1999考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译

1999 Text 1

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1、It's a rough world out there. 外面是一个危险的世界。

1.1 rough 棘手的，粗糙的，大约 use

2、Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the

house.如果你走出去，可能会滑倒在门垫上，摔伤一条腿。如果你点燃炉灶，可能会把房子烧掉。

2.1 remarkable progress显著的进步 mat 垫子 carpet ['kɑːpɪt]毛毯，地毯slip滑到，滑了一跤，小纸条，小错误 lignt 光，光线 sunlight阳光 moonlight月光 the light of candle烛光 light点燃 light the cigar点燃雪茄

light the candle点燃蜡烛 light up the stove点燃炉子 burn down the house 烧掉房子

3、Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for

your troubles. 幸运的是，但是假如门垫或炉灶上没有警示语告诉你可能发生的危害，那么你或许可以就自己所受的伤害通过法律诉讼，成功地获得赔偿。

3.1 fortunately=luckily幸运的是 fail to =cannot 未能，没能the coming weekend即将到来的周末the coming

disaster即将到来的/可能发生的灾难

3.2 warn sb of the coming disaster警告某人即将到来的灾难 warn 警告，警示 suit 诉讼 sue 诉讼 trial ['traɪəl] 试验；审讯；努力；磨炼 审判 side with sb站在某人一边，支持某人

3.2 plaintiff ['pleɪntɪf]原告 complain/complaint 抱怨 defendant [dɪ'fend(ə)nt]被告 defend证明……合情合理合法 compensate弥补，赔偿 compensate sb for his/her trouble 赔偿某人的损失

4、Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their

customers' misfortunes.大约自80年代初以来人这种想法就有了，当时陪审团已开始认为更多的公司应对其顾客所遭受的不幸负责。

4.1 or so左右 the early 1980s or so 在20世纪80年代左右。 hold=claim=argue=assert=contend 认为，主张 be liable for……=be responsible for 对……负责 jury n.陪审团adj. 应急的

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1、Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every

possible accident. 公司因此感到了威胁，便做出了反应，写出越来越长的警示标识语，力图预先标明种种可能发生的事故。

1.1 anticipate vt. 预期，期望；占先，抢先；提前使用 lab实验室 label标签，标识 tag标签，白天,白昼

2、Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise—

fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."现在，梯子上警告标签有几英寸长，除了警告你其他可能发生的意外情况外，还警告你可能会摔下来，简直是莫名其妙！印在儿童蝙蝠侠披风上的标识语竟然也告诫说，本玩具“无法让用户飞行”。

2.1 carry有 inch英寸 foot英尺 mile英里 milestone里程碑 Batman ['bætmən]蝙蝠侠，勤务兵 warn=caution警示，提醒 cape n. [地理] 海角，岬；披风 ends of the earth天涯海角

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1、While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and

many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and

sellers from liability if a customer is injured. 虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的，如对药物副作用而产生的危险的警示语，并且很多是州或联邦法规所要求的，但是当消费者受伤，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于责任，这还很难说。

1.1 appropriate=proper [əˈprəʊprɪət] 适当的；恰当的；合适的 interaction相互作用 protect sb from liability保护某人免于担责 manufacturer [,mænjʊ'fæktʃ(ə)rə(r)]制造商

1.2 federal government联邦政府 state government州政府 the local government 地方政府 regulation规定，法规 rules and regulations规章制度 be liable for=be responsible for对……负责

1.3 be injured受伤 injury伤害 personal injury人身伤害

2、About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. 被受伤的消费者告上法庭的公司中，大约一半的情况是公司败诉。 2.1 court法庭，法院

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1、Now the tide appears to be turning. 现在看来这种趋势正在转变。 1.1 appear to似乎，好像

2、As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in

cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. 尽管个人伤害的指控一如既往地继续着，但有些法庭已开始站到被告一方，特别是在处理那些有警示语也无法避免伤害的案件时。

2.1 compensate赔偿，补偿 claim索赔，索取plaintiff原告 defendant被告 defend保卫，保护，辩护

3、In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit （which was）involving

a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. 五月份，伊利诺斯州的Shutt体育公司总裁朱利•斯就成功地打赢了这样一场官司，一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪，遂将该公司告上法庭。

3.1 Illinois [,ili'nɔi(z)] n. 伊利诺斯州（美国州名） fight（fought）a lawsuit打官司

3.2 paralyzed ['pærəlaizd]瘫痪的；麻痹的paralyze使残疾 soccer/football palyer足球运动员 football match足球比赛 athlete运动员 helmet ['helmɪt]头盔

4、"We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says

Nimmons.公司总裁朱利•斯说：“他成了瘫痪，我们非常难过，但头盔的设计不是为了预防这类伤害的。”

5、The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. 陪审团也认为造成该运动员受伤的是这项运动本身的危险性，而不是头盔。

6、At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose

recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not

warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.与此同时，美国法学会——该学会由一举足轻重的法官、律师、学者所组成——签署了新的民事侵害法纲要，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能造成的危险的清单。

6.1 institute 研究所，学院，学会the American bar association 美国律师学会 CAS中国科学院（The Chinese

Academy of Sciences） issue出台，颁布 issue regulations出台规则 issue guidelines出台指导思想 issue

preferential policies出台优惠政策

6.2 state 国家，州，状态，阐明，陈述 state the reasons阐明原因 state your opinion陈述观点 joint statement共同声明

6.3 warn sb of coming trouble/misfortune/danger/misfortune 警告某人即将到来的灾难 lengthy ['leŋθɪ] 漫长的，冗长的；啰唆的，详细的 detailed详细的 list清单 blacklist黑名单（把……列为黑名单） bombard轰炸，炮击 climb 爬 bomb

6.4 recommend=advice=suggest推荐，建议to advise someone to do something, especially because you have

special knowledge of a situation or subject劝告；建议 carry有

6.5 [səb'stænʃ(ə)l]巨大的，实质的，本质；重要材料substantial loss重大损失 substantial cost reduction大量的成本降低 one`s recommendations carry substantial weight某人的建议很有分量

7、 "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell Law School who

helped draft the new guidelines. 康奈尔大学法学院一位参与起草新纲要的教授说，“重要的信息会淹没在细枝末节的汪洋之中”。

7.1 Cornell [kɔ:'nel] Law School康奈尔法学院 draft起草，草拟，草稿 draft a contract/law 起草合同/法律

bury埋葬；隐藏 bear生育 bearing years育龄 triviality [trɪvɪ'ælɪtɪ] = something that is not important at all 浅薄，轻浮；琐事；平凡Don`t waste time on trivialities. 别把时间浪费在鸡毛蒜皮的小事上。

7.2 trivial不重要的，琐碎的；琐细的triviality琐事 legal community法律界 health research community医疗研究机构WHO world health organization世界卫生组织

8、If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for

the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. 如果该法律团体的这一适中的目的能够实现，产品上提供的警示信息实际上是用来保护消费者利益的，而不是为了避免公司承担法律责任的。

8.1 have one`s way=get one`s way大行其道 moderate适中的，温和的 modesty谦虚

adequate充足的honesty城市 integrity [ɪn'tegrɪtɪ]正直 ，诚实the quality of being honest and strong about

what you believe to be right耿直，正直诚实 make the best use of this chance充分利用这次机会

oblige=force=compel逼迫，迫使 feel obliged to do感觉有必要做某事 first concern首要关注 issue问题，出台，颁布 作者态度题中，biased=prejudiced=subjective有偏见的，个人主观的 不选，puzzling=confusing=perplexing令人困惑的 不选，indifferent=indifference=carefree冷漠的，不在乎的 不选

1999 Text 2

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1、In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. 大约在网上交易的第一年当中，大部分业务活动都是围绕着努力开发消费者市场来进行的。

1.1 or so（时间）左右，前后 tap水龙头；轻打tap the consumer market.开发消费者市场 revolve环绕

2、More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and

services with one another. 最近，随着证明网络不仅是一种时尚而已，公司间便开始（在网上）交易产品和服务。

2.1 more than不仅仅，超过 powerhouse发电站 prove证明是 with one another相互之间

3、Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for.这类公司之间的销售是很有道理的，因为商人通常都知道他们需要什么产品。

3.1 generally通常 typically ['tɪpɪkəlɪ]代表性地 make sense有意义；讲得通；言之有理

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1、Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. 不过，由于怀疑网络的可靠性许多公司仍对网络的使用犹豫不决。

1.1 nonetheless [nʌnðə'les]=however=nevertheless然而

1.2 decisive果断的 decide决定 hesitate to do sth犹豫不决 reliable可靠的 rely on=depend on依靠，依赖 doubt怀疑，质疑 suspicion怀疑

2、"Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of

Forrester Research. 研究所的资深分析家布兰·欧文说，“商家需要认识到他们可以信赖销售商和供应商之间的这种途径。”

2.1 analyze=analyse v.分析 analysis n.分析 become paralyzed 变成残疾 senior高级的，年长的

2.2 supply and demand供需 supplier供应商

3、Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are

given access to the company's private intranet. Forrester有些公司为了限制这种冒险，只与那些已经熟识的贸易伙伴进行在线贸易，给予这些伙伴进入本公司局域网的权利。

3.1 conduct online transactions（wed business） 进行网上交易 conduct a research进行一个研究 establish 确立，建立 established business partner既有的商业伙伴 established fact既成事实 established theory公认的理论，说法

3.2 give/have access to准许出入，可以利用 intranet ['ɪntrənet] n. 内联网；企业内部网 digital privacy数码产品的隐私 private列兵；二等兵adj. 私人的；私有的；私下的

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1、Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. 网络商业模式的另一个重大变化体现在营销策略上。

1.1 web business=online transaction=internet commerce网络业务 marketing市场营销 marketing strategy市场营销策略 marketing technology营销技术

1.2 model 模特，示范 concer与……有关，关心，担忧concerning=regarding=about关于 available 有 the book

is available online。这本书在网上有

2、Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. 前些年，互联网上的营销活动还集中在如何将用户“拉进”网站的策略问题上。

2.1 Until recently前些年 focus on =center on＝concentrate聚焦于…… website=site网址，网站 pull customers into

把消费在拉进…… DNT (Do Not Track) 禁止跟踪 default违约；缺席；缺乏；系统默认值

3、In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly

out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. 然而，在去年，软件公司开发出新的技术，这些技术使得公司可以将信息直接“推出”给消费者，直接把营销信息传送给特定的用户。

3.1 tool工具 Human nose is underrated [,ʌndə'reitid] tool。人的鼻子是被低估的工具。 allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事

3.2 transmit 传播 transmit disease传播疾病 transmit culture传播文化 targeted customer目标用户 targeted

university目标学校 targeted major目标专业 target n.目标，v.瞄准

4、Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and

advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. 最突出的例子是Pointcast网络，该网络使用一种屏幕保护系统，将大量最新的信息和广告不断地传送到用户的计算机显示器上。

4.1 notably 显著地；尤其 note笔记，注意 notice引起注意 screen屏幕 screen saver屏幕保护 deliver传递，递送 deliver milk送牛奶 deliver a speech发表演讲

4.2 monitor ['mɒnɪtə]显示器，班长 keyboard键盘 subscriber=user用户 subscribe美 [səb'skraɪbɚ]n. 订户；签署者；捐献者 The subscriber you are now dialing is powered off，please dial again later。你拨打的电话已关机，请稍后再拨。 Dial拨号

4.3 stream [striːm] n. 溪流；流动；潮流；光线 一连串，一系列a stream of traffic 川流不息的车辆

5、Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site.

Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about

special sales, product offerings, or other events. 用户可以定制自己想要接受的信息，然后直接进入某个公司的网址。像

Virtual Vineyards这样的公司业已开始采用类似的技术将有关特价商品、产品推销或其他活动的信息“推”向用户。

5.1 customer客户，顾客 customize ['kʌstəmaɪz] vt. 定做，按客户具体要求制造

5.2 proceed [prə'siːd] vi. 开始；继续进行；发生；行进n. 收入，获利 proceed to 继续前进 Let`s proceed to the next

sentence.让我们继续下一个句子。

5.3 annual event年度盛事annual ['ænjʊəl] n. 年刊，年鉴；一年生植物adj. 年度的；每年的

5.4 offer=provide提供

6、But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the

information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. 但这种“推”销技术遭到许多网上用户的鄙视。网上文化推崇这样一个概念，即流动到屏幕上的信息应是在专门的请求之后才出现的。

6.1 contempt [kən'tem(p)t] n. 轻视，蔑视；耻辱 slight contempt轻微鄙视 earn the comtempt of sb遭到某人的鄙视.

earn money 挣钱 earn one`s living谋生 learn歇息 contemptible 令人鄙视的 His behavior is contemptible他的行为是令人鄙视的。 respectable [rɪ'spektəb(ə)l]令人尊敬的，相当数量的

6.2 notion ['nəʊʃ(ə)n] n. 概念；见解；打算She had no notion what he meant. 她根本不明白他是什么意思。She had

only a vague [veɪg] notion of what she wanted to do. 她对自己想做什么只有一个模糊的概念。

6.3 vague [veɪg] 模糊的；含糊的；不明确的；暧昧的 Julia was vague about where she had been and what she had

been doing. 关于她到过哪里，做了些什么，朱莉娅含糊其词。

6.4 think highly of高度评价 The Chinese think highly of the honesty/integrity [ɪn'tegrɪtɪ]。中国人对诚信的评价很高。

regard……as=think of……as把……看做

6.5 note 注释，注解 notion概念 explanatory [ɪk'splænə,t(ə)rɪ; ek-]解释的 notes说明性注解

6.6 specific request特殊请求；详细而具体的请求 a certificate of request 证书的请求

7、Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades.

That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists. 一旦商业促销不请自来地充斥电脑屏幕，那么网络和电视就没多大差别了。这种前景让网络净化者感到不安。

7.1 commercial[kə'mɜːʃ(ə)l] n. 商业广告adj. 商业的；营利的；靠广告收入的promotion提升，促销 commercial

promotion=special sales商业促销

7.2 filling station汽车加油站（等于gas station）

7.3 uninvited未被邀请的 fade逐渐消失invite invitation邀请

7.4 prospect n. 前途；预期；景v. 勘探，勘察There are good prospects for growth in the retail sector. 零售行业有很好的发展前景。

7.5 pure [pjʊə]纯净的 purist纯净主义者

7.6 horrify使害怕 horrible= terrible可怕的

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1、But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. 网上公司并不是非得依靠“推销”策略方能挣钱。

1.1 It is hardly inevitable that这是可以避免的

1.2 resort to诉诸，求助于…… resort to arms诉诸武力 resort to the court求助于法院

2、The examples of Virtual Vineyardsa. , and other pioneers show that a Web site

selling the right kind of

products

with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. 像Virtual Vineyards和及其他开拓者的例子说明：一个销售适类商品的网站，如果将交互性、热情服务、安全性合理结合，肯定会吸引网上用户的。

2.1 pioneer [paɪə'nɪə] n. 先锋；拓荒者vt. 开辟；倡导；提倡vi. 作先驱 young pioneer少先队员

2.2 The examples of sb show that某人的例子表明

2.3 interactivity, hospitality, and security交互性、好客和安全 interact [ɪntər'ækt]交往，互动 interactive feature互动的特点 interaction交往，相互作用 Cell phone have a significant impact on interactions and communications。手机对交互和通信有很大的影响

3、 And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in

silicon. 计算能力的成本持续自由下降，这对任何建立了网上销售的企业来说都是个好的征兆。

3.1 free fall自由下降 fall下降 rise上升

3.2 cost =spending花费，支出

3.3 internet commerce=web business=online transaction网络交易

3.4 which is a good sign for这是一个很好的迹象

3.5 set up shop in silicon在网上开店 silicon valley硅谷 enormous profits巨大的利润

4、People

looking back 5 or 10 years from now

may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge. 回顾过去的5到10年的历史，人们很可能会感到奇怪：尝试网上销售的公司为何如此之少呢？

4.1 take the plunge 冒险尝试

1999 Text 3

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1、An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career

prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. 对于计算机课堂教学，人们在观点上存在着一条无形的界限：一种是以学生的就业前景为理由，另一种是以激进的教育改革为理由。

1.1 those （who……或者 whose……） those who have nice appearance那些形象好的人 computers in the

classroom计算机课堂教学

1.2 on the behalf of 为了 visible=obvious=clear清楚的,明显的 invisible不清楚的 border 边界 border

conflict边界冲突 broad广阔的,宽广的 radical根本的,激进的 conservative保守的

2、Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction — indeed, contradiction — which goes to the heart

of what is wrong with

the campaign to

put computers in the classroom.在这个领域,很少有人就这一区别——事实上是矛盾——进行撰文探讨，但它却是促使计算机进入课堂的活动出问题的关键。

2.1 explore探索,探究,勘探 distincton区别 clear-cut distinction泾渭分明的区别

2.2 The award for this years best actor goes to今年最佳男演员奖颁给了

2.3 the campaign to put computers in the classroom多媒体教学的活动

2.4 the heart of 的核心,的关键 what he did/what is needed/what is wrong with

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1、An education

that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons

radically different from why education is universally required by law. 旨在使学生胜任某种工作的教育是职业教育，它存在的理由与法律所规定的普及教育之间有很大差别。

1.1 technical education职业教育 science and technology科学与技术

1.2 get a student a certain kind of job使学生得到一份工作

1.3 justify=defend辩护,证明……合情合理合法

1.4句子，justified for reasons as follows：合理的原因如下：

1.5 universe宇宙 universal普遍的,宇宙的

2、It is not simply to raise everyone's job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their

teens. 根据法律要求，所有儿童都必须就学至十几岁，其目的并非简单地增加他们的谋职能力。

2.1 raise one`s job prospect提升一个人的工作前景

2.2 attend school into their teens就学至十几岁(翻译时尽量把被去掉) teenager(13-19岁)

3、Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot

competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. 我们更应该具有的是作为美国公民的某种观念，即他必须准确判断自身的生活和幸福是如何受到外界影响的，否则他的公民特征就是不完整的。

3.1 concept观念/概念 new concept English 新概念英语 conception概念/设想/开始

3.2 assess 评估,评价 assess one`s ability of sb评价某人的能力 assess one`s livelihood and happiness评估一个人的生活和幸福

4、But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age,

it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. 但是情况并不总是如此；在法律要求所有儿童必须上学至一定年龄之前，人们普遍认为有些儿童天生就不适合接受这种教育。

4.1 this is always the case事情一直如此

4.2 it is (should be) legally required for sb to do sth. 法律要求某人做某事

4.3 set a good example for their child. 为他们的孩子树立一个好榜样。

4.4 it is widely accepted that人们普遍认为 I`m not equipped by nature to pursue education我没有天生的能力去追求教育 equip配置,配备

5、With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated.

随着工业化给国家带来的特有乐观精神，我们已经接受人人都适合受教育的观念。

5.1 optimism乐观主义 with the development of our society we come to accept随着社会的发展，我们接受了

6、Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery

outlook. 倡导计算机教育的人抛弃了这一乐观理念，取而代之的是与他们乐观外表相悖的悲观论调。

6.1 forsake/substitute/replace/trade A for B 用A替换B

6.2 betray背叛,违背 otherwise原本,本来,另外的 cheer欢呼,举杯庆祝 cheery outlook乐观的观点 world

outlook世界观 pessimistic outlook悲观的观点 outlook展望,观点

7、Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for brining computers into schools,

computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement. 基于将计算机引入课堂的“教育理由”和“谋职理由”的混淆，主张计算机教育的人常常只强调毕业生的就业前景，而忽略了他们的教育成就。

7.1 confuse/puzzle/perplex使困惑 feel/be ~ed 感到困惑

7.2 bank 岸,浅滩,银行graduate毕业生 Banking on the confusion between A and B基于A和B的混淆

7.3 vacation假期 vacant空的

Paragraph 3

1、There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. 对适当的学生实行职业教育也有道理。

1.1 There are some good arguments for有一些很好的理由

2、Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are

properly equipped for the professions they want to join. 欧洲的许多学校很早就引进职业培训的概念，以确保儿童具备欲从事的职业所需的技能。

2.1 cncept =notion=conception概念,理念

3、It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many

businessmen, so many accountants. 然而，去臆断科学家、商人、会计职位的数量是武断的。

3.1 presume假设 presumptuous专横的；放肆的；冒昧的

4、Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours

and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations. 此外，在我们这么大的一个国家里，经济延展到这么多的州，涉及到这么多的国际公司，因而要按照数量培养出所需要的各类专业人员是不太可能的。

4.1 likely=possible 可能的 unlikely=inpossible不可能

Paragraph 4

1、But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all

other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. 但是对少数学生而言，职业培训也许是可取之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，熟练的技能是能否得到工作的关键。

1.1 might be the way to go也许是该走的路

2、Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to

pick up various software programs.当然，目前计算机的基本操作非常简单。不需要花毕生的时间去熟悉各种不同的软件程序的使用。

2.1 pick up various software programs. 学习各种不同的软件程序的使用。

2.2 acquaintance 熟人，熟悉an acquaintance of mine我的一个朋友

3、If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills

take — at the very longest — a couple of months to learn. 当然如果想成为一名计算机工程师，事情就完全不同了。基本的计算机技能最长也只需一两个月即学会。

3.1 entirely完全地，彻底地

4、In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming

any kind of professional. 不管怎样，基本的计算机技能只是对成为专业技术人员所需的各种实际技能的补充。

4.1 complementary补足的，补充的，互补的 a host of =a lot of

5、It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose. 当然应该看到的是，不管是职业学校、还是普通学校，混淆计算机教学的目的，都不会受益。

5.1 It should be observed, of course, that写作

1999 Text 4

Paragraph 1

1、When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep,

President Clinton moved swiftly. 当一个苏格兰研究小组透露三个月前他们克隆了一只成年绵羊时，世界为之震惊，克林顿总统迅速做出反应。

1.1 Scottish苏格兰 British英格兰 Spanish西班牙 team团队 adult 成年人

1.2 respond=move 反应 ~quickly/swiftly快速地做出反应

1.3 startle使震惊 startle the world/country震惊世界/国家

1.4 reveal=show=indicate=suggest=demonstrate=be indicative of 显示 reveal揭示,揭露 1.5 clone克隆

2、Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that

federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an

independent panel of experts

chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90

days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 他宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦资金做这样的实验——尽管还没有人提议要那样做——并责成成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德·夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组，在90天内拿出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议，向白宫汇报。

2.1 be opposed to反对 husbandry ['hʌzbəndrɪ] technique畜牧业技术

2.2 a panel of experts 专家小组 a panel of economists 经济学家小组panel仪表盘,小组 federal regulation联邦政府规定

2.3 chaired by 由……主持 chairman主席

2.4 recommend=propose建议 think tank智囊团 wise聪明的 wisdom智慧的

2.5 fever发烧 get a fever 发烧 feverishly狂热地,兴奋地

3、That group — the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) — has been working feverishly to put its

wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”(NBAC)的小组一直在非常积极地工作，集思广益，并诉诸笔端；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。

3.1 bioethics [baɪəʊ'eθɪks] n. 生物伦理学 Advisory n. 报告；公告adj. 咨询的；顾问的；劝告的

3.2 contrast对比；差别；对照物 draft起草,草案 near-final接近最后的

Paragraph 2

1、NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly

that it be made law. NBAC将要求克林顿总统禁止使用联邦资金克隆人的90天禁令无限期地延长，并且还可能要求将之立法。

1.1 be extended indefinitely无限期延长indefinitely [ɪn'defɪnɪtlɪ] adv. 不确定地，无限期地；不明确地

1.2 We ought to ask/recommend/propose the government should make it (environmental destruction) a crime.

我们应该提出/建议/建议政府应该把它(环境破坏)定为犯罪。 It should be made law它应该成为法律

1.3 outlook观点 world outlook世界观

2、But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that

involves the cloning of human DNA or cells — routine in molecular biology. 但是，NBAC成员们正计划在建议的措辞上更为严谨，以避免给克隆人体DNA或细胞等研究带来更多地限制——（这属于）分子生物研究中的常规课题。

2.1 member成员,会员 membership card会员卡

2.2 word消息,单词 Word came that the Chinese team won the match. 有消息说中国队赢了这场比赛。Word

flashed on the internet immediately消息立刻出现在互联网上. Word(措辞v.) word the letter carefully字斟句酌写信

2.3 strict 严格的 restrict [rɪ'strɪkt]限制narrowly ['nærəʊlɪ] adv. 仔细地；勉强地；狭窄地；严密地

2.4 DNA testing DNA检测 cell phones=mobile phones手机

2.5 route路,路线 the Eighth Route Army八路军 routine [ruː'tiːn]n. [计] 程序；日常工作；例行公事 routine

inspection [ɪn'spekʃn]例行检查

2.6 molecule ['mɒlɪkjuːl] n. [化学] 分子；微小颗粒，微粒 molecular biology分子生物学

2.7 narrow lane狭窄的巷子,胡同 emergency lane紧急车道 surpassing [sə'pɑːsɪŋ] lane超车道

3、The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that

would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.然而，该小组尚未在一个关键问题上达成一致，即是否建议立法机关把将私人资金用于克隆人的行为视为犯罪。

3.1 ban 取缔,禁止restrict限制,约束 key=crucial关键的 ……is coming at a crucial time在关键时刻到来。

Private funding私人资金 federal funding联邦资金

3.2 legislation [ledʒɪs'leɪʃ(ə)n]立法,法律 legislature ['ledʒɪslətʃə] n.；立法机构 legal合法的,法律的

3.3 commit a crime犯罪 commit a mistake犯错 commit a suicide自杀 criminal犯罪分子suspect犯罪嫌疑人

Paragraph 3

1、In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had

found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to

create

a human child by adult nuclear

cloning." 在5月17日会议上讨论的建议序言草案中，夏皮罗表示，专家组已取得广泛的共识，认为“试图利用成人细胞核去克隆婴儿将是违背道德伦理的”。

1.1 draft preface序言草案 the key to the lock锁的钥匙 1.2 suggest=recommend=propose=advise建议

1.3 suggest=reveal=indicate=demonstrate=show显示 1.4 reach/find a broad consensus达成广泛共识

1.5 it would be "morally unacceptable to这在道德上是不可接受的 1.6 attempt to do/ seek to do 试图做某事

1.7 stem/arise/evolve/derive/result from 源自

2、Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of

the child. 夏皮罗解释说在与会期间，道德上的怀疑主要源于对婴儿健康带来危害的担忧。

3、The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.随后，该小组非正式地接受了几条一般的结论，尽管有些细节尚无定论。

3.1 formal visit正式访问 settle the problem解决问题 settle the details of the contract 确定合同的细节 settle

down 定居 settler移居者,殖民者 3.2 State and federal laws/regulation州和联邦政府的法律/规定

Paragraph 4

1、NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to

create a child. NBAC计划呼吁继续禁止使用联邦政府基金利用人体细胞核去克隆婴孩的任何企图。

1.1 Smoking is forbidden on board the train火车上禁止吸烟

1.2 stage 舞台,阶段 the primary of stage of socialism社会主义初级阶段 the next stage下阶段

1.3 offspring=descendant子孙后代 ancestor祖宗,祖先 common ancestor共同祖先

2、Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of

human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on

embryo research.因为现行的联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦基金克隆研究用的胚胎（人类子代出生前的最早阶段）或有意识地危及胚胎的生命，NBAC在胚胎研究这一问题上保持沉默。

2.1 deliberately=intentionally=knowingly故意的,有意的,蓄意的

Paragraph 5

1、NBAC members also indicated that they would appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to

clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. NBAC的成员明确表示，他们呼吁由私人提供资金的研究人员和机构不要试图通过人体细胞核转移去克隆人。

1.1 suggest= reveal=indicate=demonstrate=show显示 appeal to=call for 呼吁

1.2 clinical depression临床忧郁症 clinical ['klɪnɪk(ə)l] adj. 临床的；诊所的

2、But th ey were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on

human cloning. 但他们在是否进一步要求联邦立法强令彻底禁止克隆人这一问题上存在分歧。

2.1 transfer转化,转移,转变

2.2 people are divided on人们在某方面看法不一.

2.3 impose征税,强加于 impose a complete ban on 对……进行彻底禁止

2.4 impose fat tax on fast-food outlets such as KFC对肯德基等快餐店征收高脂肪税

3、Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was

still "up in the air."夏皮罗和大多数委员赞成将此立法，但在电话采访中，他透露这一议题仍“悬而未决”。

3.1 favor= support 支持 issue问题, v.出台,发行 issue new guidelines发行新指南 issue preferential [,prefə'renʃ(ə)l] policy出台优惠政策

1999 Text 5

Paragraph 1

1、Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the

men whowatch the experments在实践中，科学的进步依赖于做实验，但更依赖于实验的观察者（即做实验的人）的心理是否有足够的准备。

1.1 science depend on the experiments科学依赖于实验 1.2 watch/conduce/perform the experiments做实验

2、Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. 艾萨克·牛顿爵士通过苹果落地发现了万有引力。

2.1 date 约会 ,枣椰子 sir爵士 gravity万有引力 grave严重的,严峻的 grave challenges严峻的挑战

aggravate恶化,加剧 grieve 伤心,难过,悲痛,哀悼 trip 旅游,差错 troop军队

2.2 supposedly可能；按照推测；恐怕

3、Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. 多少个世纪以来，苹果一直在许多地方落到地面，也有成千上万的人看到过苹果落地。

3.1 enquire =inquire 咨询,问询 inquiry desk咨询台 inquiring minds钻研的头脑/追根问底的精神 scientific

research科学研究 3.2 scientific experiments科学实验 conduce a research 进行一项研究 conduct

online transactions 进行在线交易

4、But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept

them in place? Why didn't they fall out of the sky?多年来牛顿一直对月球和行星绕轨道运行的起因好奇不已。是什么使它们处于现在的位置呢？它们为什么不落到天空之外呢？

4.1 offten经常seldom几乎不 essential必须的 4.2 weigh称重,衡量重要性 weight重量 A weigh more

than any other things in the coming months在接下来的几个月里，A比其他任何东西都要重

4.3 the planet=the globe=the earth地球 orbit 轨道 orbital motion轨道 the motion

/movement/mobility/drifting of the plates板块的运动

5、The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been

asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.苹果向下落到地面不是向上飞到树上，这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对天空中更大果实——月球和行星所存有的疑问。

5.1 heaven天堂,天空 5.2 peril危险,冒险 in peril 在危险中 expert专家 perish死亡,毁灭

Paragraph 2

1、How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree？ 多少人会考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性呢？

1.1 wonder想知道 take……for granted认为是理所当然的 want to know=be curious about 对某事好奇

2、Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the

unpredictable. 牛顿考虑过，因为他不想对任何事情进行预测。他只是怀有好奇心。他的思想在准备思考不可预测的事。 2.1 unpredictable英 /ʌnprɪ'dɪktəb(ə)l/ 美 /,ʌnprɪ'dɪktəbl/n. 不可预言的事adj. 不可预知的；不定的；出乎意料的

3、 Unpredicability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don't have unpredictable things, you don't have

research. 不可预测性是科学研究不可或缺的一个重要特征。如果没有不可预测现象的产生就无所谓科学研究了。

3.1 nature英 /'neɪtʃə/ 美 /'netʃɚ/n. 自然；性质；本性；种类

4、Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled

with examples of it.科学家们在为科学杂志撰写千篇一律的报告时常常忘记这一点，而历史上这样的例子却比比皆是。cut and dried reports老生常谈的报告

4.1 technical英 /'teknɪk(ə)l/ 美 /'tɛknɪkl/adj. 工艺的，科技的；技术上的；专门的

4.2 journal英 /'dʒɜːn(ə)l/ 美 /'dʒɝnl/n. 日报，杂志；日记；分类账

Paragraph 3

1、In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the

"scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought. 在和一些科学家，特别是年轻科学家交谈时，你可能会有这样一种印象：他们认为“科学方法”可以代替创造性思维。

1.1 substitute英 /'sʌbstɪtjuːt/ 美 /'sʌbstɪtut/n. 代用品；代替者vi. 替代vt. 代替

1.2 imaginative英 /ɪ'mædʒɪnətɪv/ 美 /ɪ'mædʒɪnətɪv/adj. 富于想象的；有创造力的

2、I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of

continuing a certain experiment. 我出席过一些科研会议，会上有人问一位科学家继续某项实验是否是明智之举。

2.1 advisability英 /əd,vaizə'biləti/ 美 /əd,vaizə'biləti/n. 明智；可劝性；适当

3、The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that," the men

from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might

expect?"那位科学家皱了皱眉，又看了看图表，然后说：“数据还是不够充分。” 预算部门的人说：“这点我们知道，但你的意见如何？你觉得值得做下去吗？你觉得我们可以期待什么呢？”

3.1 frown英 /fraʊn/ 美 /fraʊn/n. 皱眉，蹙额vt. 皱眉，蹙额vi. 皱眉；不同意

3.2 inconclusive英 /ɪnkən'kluːsɪv/ 美 /,ɪnkən'klusɪv/adj. 不确定的；非决定性的；无结果的

4、The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate. 这位科学家感到很震惊，他没有料到人们会让他做出预测。 4.1 speculate英 /'spekjʊleɪt/ 美 /'spɛkjə'let/vi. 推测；投机；思索vt. 推断

Paragraph 4

1、What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward

unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business

management that they are true. 当然，这几乎等于说：那位科学家成了他自己论文的受害者。他所提出的种种论断是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不仅他自己相信了，而且也说服了工商界的管理者相信其正确性。

1.1 amount英 /ə'maʊnt/ 美 /ə'maʊnt/n. 数量；总额，总数vi. 总计，合计；相当于；共计；产生…结果

1.2 victim英 /'vɪktɪm/ 美 /'vɪktɪm/n. 受害人；牺牲品；牺牲者

1.3 unquestioned英 /ʌn'kwestʃ(ə)nd/ 美 /ʌn'kwɛstʃənd/adj. 无争议的；不成问题的；无需调查的

1.4 consistently英 /kən'sistəntli/ 美 /kən'sɪstəntli/adv. 一贯地；一致地；坚实地

1.5 industrial英 /ɪn'dʌstrɪəl/ 美 /ɪn'dʌstrɪəl/n. 工业股票；工业工人adj. 工业的，产业的；从事工业的；供工业用的；来自勤劳的

2、If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals

indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and

cents. 假如科学实验像科学杂志登载的科学报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施，那么，对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的。

2.1 carry out vt. 执行，实行；贯彻；实现；完成

2.2 faithfully英 /'feɪθfʊlɪ; -f(ə)lɪ/ 美 /'feθfəli/adv. 忠实地；如实地；诚心诚意地；深信着地

2.3 logical英 /'lɒdʒɪk(ə)l/ 美 /'lɑdʒɪkl/adj. 合逻辑的，合理的；逻辑学的

2.4 measurable英 /'meʒ(ə)rəb(ə)l/ 美 /'mɛʒərəbl/adj. 可测量的；重要的；重大的

3、It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they

will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is

on the microscope. 审计人员也完全有理由相信，确切知道自己的目标并知道如何实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要用一只眼盯着现金计数器的同时，还要用另一只眼睛盯着显微镜。

3.1 entirely英 /ɪn'taɪəlɪ; en-/ 美 /ɪn'taɪɚli/adv. 完全地，彻底地

3.2 distracted英 /dɪ'stræktɪd/ 美 /dɪ'stræktɪd/v. 分心（distract过去式）adj. 心烦意乱的；思想不集中的

3.3 auditor英 /'ɔːdɪtə/ 美 /'ɔdɪtɚ/n. 审计员；听者；旁听

3.4 microscope英 /'maɪkrəskəʊp/ 美 /'maɪkrəskop/n. 显微镜

4、Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable

to the scientist

as the writing of his papers

would appear to reflect, is management to

be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers

in

favor of

more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team." 如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家也想看到规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么如果管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，那也是无可指摘的。

4.1 regularity英 /reɡjʊ'lærətɪ/ 美 /ˌrɛɡjəˈlærətɪ/n. 规则性；整齐；正规；匀称

4.2 conformity英 /kən'fɔːmɪtɪ/ 美 /kən'fɔrməti/n. 一致，适合；符合；相似

4.3 reflect英 /rɪ'flekt/ 美 /rɪ'flɛkt/vt. 反映；反射，照出；表达；显示;反省vi. 反射，映现；深思

4.4 conventional英 /kən'venʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ 美 /kən'vɛnʃənl/adj. 符合习俗的，传统的；常见的；惯例的

4.5 discriminate 英 /dɪ'skrɪmɪneɪt/ 美 /dɪ'skrɪmɪnet/vi. 区别；辨别vt. 歧视；区别；辨别