《英语国家概况》——英国王朝及名词

《英语国家概况》——英国王朝及名词

诺曼王朝House of Norman

• 威廉一世 King William I the Conqueror "征服王"

• 威廉二世 King William II Rufus "红毛王"

• 亨利一世 King Henry I Well-Educated, Beauclerc "儒雅王"

• 斯蒂芬(King Stephen) (布洛瓦王朝)

安茹王朝House of Anjor

• 亨利二世 King Henry II Curtmantle "短斗篷王"

• 理查一世 King Richard I Coeur de Lion "狮心王"

• 约翰 King John Lackland "无地王"

金雀花王朝House of Plantagenet

• 亨利三世 King Henry III)

• 爱德华一世 King Edward I Long Shank) "长脚王"

• 爱德华二世 King Edward II

• 爱德华三世 King Edward III

• 理查二世 King Richard II

兰开斯特王朝House of Lancaster

• 亨利四世 King Henry IV

• 亨利五世 King Henry V

• 亨利六世 King Henry VI

约克王朝House of York

• 爱德华四世 King Edward IV

• 爱德华五世 King Edward V

• 理查三世 King Richard III

都铎王朝House of Tudor

• 亨利七世 King Henry VII

• 亨利八世 King Henry VIII

• 爱德华六世 King Edward VI

• 简•格雷 Lady Jane Grey

• 玛丽一世 Queen Mary I the Bloody "血腥玛丽"

• 伊丽莎白一世 Queen Elizabeth I

斯图亚特王朝House of Stewart

• 詹姆斯一世 King James I

• 查理一世 King Charles I

共和政府

• 奥利弗•克伦威尔

• 理查•克伦威尔

斯图亚特王朝复辟House of Stewart

• 詹姆斯二世 King James II

• 查理二世 King Chales II

• 威廉三世和玛丽二世 King William III and Queen Mary II)

• 安妮女王 Queen Ann

汉诺威王朝House of Hannover

• 乔治一世 King George I

• 乔治二世 King George II

• 乔治三世 King George III

• 乔治四世 King George IV

• 威廉四世 King William IV

• 维多利亚女王 Queen Victoria

萨克森—科堡-哥达王朝House of Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha

• 爱德华七世 King Edward VII

• 乔治五世 King George V

温莎王朝The House of Windsor

• 乔治五世 King George V

• 爱德华八世 King Edward VIII

• 乔治六世 King George VI

• 伊丽莎白二世 Queen Elizabeth II

Amerigo Vespucci----Amerigo Vespucci, a navigator, proved that the land

was not India,but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America

after.

The Puritans----The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They

wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious

persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge

provided by God for those He meant to save.

The Bill of Rights----In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of

Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into

twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of

them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the

constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure

individual liberties.

The Emancipation Proclamation----After the Civil war began, Lincoln issued

the Emancipation Proclamation to win more support at home and abroad.

It granted freedom to all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy.

Pilgrims Thanksgiving Day----The Pilgrims in 1620, 201 of them sailed to

the New World in a ship called Mayflower. The first winter after their arrival

was very cold and when spring came, half of them were dead. Then the

Indians came to their help and taught them how to grow corn. They had a

good harvest that year. So they invited the Indians and held the first

Thanksgiving celebration in America to give thanks to God.

The Chunnel----In 1985 the British government and French government

decided to build a channel tunnel, which is called “Chunnel”, under the

Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by

road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994.

Eisteddfod----Eisteddfod is the Welsh word for “sitting” National Eidteddfod

is the most famous festival of music and verse in Wales. It takes place each

August and lasts for about a week. The highlight of the festival is

competition for the best epic poem about Wales written and read in Welsh.

The winner is crowned Board, considered the supreme honour in Wales. In

this way the Welsh people keep the Welsh language and culture alive.

Cockney----A cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow

Bells-the Bells of the church of St. Mary-LeBow in east London.

Stonehenge----It is a group of huge monuments of grant rock Slabs on

salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago as the New Stone

Age. It is generally believed that stonehenge served some sort of religious

purposes.

The Celts----The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave

were the Gales, the second wave were the Brythons and the Belgae came

about 150BC. The Celts were practised farmers. The Celtic tribes are

ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, And their

languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. They religion was

Druidism.

Norman Conquest----The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the

best-known event in English history. William the conqueror confiscated

almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the

weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system

was completely established in England.

Alfred the Great----He was king of Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon

Kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading

Danes and maintained peace for a long time. Alfred was not only a brave

king at wartime, but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged

education and introduced a legal system. He is known as “the father of the

British navy”.

St. Augustine----In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St.

Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to

Christianity. That year, St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of

Canterbury. Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king

and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due

to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.

Domesday Book----It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the

sponsorship of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a

property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It

recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land.

It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the

full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office

in London.

Geoffrey Chaucer----He was an important English poet in the fourteenth

century. His best known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group

of pilgrims travelling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket’s tomb. Because

he was the first important English poet to write in English. He has been

known as the “Father of English Poetry”.

The Black Death----It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague,

an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century

particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue.

In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching

economic consequences.

The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争----the name Wars of the Roses was refer to

the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose,

and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor,

descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485

and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English

feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much

weakened.

The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命---- In 1685 Charles II died and

was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in

Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal

religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688

than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and

appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the

English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was

relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This

was known as the Glorious Revolution.

The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案----The Gunpowder Plot of 1605

was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few

fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in

the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of

gun-powder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of

Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic

laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5, when

a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged.

Blood Mary血腥玛丽----It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English

Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout

Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is

remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary.

mississippi

the mississippi has been called "father of waters" or "old man river",the

mississippi and its tributaries drain one of the richest farm areas in the

is the most important river in the world.

ics

it stands for the spanish-speaking population of the united

people mainly center in new mexico,california and are three

major hispanic groups historically having the great influence on the

are chicanos,the puerto ricans and the cuban-americans.

a brief question:一句话回答。

what decision did president truman make to deal with the Berlin crisis?

A: the president truman decided to mobilize all the possible american cargo

planes to airlift supplies into west Berlin.集合所有可能的美国飞机空运所须到西柏林。

美国历史中的名词解释：

the counterculture was a movement in the 1960s of revolt against the

moral values,the aesthetic美学的 standards,the persnal behavior,and the

social relations of conventional society。

它是一种反叛运动，反对常规社会的道德标准、审美标准 、个人行为和社会关系。

Britain and the First World War（kittyhuang的总结）

英国和第一次世界大战

The World War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two

European Power blocs: “the Central power”. Germany and Austria-Hungary,

and the “Allies”, Britain, France and Russia. During the war, the Britain lost

much. Apart from the loss of manpower, there had been considerable

disruption of the economy and society. Out of the war settlement came the

establishment of the league of Nations.

第一次世界大战是从1914年至1918年，战争主要在两大欧洲集团间进行：“同盟国”，包括德国和奥匈帝国，和“协约国”，包括英国、法国和俄罗斯。一战中英国损失惨重。除了劳动力损失，还有巨大的经济与社会瓦解。

Chapter1 sentence question and answer

1,What is the official full name of Britain?

The official full name of Britain is the UK of Great Britain and

Northern Ireland.

2,How many political divisions on the island of Great Britain ?What

are their names?

There are three political divisions on the island of Great

Britain:they are England,Scotland and Wales.

3,What is called the backbone of England?

The Pennines is called the backbone of England.

4,Why can England respresent the whole Britain?

Because England is the important part compared with the other

three,in aspects of industry,population,politics,etc.

5,What is the highest peak in England?

The highest peak in England is Scafell which is 978 metre.

6,What are the three natural zones of Scotland?

They are the Highland in the North,the Central Lowlands, and the

Southern Uplands.

7,What characters do the Scottish have?

The Scottish are usually

serious,cautions,thrifty,hospitable,generous and friendly.

8,What have the Scottish people been famous for?

The Scottish people have been famous for their close-knit

clans,colorful plaid kilts,and skill as fierce warriors.

9,What is the highest mountain in Britain?

Ben Nevis,which is 1343 metreS high located in Scotland is the

highest mountain in Britain.

10,What is the capital of Scotland?

Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.

11,What is the capital of Wales?

The capital of Wales is Cardiff.

12,What is the longest river in Britain? How long is it?

The longest river is the Severn River which is only 338km long.

13,What is the most important river in Britain?

The most important river is the Thames River.

14,What is the largest lake in Britain?

The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh Lake.

15,What is the climate like in Britain?

It`t a maritime climate winters are mild,not too cold and summers

are cool,not too hot.

16,Are the English descendants of Celts?

No,the English are descendants of Anglo-Saxons.

17,What is an eisteddfod?

An eisteddfod is a Welsh festival of portry,music and other arts.

18,How many Scots speak Gaelic,an ancient Celtic language?

About 80.000 Scots speak Gaelic,an ancient Celtic language.

19,What are Irish known for?

Irish are known for their charm and vivacity as well as for the

beauty of their Irish girls.

20,Where are the immigrants mainly from?

They are mainly from the West Indies,India and Pakistan.

Chapter2

1,Who is the first known settlers of Britain?

> The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.

>

> 2,When did the Iberians came to Britain?

> At about 3000BC during the New Stone Age came the Iberians.

>

> 3,Who are the ancestors of the Highland Scots,the Irish and the

Welsh?

> The Celtic tribes are the are the ancestors of the Highland

Scots,the Irish and the Welsh.

>

> 4,What religion did the Celts believe in?

> The Celts believes in the religion called Druidism.

>

> 5,When did British recorded history begin with?

> Brisish recorded history begin with the Roman invation.

>

> 6,How long was Britain under the Roman occupation?

> Britain under the Roman occupation for nearly 400 years.

>

> 7,Who built the Antonine Wall?When was it built?

> The Bomans built the Antonine was built in the reign of

the Roman Antonine Pius.

>

> 8,When was the Offa`s Dyke built?

> It was built in the 8th century by Offa,king of Mercia.

>

> 9,Who formally brought Christianity to Britian? And when?

> Christianitywas brought to Britain by ine in 597.

>

> 10,Who sent ine TO England to convert the heathen English

into Christianityin 597?

> Pope Gregory I sent ine to England to convert the

heathen Christianityin 597.

>

> 11,What was the relationship between the kingdom in period of

Heptarchy?

> They were constantly at war with each other,each trying to get

the upper hand.

>

> 12,Where did Harold defeat Tostig and Harold Hardrada?

> Harold defeated Tostig and Harold Hardrada at Stanford Bridge.

>

> 13,Why did the Witan choose the Danish lender Canute as king of

England in 1016?

> Because Ethelred`s death left no strong Saxon successor.

>

> 14,Was the Norman Conquest the last successful invasion of

England?Why(not)?

> Norman Conquest was the last successful invasion of

England because England has never been invaded since.

Chapter3

1,When did William I leave to his sons after he died?

He left Normandy to his eldest son,Robert,and England to his second

son William,and a large sum of money to his third son,Henry.

2,What was William I`s policy towards the church?

He wanted to keep it completely under his control, but at the same

time to uphold its power.

3,When was the Domesday Book compiled?

The Domesday Book was compiled in 1086.

4,What book was Domesday Book?

This look was the result of a genaral survey of England made in

1085,and stated the extents value,the population, state of cultivation,and

onwership of the land.

5,What was the jury in Henry II`s day like?

At that time a jury was composed of 12 men and the jurors` function

was to act as witnesses.

6,Who was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury by Henry II in 1162?

Thomas Becket was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury by Henry II in

1162.

7,What were the two aspects of the Norman legacy that contributed to

great domestic unrest in England in 12th and 13th century?

One was England`s possession of territory in other was

Norman adherence of Roman Catholicism.

8,At which battle did Simon de Montfort capture Henry IIand his son

Edwars?

Simon de Montfort capture the King Henry II and his son Edward at

the battle of Lews in 1265.

9,What`s the role of Simons`Parliaments?

It`s role was to offer advice,not to make decisions.

10,What was the consequence of the Hundred Years`War?

The French drove the English from thrir land for 1453

Calias was the only part of France that still in the hands of English.

11,When did the Lollards preach?

The Lollards preached the equality of men before God.

12,How many population did the Black Death kill?

It killed between one half and one third of the population of

England.

13,What was Wat Tyler`s Uprising against?

Wat Tyler`s Uprising was a peasants` revolt against the poll tax

and the labor legislation following the Black Death.

14,Who killed Wat Tyler on june 15,1381?

William Walworth,the Major of London killed Wat Tyler on june

15,1381.

THE SOCIETY AND CULTURE OF MAJOR ENGLISH--SPEAKING COUNTRIES

(America)

General Review

Answer the following questions:

1. When and where was the first permanent settlement in North America

established?

(The first permanent settlement in North America was established in

today’s Virginia in 1607.)

2. Why did Lord Baltimore’s feudal plan fail?

(Because there was plenty of land while labor was scarce.)

3. What is a federal system?

(It’s the one in which power is shared between a central authority and its

constituent parts with some rights reserved to each.)

4. What is the Constitution of the U.S.?

(It is the document about the plan for the government of the US.)

5. When did the first American commercial bank appear?

(The first American commercial bank appeared in the 1780s.)

6. Where does the right to govern come from according to John Locke?

(It comes from an agreement or social contract voluntarily entered into by

free people.)

7. Who were the two representative writers of the post-Revolutionary

period?

(They were Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper.)

8. Who was the first Afro--American writer that won the Nobel Prize for

Literature? What are two of her best novels?

(It’s Toni Morrison. They are Song of Soloman and Beloved.)

9. What are the three characteristics of Emily Dickinson’s poems?

(Her poetry mixed gaiety and gloom, her verses are filled with the names of

faraway, exotic places and she was fascinated by life.)

characteristics does Whitman’s poetry have?

(They are the free-flowing structure, its long irregular lines and its

expression of American

spirit.)

11. Why do so many students in the U.S. want to get into more desirable

institutions?

(Because they find it easy for them to get jobs after their graduation.)

is an undergraduate student required to do to get a BA degree?

(He is required to earn credits by attending lectures, successfully

completing assignments and examinations.)

were the three major social movements of the 1960s?

(They were the civil rights movement, the youth anti-war and the women’s

liberation movements.)

are the five major problems in the United States ?

(They are racial problems, poverty, drug abuse, crime and the abuse use of

power by

government and corporations.)

is the problem of poverty in the U.S. aggravated ?

(Because it occurs in a society in which the overall distribution of wealth

and income is very

unequal.)

and how was the slavery in the Southern states abolished ?

(It was abolished by the Civil War, Lincoln’s emancipation of slaves in 1863

and the 13th

Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.)

17. What’s America’s most famous scenic wonder ?

(It’s the Grand Canyon.)

18. When and where were the first major European settlements in Canada

established ?

(The first major European settlements were in Nova Scotia in 1604 and In

Quebec in 1608.)

19. What are the two administrative territories that the north region of

Canada is

currently divided into ?

(They are the Northwest Territories and Nunavat.)

20. Which of the industries account for more than half of the GDP in

Canada ?

(They are tertiary industries.)

美国国旗是星条旗(the Star-SpangledBanner)，旗面左上角为蓝(blue)星区，区内共有9(nine)排50(fifty)颗白(white)五角星(star)，以一排6颗、一排5颗交错。星区以外是13(thirteen)道红白相间的条纹。50颗星代表美国50个州(state)，13道条纹代表最初北美13块殖民地。据华盛顿(Washington)说：红(red)条纹象征英国(Britain)，白条纹象征脱离它而获得自由(freedom)。更普遍的说法认为，红象征勇气(courage)，白象征自由，蓝则象征忠诚(loyalty)和正义(justice)。

国旗象征着一个国家的尊严。同各国人民一样，美国人在任何时候和任何场合都要保持对国旗的崇敬。美国许多州专门制定有关法律，规定了对国旗的礼节。

美国升国旗的惯例是，着便装的戴帽者，用右手将帽子摘下，举在左胸前；未戴帽者，以立正姿势对国旗行注目礼；穿军装者，则行军礼。