the night, too, but those dreams are less vivid.
Do people remember their dreams?
A few people remember their dreams. However, most people forget nearly
everything that happened during the night — dreams, thoughts, and the short
periods of time when they were awake. ___2___ It seems that the memory of the
dream is not totally lost, but for some reason it is very hard to bring it back. If you
want to remember your dream，the best thing to do is to write it down as soon as
you wake up.
Are dreams in color?
Most dreams are in color. However, people may not be aware of it for two
reasons ： They don’t usually remember the details of their dreams, or they don’t notice the color because it is such a natural part of our lives. ___3___
Do dreams have meaning?
Scientists continue to debate this issue. ___4___ Some people use dreams to help
them learn more about their feelings, thoughts, behavior, motives, and values.
Others find that dreams can help them solve problems. It’s also true that artists,
writers, and scientists often get creative ideas from dreams.
How can I learn to understand my dreams?
The most important thing to remember is that your dreams are personal. The
people, actions, and situations in your dreams reflect your experience, your
thoughts, and your feelings. Some dream experts believe that there are certain
types of dreams that many people have，even if they come from different cultures
or time periods. Usually, however, the same dream will have different meanings for
different people. For example, an elephant in a dream may mean one thing to a
zookeeper and something very different to a child whose favorite toy is a stuffed
elephant. ___5___ Then look for links between your dreams and what is happening
in your daily life. If you think hard and you are patient, perhaps the meaning of your
dreams will become clearer to you.
词汇：
vivid /'vivid/ adj. 清晰的，生动的，逼真的
lid /lid/ n. 眼睑（=eyelid)
motive /məutiv/ n. 动机
stuffed /stʌft/ adj. 填充的，塞满了的
注释：
1. back and forth：来回地，反复地。
2. bring it back：回忆起它来。bring back：使回忆起来，带回来、拿回来，使恢复。
3. Scientists continue to debate this issue. 科学家们不断地讨论这个问题。“debate”作动词“争 论，辩论，讨论”讲，既可以是不及物动词也可以是及物动词，作不及物动词时常与 “about/ on/upon” 搭配。
练习：
A However, people who spend time thinking about their dreams believe that
they are meaningful and useful.
B The final REM period may last as long as 45 minutes.
C People who are very aware of color when they are awake probably notice color
more often in their dreams.
D Our most powerful dreams don’t happen during deep sleep.
E To learn to understand your dreams, think about what each part of the dream
means to you or reminds you of.
F Sometimes, though, people suddenly remember a dream later in the day or on
another day.
答案与题解：
1. B 文中第一部分主要介绍快速眼动睡眠期，而且前一句正好提到每晚快速眼动睡眠期的间隔时间、出现频率及其持续时间的情况。
2. F 题目所在的前一句提到大多数人会忘记晚上所发生的几乎所有事情，而后一句中又提到人们对梦的记忆好像没有完全丢失，由此可以推断出中间这一句应该说的是人有时会记起自己的梦。
3. C 文中第三部分提到梦是彩的，前面主要讲的是人们可能意识不到这个问题以及意识不到的原因，由此可以推断后面应该会提到那些可以意识到这个问题的人。因此，答案为C。
4. A 文中第四部分讲的是梦的意义，纵观六个选项与部分主题相关的只有选项A，而且后面主要提到人们会利用梦做些什么，这也就意味着人们会思考他们的梦而且相信梦是有意义的。
5. E 由第五部分的标题就可以锁定选项E，而且后一句讲的是要寻梦与现实的联系，正好与选项E的意思相吻合。
参考译文
第五篇 关于梦的常见问题
每个人都会做梦吗？
是的。研究表明我们都会做梦。在一种叫作快速眼动（REM）的睡眠期里，我们会有最清晰生动的梦。在这种睡眠期里，大脑非常活跃，眼睛在眼睑下面来来回回地快速移动，而且身体的大肌肉会得到放松。快速眼动睡眠期每隔90~100分钟会出现一次，一晚会出现3~4
次，而且随着入夜渐深，每次持续的时间也会变长。最后一次快速眼动睡眠期可能会持续长达45分钟。我们在夜晚的其他时间段也会做梦，但是那些梦没有快速眼动睡眠期里的梦清晰生动。
人们会记得他们的梦吗？
一些人会记得他们的梦。然而，大多数人会忘记晚上所发生的几乎所有的事——梦、思想以及他们醒着时的短暂时光。但是，有时人们会在当天晚些时候或改天突然想起他们的梦。他们对梦的记忆好像并没有完全消失，但出于某种原因却很难回忆起来。如果你想记住自己的梦，最好的办法是一醒来就把它写下来。
梦是彩的吗？
大多数梦是彩的。然而，人们可能不会意识到这一点。这是基于两方面的原因：人们通常不会记住梦的细节，或者因为颜是我们生活中的自然组成部分，所以不会注意到。那些在醒着的时候意识到颜的人可能会更经常注意到梦的颜。
梦有意义吗？
科学家们不停地讨论这个问题。然而，那些花时间思考他们梦的人相信梦是有意义的、有用的。有些人借助梦更多地了解自己的情感、思想、行为、动机和价值观。其他人发现梦可以帮助自己解决问题。艺术家、作家和科学家也确实经常从梦中获得创作的灵感。
我如何学会理解自己的梦？
要记得最重要的一点就是梦是个人的。梦里的人、行为以及情景都能反映你的经历、思想以及情感。有些梦境专家认为某些类型的梦是很多人都有的，即使他们来自不同的文化或时期。然而，通常对于不同的人，同一个梦会有不同的意义。比如，做梦梦到大象对于一个动物园管理员来说意味着一回事，而对于一个最喜欢大象毛绒玩具的小孩来说就意味着截然不同的事。为了学会理解自己的梦，首先要思考一下梦的每一部分对你意味着什么或者让你想起了
什么。然后寻梦与日常生活中所发生事情的联系。如果你认真思考而且有耐心，或许你会更清晰地理解梦的意义。
The Apgar Test
The baby was born at 3:36 p. m. At 3:37, she scored 4 out of 10 on her first test. At
3:41, she scored 8 out of 10. The doctor was glad.
Another baby, born at 8:24 p. m., scored 3 out of 10 on his first test. He scored 4 out
of 10 on his second test. He took another test at 8:34 and scored 5. ___1___ He
called for help1.
These newborn babies took a test called the Apgar test. This test helps doctors
diagnose problems. ___2___ Most babies take two tests. The first is at 1 minute after
birth, and the second is at 5 minutes after birth. If a baby’s score at 5 minutes is less
than 6, the baby takes another test at 10 minutes after birth.
The Apgar test is not an intelligence test. It’s a test that shows a baby’s health right
after it is born. The Apgar test measures things such as a baby’s color, heart rate,
and breathing. The test has five parts, and the score for each part can be 0, 1, or 2.
___3___
A doctor named Virginia Apgar developed the test. Apgar went to medical school
at Columbia University in New York City in 1929. She faced many challenges
because she was the first woman in the program. However, she was one of the best
students in her class. After medical school, she started treating patients2.
Apgar also became a researcher in anesthesiology, a new topic in medicine at the
time3. During her studies, she learned how to give patients anesthesia. ___4___
In the 1940s, many women started to have anesthesia when they gave birth. Apgar
had a question: How does anesthesia affect newborn babies? In 1949, when Apgar
was a professor at Columbia’s medical school, she created her simple test. She
wrote a paper about her methods in 1953. Soon after, people started using the
Apgar test around the world.
In her work, Apgar saw that many newborns had problems. She wanted to help
these babies survive. She stopped practicing medicine in 1959, and she went back
to school to get a master’s degree in public health. ___5___
Today, the Apgar test is still used all over the world. Newborn babies don’t know it,
but Virginia Apgar is a very important person in the first few minutes of their lives.
词汇：
diagnose /'daiəgnəuz/ vt. & vi. 诊断（疾病）
anesthesiology /,ænis,θizi’ɔlədʒi/ n. 麻醉学
anesthesia /,ænis'θiziə/ n. 麻醉
注释：
1. called for help：需要帮助，求救。call for：需要，要求，提倡；来（某人），来取（某物）。
2. she started treating patients：她开始病人。treat sb.有三种意思，分别是“对待某人”“某人”和“款待某人”。treat作“”讲，是普通用语的，意义广泛，cure多用于疾病方面，heal多用于创伤或外伤方面。
3. at the time：当时，在那时。同义短语有at that point, at that time, on the occasion。
练习：
A Doctors add the scores together for the total Apgar score.
B She spent the rest of her life doing research and raising money to help
newborn babies.
C A score of 10 is uncommon.
D The doctor was worried.
E They decide if a baby is normal or needs special care.
F Anesthesia is a procedure that makes patients lose consciousness, so they do
not feel any pain during surgery.
答案与题解：
1. D 由第二段的前半部分可知这个婴儿三次健康测试的分数都不理想，而且最后一句提到他需要救助，说明他的情况不容乐观，所以医生应该担心。因此，答案为D。
2. E 第三段中第二句话提到这项测试帮助医生诊断新生儿的问题，即医生可以根据测试结果判断新生儿的健康状况。因此，答案为E。
3. A 顺承本段倒数第二句的句意可知选项A和选项C都可以，但选项C说10分的成绩不常见，这一点由全文其他地方推断不出来。因此，答案为A。
4. F 本段第二句话最后提到阿普加学习给病人实施麻醉，而选项F讲的是麻醉是什么，正好与本段第二句话句意吻合。因此,答案为F。
5. B 本段主要讲的是阿普加帮助新生儿的愿望以及她为此所做的努力，纵观六个选项符
合段意的只有选项B。因此，答案为B。
参考译文
第七篇 阿普加测试
下午3:36，一个婴儿出生了。3:37时，她的第一次健康测试成绩是4分（总分10分）。3:41时，她的成绩是8分，医生感到非常高兴。
另一天晚上8:24，另外一个婴儿出生了。他的第一次测试成绩是3分，第二次成绩是4分。8:34时又进行了一次测试，成绩是5分。医生非常担心，这个婴儿需要救助。
这些新生儿进行的是一项叫作阿普加的测试。这项测试帮助医生诊断新生儿的问题，他们根据测试成绩判断新生儿是正常的还是需要特殊护理。大多数的婴儿会接受两次测试。第一次是在出生后1分钟，第二次是在出生后5分钟。如果婴儿在第二次测试中的成绩少于6分，那他们需要在出生10分钟后再进行一次测试。
阿普加测试不是一项智力测试。它是一项在婴儿出生后表明其健康状况的测试。这项测试会测量诸如婴儿的皮肤颜、心率、呼吸一类的项目，总共包括五部分，每一部分的成绩可以是0分、1分或2分。医生把每一部分的成绩加起来就是这项测试的总分。
一位名叫弗吉尼亚·阿普加的医生设计了这项测试。1929年，阿普加去纽约的哥伦比亚大学医学院就读。由于是这个学科里的第一位女性，使她面临了许多挑战。然而，她却是班上最好的学生之一。完成医学院的学业后，她开始给患者。
阿普加还是麻醉学方面的研究者，当时麻醉学是一项新的医学课题。在求学过程中，她学会了如何给患者实施麻醉。麻醉会使病人失去意识，因而他们在手术过程中不会感到任何疼痛。
20世纪40年代，许多妇女在分娩时开始使用麻醉。但阿普加有个疑问：麻醉是如何影响
新生儿的呢？1949年，当阿普加在哥伦比亚医学院担任教授时，她创造了这项简单测试。1953年，她写了一篇关于该测试方法的论文。不久之后，人们开始在世界范围内使用阿普加测试。
在工作中，阿普加发现许多新生儿都有健康问题。她想帮助这些新生儿活下来。1959年，她中止了行医，回到学校攻读公共卫生硕士学位。她把自己的余生都奉献给了医学研究以及筹集资金帮助新生儿。
今天，阿普加测试仍然在全世界范围内被广泛运用。虽然新生儿们并不知道，但弗吉尼亚·阿普加却是他们生命的前几分钟里非常重要的一个人。
Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet Job
John Harrison has what must be the most wanted job in the United States. He’s the
official taster for Edy’s Grand Ice Cream, one of the nation’s best-selling brands.
Harrison’s taste buds are insured for $1 million. ___1___ And when he isn’t doing
that, he travels, buying Edy’s in supermarkets all over the country so that he can
check for perfect appearance, texture, and flavor.
After I interviewed Harrison, I realized that the life of an ice cream taster isn’t all
Cookies ’n Cream — a flavor that* he invented, by the way. No, it’s extremely
hard work, which requires discipline and selflessness.
For one thing, he doesn’t swallow on the job. Like a coffee taster, Harrison spits.
Using a gold spoon to avoid “off” flavors, he takes a small bite and moves it
around in his mouth to introduce it to all 9,000 or so taste buds. ___2___ Then he
breathes in gently to bring the aroma up through the back of his nose. Each step
helps Harrison evaluate whether the ice cream has a good balance of dairy,
sweetness, and added ingredients 一 the three-flavor components of ice cream.
Then, even if the ice cream tastes heavenly, he puts it into a trash can. A full
stomach makes it, impossible to judge the quality of the flavors.
During the workweek, Harrison told me that he has to make other sacrifices, too: no
onions, garlic, or spicy food, and no caffeine. Caffeine will block the taste buds, he
says, so his breakfast is a cup of herbal tea. ___3___
Harrison’s family has been in the ice cream business in one way or another1 for
four generations, so Harrison has spent his entire life with it2. However, he has
never lost his love for its cold, creamy sweetness. ___4___ On these occasions3, he
does swallow, and he eats about a quart (0.95 liters) each week. By comparison4,
the average person in the United States eats 23.2 quarts (21. 96 liters) of ice cream
and other frozen dairy products each year.
Edy’s ice cream is available in dozens of flavors. So what flavor does the
best-trained ice-cream taster in the country prefer? Vanilla! In fact, vanilla is the
best-selling variety in the United States. ___5___ “It’s a very complex flavor,”
Harrison says.
词汇：
taste bud 味蕾
texture /'tekstʃə/a/ n. 质地
aroma /ə'rəumə/ n. 芳香
vanilla /və'mlə/ n. 香草
注释：
1. in one way or another：以某种方式,用这样或那样的方式
2. has spent his entire life with it：为此他已付出一生。spend.…with sth.：花（时间等）在某事上
3. on these occasions：在这种场合下
4. by comparison：相比之下
练习：
A However, you should never call it plain vanilla.
B He even orders ice cream in restaurants for dessert.
C Next he smack-smack-smacks his lips to get some air into the sample.
D This is a small price to pay for what he calls the world’s best job.
E In his younger days, he would help out at the ice cream factory his uncle
owned.
F He gets to sample 60 ice creams a day at Edy’s headquarters in Oakland,
California.
答案与题解：
1. F 文中第一段讲了Harrison的工作情况。后文提到他休假时的情况，所以此处应为对他工作状态的介绍。
2. C 第二段主要介绍了他工作时品尝冰淇淋的过程。前文介绍了刚入口中的情况，此处
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