考研英语核心词汇总结(2019英语一Text2)

2019英语一Text2

Grade inflation1—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past

few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which

students are treated2 like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often

buried3

deep in course catalogs4 called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.

Grade forgiveness allows students to retake5

a course in which they received a low grade, and

the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating6 a student’s

overall GPA.

The use of this little-known practice has accelerated7

in recent years, as colleges continue to

do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition8) and improve their graduation rates.

When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to9 freshmen10, to give them a

second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition11 to

college-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses12, allow all

undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.

College officials tend to emphasize13 that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade

itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and

graduation without incurring a big penalty14. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s

registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in

subsequent contents15 or master16 the content that allows them to graduate on time.”

That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies17 colleges’ own needs as well.

For public institutions18, state funds19 are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics20 such

as graduation rates21 and student retention22—so better grades can, by boosting figures23 like those,

mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of

the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is

another big concern24 for colleges.

Indeed25, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’

expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job,

it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at

least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives26 seem to be aligned27.

26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?

A. The change of course catalogs28.

B. Students’ indifference29 to GPAS.

C. Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.

D. The influence of consumer culture.

27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?

A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.

B. To maintain30 colleges’ graduation rates.

C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.

D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.

28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enable colleges to_________.

A. Obtain30 more financial support

B. boost their student enrollments

C. improve their teaching quality

D. meet local governments’ needs

29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean?

A. To counterbalance31 each other.

B. To complement32 each other.

C. To be identical with33 each other.

D. To be contradictory34 to each other.

30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by________.

A. assessing35

its feasibility36

B. analyzing the causes behind it

C. comparing different views on it

D. listing its long-run effects37

【干货笔记】

1. grade inflation 成绩膨胀，分数上涨

grade n. 等级，品级；（工作岗位，官衔等的）级别，职别；成绩，分数

2. treat v. 对待;;处理;把…看作;把…视为;讨论;医疗;处理，保护，保存;招待

n. 款待;乐事;乐趣

My treat. (口)我请客

3. buried adj. 埋葬的；埋藏的

v. 埋葬（bury 的过去式和过去分词）

be buried in 埋头于 ; 被埋葬在 ; 全神贯注于

4. catalog n. 目录，一览表;系列;种类；产品样本

5. retake vt. 再取；重拍；补考

n. 重考；重新摄录；重新摄录的照片或录音

6. calculate v. 计算；预测

calculating adj. 精明的，精于算计的

7. accelerate v. 加速；（使）加快，促进

8. tuition n.（尤指对个人或小组的）教学，指导；（尤指学院、大学或私立学校的）学费

9. be usually limited to 通常仅限于

limited adj.有限的；受限的；受宪法限制的；（公司）有限责任的 (=Ltd)

n. 高级快车

v. 限制（limit 的过去式和过去分词形式）

10. freshmen n. 大学一年级新生；新手

11. transition n. 过渡，转变；（分子生物）转换；（乐）临时转调；（物理）跃迁，转变

v. 转变，过渡

12. selective campuses 有选择性的校园

13. emphasize v. 强调，着重；重读（单词或短语）；使突出（或明显）

14. incurring a big penalty 招致巨额

incur vt. 招致; 遭受; 引起; 引致，带来(成本、花费等)

penalty n. 处罚;刑罚;惩罚;害处;不利;(对犯规者的)判罚;点球

15. subsequent contents 后续内容

subsequent adj. 后来的; 随后的

16. master n. 大师，能手；主人，雇主；主宰者，控制者；硕士，有硕士学位的人

v. 精通，掌握；控制，掌控

17. satisfy v. 满足(要求、需要等); 使满意; 使满足; 向…证实; 使确信

(第三人称单数satisfies)

18. public institutions 公共机构

19. state funds 国家基金

20. metric adj. 米制的，公制的；度规的；用诗体写的，格律诗的

n. 诗韵；衡量标准；度规

21. graduation rates 毕业率

22. retention n. 保持，保留；保存，存放；保持力，持续力；记忆力

student retention 学生在学率

23. boosting figures 增加的数据

24. concern n. 担心，忧虑；使人担忧的事物；关心，关爱；重要的事物，关心的事

v. 有关，关于；涉及，影响；使忧虑，使担心

concern about 对…表示担心/忧虑；使（自己）关心…

concern with 使关心，挂念

25. indeed adv. 确实，的确

26. incentive n. 激励；奖励, 奖励措施；诱因

27. align v. 公开支持，与…结盟；

（使）排成一条直线，使平行；

调整，使一致；（使）参加，加入

28. course catalog 课程目录

29. indifference n. 不感兴趣，漠不关心；不重要，无价值；平凡，普通

30.【-tain- 】

maintain v. 保持，维持

obtain v. 获得

sustain v. 维持，持续

retain v. 保留，留下

31. counterbalance n. 平衡力，抗衡力；抵消因素，制约力

v. 对……起平衡作用，抵消

32. complement v. 补充，补足

n. 补足物，衬托物；足数，足额；补语；余角；

33. be identical with 与…相同/一致

34. contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的，对立的；好反驳的，爱争辩的

n. 矛盾命题

35. assess v. 评价，评定；估价，估计；征税，处以罚金

36. feasibility n. 可行性，可能性

possibility n. 可能性

availability n.可利用性;可利用；可用性；有用（效）性；使用价值；（有效）利用率

37. long-run effects 长期影响

long-run 长期的，长时间的(=long-term)