来安方《新编英美概况》笔记和典型题详解(美国—美国的历史)【圣才出品

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第2章 美国的历史

2.1 复习笔记

Ⅰ. The Thirteen English-American Colonies and the War of Independence

1. The Founding of the colonies

2. The Early Immigrants

3. Relation between England and Colonies

4. The Boston Tea Party

5. The First Continental Congress

6. The Second Continental Congress

7. Military Struggle and Final Victory

Ⅱ. Appearance of the American Constitution and Territorial Expansion

1. America Following Independence

2. The Constitutional Convention

3. The American Constitution

4. The Second War with England (1812)

5. The Monroe Doctrine (1823)

6. The Mexican War and Its Results (1846-1848)

Ⅲ. The Civil War

1. The Beginning of Slavery in America

2. Conflicts Arising from Slavery

3. Lincoln’s Death and American Concept of a Hero

4. Effect of the Civil War

5. Economic Development

6. Progressivism

7. The Federal Reserve Bank

8. Imperialist Foreign Policy and War with Spain

Ⅳ. America During and After World WarⅠ

1. America Entering the War (1917)

2. America after World WarⅠ

3. The Great Depression

Ⅴ. America During and After World War Ⅱ

1. Background and Outbreak of General War

2. Changes of the U.S. Policy

3. The Lend-Lease Bill

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4. America’s Entry into the War

5. America after the War

6. Cold War and America’s Containment

7. Red Scare and the McCarthy Era

8. Demand for Reform

9. The Watergate Affair

10. Reagan Revolution and Clinton

Ⅰ. The Thirteen English-American Colonies and the War of Independence (十三块英属北美殖民地和独立战争)

1. The Founding of the colonies (殖民地的建立)

(1)The first successful English colony in North America was planted in Virginia in 1607. The

colonists named their new settlement Jamestown, in honor of the king.

英国在北美的第一块殖民地位于弗吉尼亚州。殖民者称他们的新定居点为詹姆斯敦。

(2)Thirteen years after the founding of the settlement at Jamestown, the second English colony

was established in New England.

詹姆斯敦殖民地成立十三年后，殖民者们在新英格兰建立了第二个英国殖民地。

(3)The Pilgrim Fathers founded their first settlement which was named Plymouth.

清教徒移民在普利茅斯创立了第一个殖民地。

2. The Early Immigrants (早期的移民)

The early settlers in all these 13 colonies were frown different European countries. But most of

them came from England and they were generally known as the White Anglo-Saxon

Protestants.

13个殖民地的早期定居者来自于不同的欧洲国家。但是他们中的大多数人是从英国来的，他们通常被称为白盎格鲁-撒克逊新教徒。

3. Relation between England and Colonies (英国和殖民地之间的关系)

(1)England demanded the colonies to supply the mother country with raw materials while

importing goods manufactured in England.

英国要求殖民地向宗主国供应原材料，进口英国制造的货物。

(2)The colonies had to depend on England for security.

殖民地为了自身的安全而依赖于英国。

4. The Boston Tea Party (波士顿倾茶事件)

(1)Reason (原因)

The British government allowed the company to sell tea at a lower price in the colonies

through its own people, which took away the tea business from American tea merchants.

英国政府允许公司通过自己的人以较低的价格向殖民地卖茶，抢走了美国茶商的生意。

(2)Process (过程)

Some Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night and threw much tea into

the harbor.

一些波士顿居民装扮成印第安人，在夜间登上船舶把茶丢到了港口中。

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5. The First Continental Congress (第一届大陆会议)

Colonial delegates from 12 colonies (Georgia did not send its delegates) met in Philadelphia on

September 5, 1774 to con-suit upon the present unhappy state of the colonies. This meeting has

been known as the First Continental Congress. The Continental Congress drew up a formal

document known as Declaration of Rights and Grievances.

来自12个殖民地的代表于1774年9月5日（乔治亚州没有派代表）在费城召开了会议以解决当前不愉快的状态。这次会议被称为第一届大陆会议。大陆会议起草了一份正式文件称之为人权和不满宣言。

6. The Second Continental Congress (第二次大陆会议)

(1)Found Continental Army and Navy建立了大陆陆军和海军

(2)Declaration of Independence was publicized on 1776.7.4—a clear explanation of the political

theory behind the revolution.

1776年7月4日发表了独立宣言——清楚地解释了革命的政治理论。

7. Military Struggle and Final Victory (军事斗争和最后的胜利)

(1)Process (过程)

①Saratoga—turning point—French help.

萨拉托加——转折点——法国帮助。

②1781, Yorktown, Cornwallis, surrendered.

1781年英军在约克镇投降。

③1783, Treaty of Paris, recognized the independence.

1783年签订了巴黎条约，英国承认美国独立。

(2)Significance (意义)

①just war正义战争

②good for capitalism development有利于资本主义的发展

③international influence具有国际影响

Ⅱ. Appearance of the American Constitution and Territorial Expansion (美国宪法的出现和领土扩张)

1. America Following Independence (独立后的美国)

Immediately after independence, the 13 states were not very closely united. The need of a new

form of government was felt by an increasing number of Americans.

独立后，13个州并不是很团结。越来越多的美国人感到需要一个新的政府形式。

2. The Constitutional Convention (制宪会议)

The work of the Convention was to draw up a Constitution so as to institute a new government.

After many heated debates and repeated compromise, the work of drafting the Constitution was

completed on September 17, 1787, which has since been celebrated as Constitution Day of the

United States.

会议的工作是制定宪法，建立一个新政府。经过激烈的辩论和重复的妥协，宪法的起草工作于1787年9月17日完成，这一天从此成为了美国宪法日。

3. The American Constitution (美国宪法)

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The American Constitution founded federalism and introduced checks and balances into

government for the first time in history.

美国宪法建立了联邦制，引进了制衡体制，这在历史上是第一次。

(1)Washington as the First President

华盛顿是美国的第一任总统

(2)Jefferson and the Purchase of Louisiana

杰佛逊和路易斯安那的购买

①Jefferson became the third US President in 1801.

杰佛逊于1801年成为美国第三任总统。

②Jefferson took advantage of Napoleon’s lack money and purchased New Orleans and the

whole of Louisiana from France.

杰佛逊利用拿破仑缺钱的时机向其购买了新奥尔良和整个路易斯安那。

4. The Second War with England (1812)(与英格兰的第二次战争)

(1)Beginning and Cause (开始及原因)

The Second War between America and England broke out in 1812. It was caused by disputes

over territory and foreign trade.

美国和英国之间的第二次战争于1812年爆发。它是由领土争端和对外贸易引起的。

(2)Influence (影响)

The Second War with England has been known as the Second War of Independence of

America or the Second Revolutionary War, for it had a great influence on American history.

The fact that the United States had for the second time withstood the attack of England, the

strongest power then, greatly enhanced its position as an independent country.

英格兰的第二次战争一直被称为美国的第二次独立战争或第二次革命战争，在美国历史上具有重大影响。事实上，美国已经第二次经受住了当时最强的国家英格兰的攻击，大大提高了它作为一个独立的国家的地位。

5. The Monroe Doctrine (1823)(门罗主义)

In 1823, Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, proclaimed his foreign policy which

later became known as the Monroe Doctrine. The Doctrine covered four major points:

1823年，第五任美国总统门罗公布了被后人称为的门罗主义的外交政策。原则包括四大点：

(1)Any foreign interference with the Latin American nations which had achieved independence

would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States;

美国认为在取得了独立的拉美国家干预其事物是不友好的行为；

(2)All still existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere would not be interfered with by the U.S.;

美国不会侵扰西半球存在的所有殖民地；

(3)The New World was closed to further colonization by any foreign powers;

任何外国势力不得在新世界进行殖民；

(4)The United States should not take part in any European wars over issues exclusively European.

美国不会参加任何关于欧洲问题而引起的欧洲战争。

6. The Mexican War and Its Results (1846-1848)(墨西哥战争及其结果)

(1)The outbreak of war (战争的爆发)

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The U.S. Congress finally passed the law in 1845 to admit Texas as one of the United States.

The Mexican government opposed the decision of the U.S. Congress and severed its

diplomatic relation with the United States. When America sent its troops to occupy the

disputed border territory between Texas and Mexico, war broke out between the two

neighbors.

美国国会终于在1845年通过法律，承认德克萨斯州是美国的一个州。墨西哥政府反对美国国会的决定，切断了与美国的外交关系。当美国派遣军队占领了德克萨斯和墨西哥之间有争议的边境地区后，两国之间的战争爆发了。

(2)Results (结果)

The Mexican War, one of the aggressive wars started by the American government, finally

expanded the territory of the United States to the Pacific Coast.

墨西哥战争是美国政府众多的侵略战争之一，它将美国的领土扩展至太平洋海岸。

Ⅲ. The Civil War (内战)

1. The Beginning of Slavery in America (美国奴隶制的开始)

Before the Civil War, more than 98% of the American Negroes were in the South. An average

Southern plantation was about 1,000 acres with 100 slaves. They fed on horrible food which

was made in the central kitchen or in the black slaves’ cabins. They had to toil all day long in

the cotton fields, eating their noon-day meals in the fields.

在南北战争之前，超过98%的美国黑人在南方。每1000亩的南部种植园里约有100个奴隶。他们在中央厨房或黑奴的小屋里吃难吃的食物。他们整天在棉花地里工作，在地里吃中饭。

2. Conflicts Arising from Slavery (奴隶制引起的冲突)

(1)Reasons (原因)

Slavery (奴隶制)

a. north-disappear北方奴隶制消失了

b. south-suited南方需要奴隶

(2)Processes (过程)

①at the beginning of the war→ set back战争开始→北方败退；

②Emancipation Proclamation→ support the Union解放宣言→支持联盟；

③Gettysburg victory→ turning point葛底斯堡战役的胜利→转折点；

④Gettysburg Address葛底斯堡演说；

⑤South surrender, 1865. 1865年南方投降。

3. Lincoln’s Death and American Concept of a Hero (林肯的死亡和美国英雄的概念)

To most Americans, including people in the South, Lincoln was a great national hero. Few

Americans would talk of his faults. They cherish his contribution to America.

大多数美国人，包括南方的人认为林肯是一位伟大的民族英雄。很少有美国人会说他的缺点。他们珍视林肯对美国的贡献。

4. Effect of the Civil War (南北战争的影响)

The American Civil War was a great revolutionary war. It finally put an end to the slave system

in America, a system which could not be reconciled with the development of capitalist

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production.

美国南北战争是一场伟大的革命战争。它结束了不能与资本主义的生产发展相适应的的奴隶制度。

5. Economic Development (经济发展)

Features (特点)

①Emerged a growth of industrial and financial mergers; appeared a professional managerial

class.

出现了工业和金融业的增长；职业经理阶层的出现。

②Urbanization城市化

③New technology新技术

6. Progressivism (进步主义)

(1)Muckrakers refer to those journalists who expose dark side.

黑幕揭发者是指那些揭露黑暗面的记者。

(2)Progressive Movement asked for government’s regulation in social, political, and economic.

进步运动要求政府对社会，政治和经济进行监管。

(3)Roosevelt’s contribution罗斯福的贡献

①forest reserve, irrigation project (Roosevelt Dam in Arizona).

森林保护区，灌溉项目（在亚利桑那州的罗斯福大坝）。

②stop mergers (Sherman Antitrust Act).

停止合并（舍曼反托拉斯法）。

③regulate railroad prices, do away with rebates. (Hepburn Act)

规范铁路价格，不要回扣。（赫本法）

7. The Federal Reserve Bank (联邦储备银行)

To provide a national banking system that would help overcome the financial chaos, the U.S.

Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act in1913 whereby the Federal Reserve System was

established.

为了提供一个有助于克服金融危机的国家银行体系，美国国会于1913年通过了联邦储备法案，建立了联邦储备系统。

8. Imperialist Foreign Policy and War with Spain (帝国主义外交政策和与西班牙的战争)

America declared war on Spain in 1898. 美国于1898年对西班牙宣战。

Ⅳ. America During and After World War Ⅰ (第一次世界大战期间和之后的美国)

1. America Entering the War (1917)(美国进入战争)

(1)Reason for America to join the war (美国加入战争的原因)

①Germany refused to give up its submarine warfare;

德国拒绝放弃其潜艇战；

②Britain and France exhausted by the war, and might lose the war and bring great harm to

American business interest;

英国和法国被战争拖垮，并可能输掉这场战争，给美国的商业利益带来极大的危害；

③Germany was trying to get Mexico into the war against the United States.

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