高三英语语法大全

高三英语语法复习（一）

名 词

一，可数名词

1. 集合名词

(1)people, cattle, police, folk, personnel（人员）（作主语谓语动词用复数）

(2)class, government, committee, enemy, crowd, family, crew, group, team, public,

audience, staff, couple, troop, association, party, union, band（帮，伙）（强调整体时，谓语动词用单数，强调成员时用复数）

(3)mankind, man(人类),humanity(作主语谓语动词用单数)

2. 个体名词

(1)复数的构成

A：一般在名词后加s

B: 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词的后加es，但stomach－stomachs

C: 以-f或-fe结尾的名词：

a: leaf, life, thief, wolf, knife, half, shelf, loaf, self, wife －ves

b: proof, roof, belief, chief, gulf, safe, reef, cliff, cuff（袖口）, brief－s

c: handkerchief, scarf－s/ves

D: 以辅音字母加y结尾，把y改成i+es；以元音字母加y结尾，直接加s

E: 以o结尾的名词一般加s但以下单词加es:

Echo, negro, potato, tobacco, hero, tomato

但Zero, volcano, mosquito, tornado, motto可加s或es.

F: 不规则变化：

Foot－feet goose－geese mouse－mice child－children

Ox－oxen medium－media analysis－analyses woman－women

Man－men tooth－teeth phenomenon－phenomena

Criterion－criteria（标准） bacterium－bacteria（细菌）

Axis－aces（轴心） German－Germans

G: 单复数同形：

Deer, fish, specie, works, means, series, sheep, bison, Swiss, Chinese

（1） 复合名词的复数

A: 有中心词的在中心词后加复数

B: 无中心词的在最后一个单词后加复数

C: 含有woman和man 的两个都变复数

D: 含有sports, customs, arms, clothes, sales和accounts等构成的复合名词不可省去”s”

a sports car赛车 a customs officer海关官员

arms production武器生产 a clothes shop服装店

（2） 下列词组中常用复数

A：成双成对的名词

compasses, pants, shorts, trousers, glasses, cross-roads, jeans,

socks, gloves, shoes, scissors, tweezers（镊子）

B: 以－ing结尾的名词

Belongings, earnings, doings, findings, surroundings

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（4）有些词组中名词常以复数形式出现

be/ make friends with与…友好 take pains下功夫

make preparations for为…做准备 make arrangements做安排

give respects to向…致攻、敬意 give regards to向…问候

shake hands with 与…握手 best wishes

take turns轮流 as follows如下

in rags衣襟褴褛 change buses/ trains换车

sing the praises of赞颂 in high spirits情结高昂

（5） 有些学科名词虽然以－s结尾，但是单数

mathematics, physics, politics, statistics, economics

二、不可数名词

1. 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，它一般只有单数，其数量常用量词来表示。

a piece of paper a block of stone a bowl of rice

a cup of tea a slice of meat a flash of lightning

a burst of laughter a bottle of beer a article of clothing

2. 不可数名词也有复数形式，或加a/ an

(1) 表示种类 (2) 表示份数 (3) 表示具体事物

3. 下列名词加复数意义产生变化

air空气－airs傲气 arm－arms武器 cloth－clothes

pain(疼痛）－pains(努力) paper－papers（文件） work－works（著作）

water－waters(水域) sand－sands(沙滩) spirit(精神)－spirits(兴致)

manner－manners hair－hairs good－goods

green－greens iron－irons（脚镣手铐）time－times

custom－customs(海关) brain－brains(智慧) look－looks(外表)

damage－damages(赔偿费) force－forces(军队) wood－woods

compass－compasses(圆规) green－greens(青菜)

三、专有名词

单个的专有名词一般不加冠词，而由多上普通名词构成的专有名词常常要加the

四、名词的所有格

1. of一般与无生命的名词连用

表同位关系 the month of September

表整体与部分关系some of the students

表动宾关系 love of our country, study of a globe

表所属关系 the gate of our school

2. ‘s常常与有生命的名词连用 my father’s pictures

‘s也可与无生命的名词（时间，距离，国家，天体）连用

（1）所有格’s的构成形式：the teachers’ office Jones’s car Tom’s father

（2）双重所有格：表很多中的其中之一，或感情彩

a friend of my father’s the car of Mary’s

（3）直接接所有格表示某某家、教堂或与某一职业相关的场所

I’ll go to Mary’s tomorrow. St Paul’s

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（3） my mother’s and my father’s house与my mother and my father’s

house

五、名词作定语：用单数表示时间、地点、原料

a shoe shop a table lamp afternoon tea

当定语是有生命的名词时则用所有格形式children’s hospital, men’s clothing

shop

练习

1. The Whites are ____.

A. my father and my mother’s friends B. my father’s and my mother friends

C. my father’s and my mother’s friends D. my father and my mother friends

2. It will take me ____ to get to Shanghai.

A. two days time B. two day’s time C. two day time D. two days’ time

3. We had worked out the plan and now we must put it into ____.

A. face B. reality C. practice D. deed

4. My father’s ____ is grey, but my mother has a few grey ____.

A. hair, hair B. hairs, hairs C. hairs, hair D. hair, hairs

5. He gained his ____ by printing ____ of famous writers.

A. wealth, work B. wealths, works C. wealths, work D. wealth, works

6. Here’s my card. Let’s keep in ____.

A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship

7. He dropped the ____ and broke it.

A. cup of coffee B. coffee’s cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup

8. The ____ of the buildings are covered with lots of ____.

A. roofs, leaves B. rooves, leafs C. roof, leaf D. roofs, leafs

9. Hearing the news that thy would go outing, everyone in the class was ____.

A. in high spirit B. in high spirits C. on high spirit D. on high spirits

10. We will never lose ____ whatever difficulties we meet.

A. hearts B. a heart C. our heart D. heart

11. What ____! Where did you get them?

A. a big fish B. big fish C. a piece of fish D. a piece of big fish

12. I saw ____ running about at the foot of the mountain.

A. cattle B. two cattle C. much cattle D. a head of cattle

13. －Few children are as bright as he is, and also, he works very hard.

－It’s not ____ he always gets the first plave in any examination.

A. question B. doubt C. problem D. wonder

14. －Where’s your brother? －At ____.

A. Mr Green’s B. Greens C. The Mr Greens D. the Greens

15. Mr. Smith has two ____, both of whom are teachers in a school.

A. brother-in-law B. brother-in-laws C. brothers-in-laws D. brothers-in-law

Keys:

ADCDD ADABD BDDAD

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冠 词

冠词是一种虚词，本身不能独立使用，也没有词义，通常放在名词之前帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词分为定冠词和不定冠词。

一、不定冠词：

不定冠词有a和an两种形式。a放在辅音音素开头的词前，an放在元音音素（而不是元音字母）开头的词前。如：a one-eyed camel，a European friend，a

university student，a useful animal；an hour，an honest boy，an X-ray等。

1． 不定冠词泛指人或物。如：

Have you got an Email address?

I work as a teacher.

2. 不定冠词用于首次提到的人或物。如：

Long long ago, there was a mountain here.

An old cock is sitting in a tall tree.

3. 不定冠词用在单数普通名词前泛指一类人或事物。如：

A child needs love.

A horse is a useful tool.

4. 不定冠词用于表示时间，速度，价格等意义的名词之前，

表示单位，有“每一”之意，相当于every。 如：

He works ten hours a day.

This cloth is 10 yuan a metre.

5. 不定冠词表示数量，用在可数名词前，有“一”之意，相当于“one”。如：

Rome was not built in a day.

Daniel has a brother and two sisters

6. 不定冠词用在某些抽象名词或描写自然现象的名词前，表示一阵、一场、一种、

一例、一次、一份等。如：

It’s a great pleasure to talk with you.

A shower came.

7. 不定冠词用在so(as、too、how)加形容词之后。如：

He is so good a boy that he is liked by all.

It’s too difficult a book for you to read.

8. 不定冠词用于说明事物的同一性质、特征、程度和大小，有“相同”之意，相当于“the same”。如：

They are all of a size.

We are nearly of an age.

9. 不定冠词用于人名前，表示说话者对此人不认识，或表示与某名人有类似性质的人或事物。如：

A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out.

He wishes to become a Newton.

10. 不定冠词用于某些固定词组中。如：

a few, a little, a long time, many a, as a rule(通常)，in a hurry, in a word, in a short

while, once upon a time, It’s a pity that… 等

二、定冠词：

定冠词the与this和that同源，有这个和那个的意思。可和一个名词连用表示某个或某些特定的人或事物，以区别于同类中其它的人或事物。

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1． 定冠词表示特定的，或上文已提到的人或事物。如：

What do you think of the film?

Would you mind my opening the window?

2. 定冠词表示世界上独一无二的东西。如：

the world ,the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth, the universe, the atmosphere,

the Pacific Ocean等。

3. 定冠词用在可数名词前，表示“一类人或事物”。如：

The dog is a useful animal.

The computer is a wonderful machine.

4. 定冠词用在某些形容词前，表示“一类人或事物”。如：

the poor, the rich, the youth, the old, the blind, the deaf, the living,

the dead, the sick, the wounded, the middle-aged, the new等。

5. 定冠词用在形容词和副词最高级前。如：

Who sings the best in your class?

Monday is my busiest day.

6. 定冠词用在序数词前。如：

He is the last one to leave.

It is the biggest classroom in our school.

7. 定冠词用在姓氏的复数前表示“一家人或夫妇俩”。如：

The Smiths are at table.

The Greens have opened a boutique.

8. 定冠词用在某些专有名词前。如：

the United States, the Union, the People’s Republic of China, the Titanic,

the Communist Party of China, the United Kingdom等。

9．定冠词用在表示西洋乐器（而不是中国乐器）的名词前。如：

play the piano, play the guitar, play the violin等。

10．定冠词用在方向名词前或某些表示时间的词组或习惯用语中。如：

in the west(east, south, north), on the right(left),in the (morning, afternoon,

evening),in the daytime, in the middle of, in the end, on the other hand, by the

way等。

11．定冠词用在地理名称前及江、河、湖、海、海峡、海湾、山脉、运河、岛屿等。如：

the Changjiang River, the Pacific (Ocean), the Tian-shan Mountain, the Red Sea,

the Alps, the Philippines, the English Channel等。

（注意：但以Mout开头的山和一些湖不加定冠词。如：Mout O Mei, Mout Tai等）

12．定冠词用在逢十的复数数词前，表示世纪的某个年代。如：

In the 1870’s, when Marx was already in his fifties, he found it important to study

the situation in Russia.

13. 定冠词用在有些国家和民族的形容词前，泛指这个国家和民族全体人员，这类形 容词一般以sh、ch、ese结尾。如：the English, the Chinese, the Scotch等。

14．定冠词用在某些建筑物、报纸、会议前。如:

the Great Wall, the Peace Hotel, the Capital Theatre, the People’s Daily,

the 11th

Party Congress等。

15．定冠词用在以festival组成的节日前(但以day组成的节日前不加定冠词)。如：

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the Spring Festival, the Mid-autumn Festival, the Latern Festival,

National Day, May Day, Christmas Day, New Year’s Day等。

16. 定冠词用在发明物的单数名词前。如：

Who invented the telephone?

The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.

17．定冠词用在下列固定句式中：

wound／bite／beat／pat／take等 +sb+介词+the+部位

表示伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉某人某部位。

三、不使用冠词（也可叫零冠词）：

1． 在复数可数名词前表示一类人或事物，一般不使用冠词。如：

Horses are useful animals.

Dogs are human beings’ friends.

2. 在某些表示人名、地名、国名、节日、季节、月份、星期等专有名词前，

一般不使用冠词。

如：Tom, Hangzhou, China, National Day, Autumn, March, Wednesday等

3. 在抽象名词和物质名词前，一般不使用冠词。

如：love, business, life, air, snow, tea, death等。

4. 在表示职位、身份、头衔的名词前，一般不使用冠词。如：

Tom became monitor of our class.

He was appointed ambassador.

5. 在一日三餐的名词前，一般不使用冠词。如：

What do we have for supper?

I will have lunch with my mother today.

6. 在一些体育名词前，如球类、棋类、游戏等名称前，一般不使用冠词。如：

He likes playing football.

I like riding and fishing.

7. 在与by连用的表示交通工具的名词前。一般不使用冠词。如：

by bike, by bus, by train, by ship, by sea, by land, by air(plane)等。

8. 在表示学科、疾病、颜和感官名词前，一般不使用冠词。如：

Economics is different from politics.

Grandpa died of cancer ten years ago.

9． 在某些杂志、大学、街名、广场及公园前，一般不使用冠词。如：

Tsinghua University, Wang Fu Ching Street, Bei Hai Park等。

10． 在以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时，一般不使用冠词。如：

father and son, husband and wife, day and night, sun and moon, pen and ink,

master and servant等。

11． 在某些固定词组前一般不使用冠词。如：

at table, in prison, go to work, face to face, hand in hand, in time, at night, on

earth, on foot等。

特别要注意：

(1) 用定冠词与不定冠词的区别，如：

the second student(第二个学生)--a second student(又一个学生)；

the most interesting book(最有趣的书)--a most interesting book(一本非常有趣的书)；the world(世界)--a better world(一个更好的世界)；

play the piano(弹钢琴)一buy a piano(买一台钢琴)。

(2)用零冠词与不定冠词的区别，如：

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Mr Li(李先生)--a Mr Li(一个自称姓李的先生)；

have lunch(吃中餐)--have a rich lunch(吃一顿丰盛的中餐)；

wind(风)一a strong wind(一阵大风)；

play basketball(打篮球)--buy a basketball(买一个篮球)；

New York(纽约)一a New York in China(在中国的纽约)；

have words with sb(与某人争吵)--have a word with sb(与某人谈话)；

help(帮助) --a help(帮手)。

success(成功) -a success(成功的人或事)

experience(经验)- an experience(一次经历)

(3)用零冠词与定冠词的区别，如：

Shanghai(上海)--the Shanghai you see today(你今天所见的上海)；

history(历史)--the history of Qing Dynasty(清朝历史)；

in bed(躺在床上)--on the bed(在床上)；

in hospital(住院)--in the hospital(在医院)；

in front of(在……前面)--in the front of(在……前部)；

at most=at the most(至多)；

at least=at the least(至少)。

练 习

1. John is _______ university student.

A. some B. any C. a D. an

2. We are going to learn _________ next week.

A. Lesson Twelve B. Lesson Twelfth

C. Twelfth Lesson D. the Lesson Twelfth

3. There' s _____ dictionary on _____ desk by your side.

A, a; the B. a; a C. the; a D. the; the

4. Summer in _____ south of France are for _____ most part dry and sunny.

A. /; a B. the; / C. /; / D. the; the

5. A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in _____ leg.

A. a B one C. the D. his

6. The cakes are delicious. He'd like to have _____ third one because _____ second one

is rather too small.

A. a; a B. the; the C. a; the D. the; a

7. The sign reads "In case of _____ fire, break the glass and push _____ red button.

A. /; a B. /; the C. the; the D. a; a

8. I earn 10 dollars _____ hour as _____ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.

A. a; an B. the; a C. an; a D. an; the

9. It is not rare in _____ that people in _____ fifties are going to university for further

education.

A. 90s; their B. the 90s; / C. 90s; . D. the 90s; their

10. Children usually go to _______ school at _______ age of six.

A. /: the B.a; an C. a;/ D. the;the

11.__________ Himalayas is _________ highest mountain in _______ world.

A./;the;/ ;the;the C.A;a;a D./;/;/

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12. They each have_______ book. Lihua’s is about ______ writer. Wang lin’s

is on _________ science.

A.a;a;/ ;/;the C./;the;/ D.a/the/a

were having ________ supper then. It was ______ delicious one.

A.a;the B./;/ C./;a D.a;a

der Braham Bell invented _________ telephone in 1876.

A,/ B. a

15.I want to have ______ word with Jack,2but he wasn’t at ______ home.

;a ; the C.a;/ D.a;a

did it in ______________.

a short time B.a so short time short a time so short

father died in _______ spring of 1976.

A./ B. the C. ａ

18.__________ elephant is _______ useful animal to human beings.

;an B.A;a C. The;an D. An;a

all the stars _______ sun is __________ nearest to us.

;/ ;the ;the D. an;a

books poison _______ minds of _______ young.

A,the;the ;a C,/;the D./;/

likes playing ______basketball while his sister likes playing_____piano.

A./;/ ;the C./;the ;/

you go by _______ train,you can have a comfortable journey, but make sure you

get ______ fast one.

;the B./;a ;a D,/;/

23.I knew ________ John Lennon, but not ______ famous one.

A./;a B.a;the C./;the ;a

dinner he gave Mr. Richardson ________ ride to _______Capital Airport.

;a B.a;the C./;a D./;the

found it difficult to make _______ living in those days.

A.a D./

Keys:

CAADC /CBCDA / BACCC/ CBDCA / CBBBA

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高三英语语法复习（二）

动 词（上）

动词的时态与语态

动词的时态

时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。做题时要注意题干中给出的时间状语和谓语动词的时态，连接词and ,but ,although等所引出的句子关系以及准确地把握句子的隐含的意义。

一 一般现在时

1) 表示经常性习惯性动作，表示现在的状态，特征和真理。

Every four years athletes from all over the world

take part in the Olympic Games.

2）表示已经预先计划安排的肯定将要发生的动作，句中带有表将来时间的状语。动词有come,go,start,begin,leave，stop ,return ,open close等。

The train leaves at three this afternoon.

3）在时间，条件，方式，让步状语条件中，表示将来的动作。

If you have any problem, please don’t hesitate t ask your teacher.

4）在某些表达法中，表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的 状态。

There goes the bell!

二 一般过去时

1）表示过去发生的和现在没有联系的动作或状态。

---Has he graduated from Nanjing University?

----Yes. He studied English for four years.

2）表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。

They used to give thanks for their harvests and for life.

3）从过去某一时间考虑，已经预先计划或安排的肯定将要发生的动作。

They had little time that evening as they started the

next day.

4）在时间，条件，方式，让步状语从句中表示过去将来的动作。

She told me that she would not leave until I came back.

5）在一个句子中依自然顺序来叙述一系列过去动作时，全用一般过去时.

The man stood up, put on his hat and went away.

三 一般将来时

1 will(第一人称可用shall)

1）表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与tomorrow ,next day ,in a few days等表示将来时间的状语连用。

A new teacher will come tomorrow.

2）表示将来经常发生的动作。

We shall go boating on Sundays.

3）表示说话时的临时决定。

---You’ve left the light on.

----Oh, so I have .I’ll go and turn it off.

注意：条件状语从句中的will表示“决心，意愿”，此时will 是情态动词表意 愿。

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If you won’t listen to us, just do as you please.

2 “be to +动词原形”

1）表示约定，计划或按职责，义务要求即将发生的动作。

The sports meet is to take place on Sunday morning.

2）表示命令，禁止或可能性。

You are to stand here. Do you understand?

3 “be going to +动词原形”

1）常用于表示已经决定或安排要做的事。

He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.

2）表示某种迹象表明要发生的事。

You’re going to be fat, so you’d better stop eating chocolate.

4 “be about +动词原形”表示“不久就要…”不能与表示将来的时间状语连用但常与when连用。

He was about to leave when he heard a strange sound.

5某些动词如go ,come,stay,leave,等的一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。

We start at six and arrive at the station at seven.

6某些动词的现在进行时表示即将发生的动作。

Our headmaster is giving a report this afternoon

注意：说话之前已经考虑过的用be going to, 说话时考虑到的用will

A: Have you posted the letter for me?

B: Sorry, I was going to do it yesterday. But there was an unexpected guest.

A: It doesn’t matter. I will post it myself.

be going to 和 be to 都可用于表示按计划，安排即将发生的 动作，即人们意 志所能控制的动作。而非人们主观所能安排 的将来，只能用be going to 表 示。

It’s going to rain.

四 过去将来时

1 表示从过去某一时间来看将来发生的动作或将要存在的状态。常用在主句的谓语为过去时态的宾从中。

The students said they would go to visit the Great Wall the next week.

2 “were(was)+ to do”表示过去将来时间的安排，如果安排取消没有实现，用”were(was)to have done”表示。

We were to have left at six last night.

3 表示过去习惯动作。

People would get together to celebrate their harvest.

五 现在进行时

1 表示说话时正在进行而未完成的动作或状态

I don’t really work here; I’m helping until the new secretary comes.

2表示现阶段一直在进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行

She is reading a book this week.

3 有时可表示即将发的动作,常有一个表示将来的时间。如come, stay, leave,

start，begin, arrive, return, fly, drive, do, have等动词。

They are coming back here in a few minutes.

4 与 always,continually,constantly,never,constantly等频度状语连用，表示某种带有感情彩的现阶段经常发生的动作。

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You are constantly finding fault with me.

5 不用进行时态

1）有些表示感觉，如see ,smell ,taste .feel, hear 等。

The apple tastes good.

2）表示心理感情的词。如know, understand,love,like,hate,desire, wish, want等。

I don’t understand this sentence.

6 现在进行时和一般现在时的主要区别：前者着眼点在描述动作；后者着眼点在说明事理，陈述情况。

She is reading the newspaper.

She reads the newspapers every day.

六 过去进行时

1表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。有时间或上下文来表示

She was telephoning a friend when I came in.

2表示过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作。

Shirley was writing about China last year but I don’t know whether

she has finished.

3表示从过去某一时间的角度看将来要发生的动作，用于某些动作。（见现在进行时）

They were leaving a few days later.

4与always等频度副词连用，表示感情彩

As a boy, John Baird was always making things.

5 两个动作同时进行，主从句都用进行时。

He was reading the newspaper while I was studying.

注意：1过去进行时常表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作，强调在这一过程中进行的动作或展开的情景；而一般过去时则表示过去发生某一件事。

He drew a picture yesterday afternoon.

He was drawing a picture yesterday afternoon.

七 现在完成时

1 表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果。

--I’m sorry to keep you waiting.

-- Oh, not at all .I’ve been here only a few minutes.

2表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，而且还可能持续下去的动作状态。往往和表示一段时间的状语连用。Today ,this week,lately,during the last two weeks,

since等.

The country life he was used to has changed greatly since 1992.

3表示在说话之前发生过的动作，这种动作也许发生过一次，也许发生过多次，成为一种经验。

Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science has shown that people who don’t

sleep well soon get ill

4 在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时代替将来完成时

I shall go as soon as I have finished my lesson.

5在It is (will be) the first(second, third…) + that分句结构中，that分句动词用现在完成时,that可省

Don’t forget, it will be the first time I‘ve spoken in public.

注意：

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1）现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，不能和表示过去的时间连用。一般过去时则只表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系，和过去的时间连用。

He has given up smoking, but a year ago he smoked 100 cigarettes a week.

2）现在完成时的谓语动词如果是瞬间动词的肯定式，不能与表示一段时间的for短语及since短语（或从句）连用。

It has been a month since he left home.

3）如果现在完成时的谓语动词是瞬间动词的否定式，可以和表示一段时间的for连用。

I haven’t seen you for a few days.

八 过去完成时

1 表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。

They had left before I returned.

2表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came

3由before ,after, as soon as等连词引导的从句所表示的动作和主句的动作紧接发生，由于这些连词本身已经说明两个动作的先后关系，主从句均可用一般过去时，从句也可用过去完成时。

He left the room after he (had) turned off he light

4 过去完成时也用与hardly…when.., no sooner…than (刚…… 就……) 等一些固定句型中。

He had no sooner gone to sleep than the telephone rang once more.

5 动词hope,think,expect,intend,mean,suppose,want等可用过去完成时表示过去未实现的希望，打算或意图

I had hoped to be able to take my seat in all this noise without being found.

6在It was the first(second, third…) + that分句结构中，分句动词用过去完成时,that可省

It was the first time he had ever spoken to me in such a tune.

九 现在完成进行时

现在完成进行时由“+ +现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。

---I’m really tired out.

---So am I .We have been having discussion for nearly two hours.

十 将来进行时

将来进行时由”shall/will +现在分词”构成。

1 表示在将来某一时刻正在进行的动作。

At this time tomorrow we‘ll be flying over the Atlantic.

2表示在将来某段时刻正在进行的动作。

Are you going to be studying this time next week?

3 表示即将或按计划在未来将要发生的动作。

The people of Beijing, and of the whole country, will be preparing to light the

Olympic torch to welcome athletes and sports fans from all over the world.

动词的被动语态

被动语态：当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被语态。做题是要仔细观察动词和其前的名词或代词的关系。

一 被动语态的用法：

1 强调动作的承受者

More patients’ have been treated in hospital this year than last year.

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2 不知道动作的执行者或没必要说明动作的执行者.

New functions are being added to the phone.

3 为了强调动作的执行者用by修饰。

Saningdui was first discovered by farmers.

二 被动语态的构成：被动语态由“助动词be +及物动词的过去分词”，助动词be需和主语的人称和数一致。如

1一般现在时：You are required to do this.

2一般过去时：It was 2 hours ‘wait by the time the announcement was made, saying

my

flight was canceled.

3一般将来时：New building and sports venues will be built for the 2008 Beijing

Olympic Games.

4过去将来时 ：He said that the trees would be planted soon.

5现在进行时： With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth

are being washed away

6过去进行时：The new tool was being made.

7 现在完成时： More people have been treated in hospital this year than at any

time since the start of the health Service.

8过去完成时：--I saw Dave in the lift this morning.

-- Really? He hadn’t been seen around here for a long time.

三 被动语态的几种类型

1 带有一个宾语的动词变为被动语态，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。

We were deeply moved by his speech.

2有两个宾语的动词如give ,send,take,teach,show,tell,pay, offer, hand, pass,

promise等

borrow等，变为被动语态时，两个宾语都可变为主语。当把表物的宾语变为主语，留在原位的表人的宾语前要加for或 to .

I was given a ticket for the concert (by him).

A ticket for the concert was given to me (by me)

3有复合宾语的动词变为被动时，只能将宾语变为主语，宾补留在原处。

1） 宾补是形容词，名词，副词，过去分词，现在分词或介词。

He is considered honest.

2） 宾补是省”to”不定式，变被动时要加上”to”如feel find, see,hear,

watch,observe,notice,make,have, help等

He was noticed to cross the street.

4 短语动词变为被动时，动词后面的介词或副词不要漏掉。

The children will be taken good care of.

注意：动词短语“动词+名词+介词”结构变被动时可把其中的名词作主语。如catch sight of ,keep an eye on ,make use of ,pay attention to ,take notice

of ,take care of 等。

Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.

5带情态动词的被动结构，由情态动词+be+动词的过去分词构成

In this sense, bad things can be turned into good things.

6 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。

It is/was said/hoped/believed/considered/thought/known….that

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At first it was thought that the skills to make copper and bronze objects spread to

Britain through war and armed conflict.

四 不用被动的情形

1 谓语是及物动词have, own ,hold suit ,enter,lack,benefit,reach,leave,

hold,suit,fit等。

The room can hold 50 people.

2 谓语动词上不可拆的短语动词take place, lose heart ,belong to ,consist of 等。

May 4th Movement took place in 1919.

3宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，动名词抽象名词等。

The Chinese people are having a happy life.

五 被动语态与系表结构的区别

被动语态表示的是动作，句中的主语是动作的对象，可用by介词引导的短语；系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态，没有介词by所引导的短语。

I was frightened by his ghost story.

I was frightened of snakes.

注意：get done结构强调结果，和be done同样有不同时态，构成疑问时要借助于助动词。

Our house is getting painted.

How did he get lost in the frog?

六 主动语态表被动意义

1某些动词表示主语本身的性质，且主语应该是事物。如sell ,read, feel

write,wear,wash,open,clean,measure,lock,run,begin等.

The pen writes well and sells well.

2不定式的主动形式表被动。

1）作定语用的不定式逻辑主语是句中的主语或宾语时。否则还是用被动。

“Do you have any homework to do?” asked the mother.

“Do you have any clothes to be washed? “asked the servant.

2)在”be +adj+不定式”结构中。如easy, comfortable，dangerous,

difficult,hard,heavy, important等。

The chair is very comfortable to sit on.

3)不定式to let, to seek, to blame等。

Nobody was to blame for the accident.

3表示状态特征的连系动词。如look,feel,smell,taste,sound, prove, appear等

Good medicine tastes bitter.

4某些动词用其主动形式代被动。如want,need,require等

The classroom wants cleaning.

5形容词worth 后直接加动名词时。

The novel is worth reading.

练 习

1 Scientists think that the continents __ always where they __ today.

A aren’t; are B aren’t; were

C weren’t; are D weren’t; were

2 The discussion___alive when an interesting topic was brought in.

A was coming B had come

C has come D came

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3 –-If the traffic hadn’t been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 o’clock.

---What a pity! Tina__ here to see you.

A is B was C could D has been

4 She __her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for a better job.

A would change B has changed

C changed D was changing

5 ---Did you tell Julia about the result?

---oh, no, I forgot. I___ her now.

A will be calling B---Are you still busy?

----Yes, I___ my work, and it won’t take long.

A just finish B am just finishing

C have just finished D am just going to finish

6 Turn on the television or open a magazine and you __ advertisements showing happy

families.

A will often see B often see

C are often seeing D have often seen

7 ---Are you still busy?

----Yes, I___ my work, and it won’t take long.

A just finish B am just finishing

C have just finished D am just going to finish

8 Because he shop__, all the T-shirts are sold at half price.

A has closed down B closed down

C is closing down D had closed down

9 The manager had fallen asleep where he ____, without undressing.

A was laying B was lying C had laid D had lied

10 –I took a picture of you just now.

-- Really? I__with attention.

A didn’t look B wasn’t looking

C am not looking D haven’t looked

11 The car __ at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about nine

o’clock tonight.

A went B is C goes D will be going

12 By the time Jane gets home, her aunt__ for London to attend a meeting.

A will leave B leaves C will have left D left

13 The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste like anything I __ before.

A was having B have

C have ever had D had ever had

14 They __ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we __ it

as no good results have come out so far.

A had been working; are still working.

B had worked; were still working

C have been working; have worked

D have working; are still working

15 --How much of the lesson did you understand?

-- Not a bit. I wish I__

A could work B worked C had worked D work

16 When Mark opened the door, he saw a woman standing __he before.

A never saw B had never seen

C never sees D has never seen

15

17 Now that she is out of a job. Lucy _going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.

A had considered B has been considering

C considered D is going to consider

18 According the art dealer, the painting ___ to go for at least a million dollars.

A is expected B expects

C expected D is expecting

19 ---Why did you leave that position?

---I ___ a better position at IBM.

A offer B offered C am offered D was offered

20 –How much can you pay me for the job?

-- You __ 2000 yuan.

A will pay B are paying C will be paid D are paid

21 With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth__ each year.

A is washing away B is being washed away

C are washing away D are being washed away

22 --- The dinner was delicious.

---I agree. I am so full

----That’s too bad. But some dessert___.

A has ordered B will be ordered

C has been ordered D was going to be ordered

23–George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?

---No, I __ .Did they have a big wedding?

A was not invited B have not been invited

C hadn’t been invited D didn’t invite

Keys:

CDBCB ABCBB DCCAC BBADC DCC

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高三英语语法复习（三）

动 词（下）

情态动词

1. can

1． 表示“能力”.

I can swim.

The little boy can’t speak.

Can you drive a car?

2． 陈述句中表示“客观可能性”

It is usually hot in summer in Nanchang, but it can be cool sometimes.

Advertising can be helpful.

3． 疑问句和否定句中表示主观推测，“可能”/ “不可能”

Can he be at home on holiday?

It can’t be Mr. Lee. He has gone to Beijing on business.

4． 表示“请求和允许”

--- Can I keep the book for a month?

--- Yes, you can.

You can go out to play after you have finished your homework.

5． 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。主要用在否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。

How can you be so careless!

Can this be true?

This can’t be done by Linda.

2. could

1． 表示“能力”； 还可以用was / were able to ，都表示过去的一般能力，但要表示已经成功完成某事时，只可用was / were able to 。

He could speak English very well.

I am sorry I wasn’t able to help you yesterday.

2． 疑问句和否定句中表示主观推测，“可能”/ “不可能”。用在过去时态中，口气比can更加不肯定；用在现在时间比 can更婉转。

Could he remember me?

He couldn’t be over fifty years old.

3． 表示“请求和允许”。主要用于疑问句，可表示委婉客气的提出问题，答语应用can。

--- Could I use your bike?

--- Yes, you can. / No, I’m afraid not.

4． 可以用could(can) + have done 结构的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的

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事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”。在此结构中，用或没有时间上的差别，都表示说话人的更加“不肯定”语气。其肯定形式could (can) + have done表示“本来可以做而实际上未能做某事”。

Can they have won the game?

Who you saw at the meeting couldn’t have been Mr. Green. He was watching

the game with me at that time.

You could have done better. But you didn’t try your best.

3. may

1． 表示请求、允许、许可，注意答语。

You may go now.

--- May I open the window?

--- Certainly. / Yes, please. 或

---No, you mustn’t. / Please don’t.

2． 表示主观推测“可能性”，不可用于疑问句。

He may not realize his mistake.

3． 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。

May you succeed!

4. might

1． 表示请求、允许、许可。

He told us that we might drop in at any time.

2． 表示主观推测“可能性”，不可用于疑问句。

He might catch a cold.

3． 可以用might (may) + have done 结构表示对过去事情的推测，认为某事在过去可能发生，might 语气更加婉转或不肯定，意为“可能做过”

He might (may) have stayed at home that day.

You might (may) have had much trouble in doing that.

5. must

1． 在肯定句中表示说话人的主观看法“必须”。在疑问句中询问对方意志，注意答语。

--- Must I hand in my homework now?

--- Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.

We must obey the traffic rules.

2． 在肯定句中表示主观推测“可能性”，语气比may肯定得多。

I have 10 eggs in all. I remember I have eaten 9. There must be one egg left.

3． 在否定句中表示“禁止”。

You mustn’t play in the street.

4． 可用must + have done 结构表示对过去事情的推测，只能用于肯定句中，“一定干了某事”，而且比may 要肯定得多。

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He looks excited. He must have got the good news.

6. have to

1． 表示客观外界情况使得“必须”、“不得不”，与must相比有更多的时态。

It is raining hard. We have to stay at home.

You don’t have to save much money. Your parents can support themselves.

7. need

1. 作情态动词，表示“需要”，主要用于否定句和疑问句，注意答语。（在肯定句中用must, have to, ought to, should等。）

You needn’t write down the new words on the blackboard.

--- Need he come on Sunday evening?

--- Yes, he must. / No, he needn’t.

2. 用needn’t + have done 表示过去做了但实际上并不需要做某事。

You needn’t have waited for me for such a long time.

3. 用didn’t need to do 表示没有必要做而且实际上也没有做某事。

I didn’t need to clean the windows. My sister did it.

4. 作为实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化。

The desk needs repairing.

The tables don’t need to be repaired.

8. dare

1. 作情态动词，主要用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句，表示“敢于”。

He dare not tell the truth.

Dare you go out alone on a dark evening?

I am sure you will succeed if you dare do it.

How dare you say I’m unfair!

He said he dared not wake his father.

2. 作为实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化。

He dares to go out alone at night.

He didn’t dare to tell his father.

9. ought to

1. 表示“有必要、有义务”做某事；表示“应该”比语气重。无人称或时态变化。

We ought to be strict with our students.

You oughtn’t to drink too much.

--- Ought he to pay attention to his handwriting?

--- Yes, he ought (to). / No, he ought not (to).

2. 用ought to have done表示过去某事应该做而没有做；ought not to have done表示不该做某事而做了。

I ought to have called you up this morning and you wouldn’t have missed the

train.

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We oughtn’t to have wasted so much time in watching TV last night. Now we

have so much work to do.

10. shall

1. 用于二、三人称表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、威胁等。

You shall be given a beautiful present on your birthday.

You shall obey the order.

You shall be punished sooner or later.

2. 用于第一、第三人称疑问句，表示说话人征求对方意见或向对方请示。

Shall we begin our lesson?

Shall the newspapers be handed in?

11. should

1． 表示“劝告”、“建议”、“命令”等。同义词为ought to。在疑问句中常用should代替ought to。

We should study hard.

Should I open the window?

2． 有时表示“预测”、“可能”。

--- Mum, I’m on the bus already. I should be back home in 10 minutes.

3． Should + have done 的肯定形式表示过去应当做某事而没有做；否定形式表示过去某事不该发生而发生了。

--- I was alone at home yesterday.

--- You should have come to my house.

--- You shouldn’t have stayed at home alone yesterday.

4． 表示推测。

He should have finished the work by now.

5． 用于虚拟语气中。

It + be + natural ( necessary, strange, important, surprising , insisted,

suggested, ordered 等) + that … 从句结构中一般应使用should + 原形动词。

It is necessary that we should know how to operate the computer.

12. will

1. 表示“意志”、“意愿”、“打算”、“决心”等。

I will never do that again.

He said, “ I won’t take up too much room.”

I will go and send the coat to your son.

2. 表示一种习惯动作或状态，请求，但没有would婉转。

Will you please do me a favor?

Will you come here and have a rest?

3. 表示推测。

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You will forger what you have promised.

4. will + have done结构表示推测，主要用于第二、三人称，表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。

He will have arrived by now.

13. would

1. 表示过去时间的“意志”、“意愿”、“打算”、“决心”等。

His theory was so advanced that few people would accept it.

They asked us if we would do that again.

2. 可以用于现在时间第二人称，表示说话人的意志或向对方提出请求、建议等，但语气比will婉转。

Would you please tell me how I can get to the station?

Would you like a cup of coffee.

3. 表示过去或反复发生的动作，比used to正式，且没有“现在已经没有此习惯”的含义。

Every time he came, he would give me a present.

After he got up in the morning he would got out to the park for a walk.

14. used to

1. 表示过去常常干某事，但现在已经没有此习惯。

I used to have a cup of coffee in the bar when I was in the university.

15. had better

1. 表示客观外界情况使得 “不得不”，may as well 比had better 更婉转，意思是“不妨，无妨”。

You had better tell her the truth.

You may as well know the truth.

16. would rather

1. would rather + 动词原形，否定词放在rather 后。

I would rather stay here and have a good rest than go skating.

He would rather not tell us the truth.

2. would rather + have done 表示要是做过某事就好了， 表示后悔或遗憾等语气。

I would rather have taken his advice yesterday.

3. 接从句，句子一般要用虚拟语气。

I would rather you knew that now.

I would rather I hadn’t known the news.

练 习

1. --- There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.

--- It ______ a comfortable journey.

A. can’t be B. shouldn’t be

C. mustn’t have been D. couldn’t have been

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2. Jonny, you ______ play with the knife, you ______ hurt yourself.

A. won’t ; can’t B. mustn’t; may

C. shouldn’t ; must D. can’t; shouldn’t

3. The fire spread through the hotel very quick but everyone _______ get out.

A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to

4. --- I stayed at a hotel while in New York.

--- Oh, did you ? You _______ with Barbara.

A. could have stayed B. could say

C. should stay D. must have stayed.

5. Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.

A. must B. may C. can D. will

6. ----Shall we go skating or stay at home?

----Which ___ do?

A. do you rather B. would you rather

C. will you rather D. should you rather

7. ---Could I borrow your dictionary?

---Yes, of course, you____.

A. might B. will C. can D. should

8. ---Shall I tell John about it?

---No, you ___. I've told him already.

A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't

9. ---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.

---______.

A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't

10. Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.

told telling D. having told

11. Since it is already midnight, we______.

A. had better leaving B. ought to have leave

C. should take our leave D. might as well leave

12. ____ you be happy!

A. May B. Can C. Must D. Would

13. Must we come tomorrow?

A. No, you can't B. No, you needn't

C. No, you mustn't D. No, you may not

14. You ___miss the lesson, though we___ have it on Thursday.

A. dn't B. ustn't

C. ustn't D. dn't

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15. To succeed in a difficult task,_____.

A. one needs to work hard B. to work hard is needed

C. you need be a hard working person D. to work hard is what one needs

16. In case I______, I would try again.

A. will fail B. would miss C. should fail D. shall miss

17. ______ open the door for you ?

A. Would you like that I B. Do you want that I

C. Will I D. Shall I

18. He doesn’t have to work tomorrow, but you have got to,___ you?

A. don’t B. haven’t C. haven’t got D. can’t

19. ---Why! I couldn’t get you on the phone this morning.

---We ____tennis in the yard when you phoned me.

A. could be playing B. must be playing

C. must have been playing D. should have played

20. ----Do you still remember when we went to the great wall

----I can’t remember it well, but____ it have been sometimes last may?

A. should B. must C. could D. would

21. Why didn’t you tell me there was no meeting today? I ___ all the way. Here

through the heavy snow.

A. needn’t have driven B. can’t have driven

C. must have driven D. shouldn’t have driven

22. It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack ______ be here at any moment.

A. must B. need C. should D. can

23. He said he would rather not _____ it right now.

A. doing B. to do C. do D. to be doing

24. You _____ to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do.

A. needn’t to come

B. don’t need come

D. needn’t come C. don’t need coming

25. You’d better ______ late next time.

A. don’t B. not be C. not being D. won’t be

Keys: 1. D.2. B. 3. D. 4. A. 5. B. 6. B.7. C. 8. A. 9. B. 10. A.

11. D.12. A. 13. B. 14. A. 15. A. 16. C. 17. D. 18. B.19. C. 20. C.

21. A. 22. C. 23. C. 24. D. 25. B.

23

高三英语语法复习（四）

数词

对数词的掌握在于如何灵活运用，这主要包括具体数字，非具体数字，年代，年龄，时间，分数，百分比的表达形式。通常在听力或在作文中考查。

考点归纳

一，基数词

1基数词表示法

13-19 都已teen结尾，20—90十位数的整数以ty 结尾，十位数与个位数之间用连字号“-” fifteen eighteen twenty thirty-one forty fifty

1 基数词可作主语，宾语，定语和同位语

Four workers have finished their task ahead of time.(主语)

They used to learn hundreds of songs by heart.(宾语)

There are 21 different sports in the 2008 Shanghai Special Olympics.（定语）

They three went to the zoo together.（同位语）

2 hundred, thousand, million, billion

1)前面有具体的数字时，不能用复数形式，后面也不能跟of 短语。

如：一百个鸡蛋a hundred eggs，三百万个苹果 three million apples。

2)如果hundred,thousand,million,billion前面有several,some,many,a few等词修饰时，一般用单数形式，如：几千个细胞a few thousand cells：

3)但若后跟of 短语时，要用其复数形式。

如：几百人several hundred people= several hundreds of people

还指不确切数字“许多” hundreds of ,thousands of ,millions of 。

3 dozen 和score 用法

1)dozen的用法和hundred,thousand,million,billion的用法相同。

如：three dozen socks三打短袜

2)score的用法比较特殊，其前面有具体数字时一般不用复数形式，这时起后常和of短语连用，如：60个鸡蛋three score of eggs；但有时也可省去of ，如：60年 three score years

3)当表示“许多”，不指确切数字时，可以用dozens of ,scores of ,hundreds

of ,thousands of ,millions of 。

4数词表示年龄的用法：

1）“at the age of +基数词”表示“在某人多大岁数的时候”。如：

我在12岁的时候离开了故乡

I left my hometown at the age of 12.

2）“in+one’s +整10的复数”表示“在某人几十多岁时”如：

他50多岁的时候从事什么职业？

What did he do in his fifties?

5数词也可以表示倍数

1)倍数用在形容词或副词的比较级（+than），如：

这辆车的速度是那辆车的六倍。

This car runs six times faster than that one.

2)倍数用在形容词原级比较的第一个as前面。

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我的书是你是书的三倍。

I have three times as many books as you do.

3)倍数用在表示度量的名词前。如：

地球是月球的49倍大。

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.

注意：表示为“倍数+ +度量词+表示比较对象的名词，还可以表示用语倍数+what引导的从句。如：铁路的长度是十年前的三倍。

The length of the railway is three times what it was ten years ago.

6 数词常与名词连用构成复合定语，中间要用连字符，而且只用名词的单数形式。如： 四周的假期a four-week holiday

7 “every+基数词+时间/距离单位”词， 表示“每多少时间/距离”如：

每三年every three years

8 another+基数词+复数名词，基数词+more/other+复数名词表示“又，再”

再四个星期another four weeks

9 基数词可表示编了号的事物

203号房间 Room 203

368页 Page 368

42路公共汽车 Bus No.42

电话：3222511 .322251

二 序数词

1一般由基数词加“-th”构成。序数词前加the表示顺序.

如：第八课the Eighth Lesson=Lesson Eight

1） 在第一到第十中除first,second,third外其余在基数词后加th。

记住fifth ,eighth,ninth,twelfth

2) 第二十以上十位整数构成法是把基数词词尾-ty中y的改成i再加-eth.

如：twenty—twentieth forty—fortieth

百千也是加-th hundredth thousandth

3) “几十几”变为序数词，仅变个位为序数词。

如：thirty-four---------thirty-fourth

4）序数词的简写形式为阿拉伯数字加序数词结尾的两个字母。

如：1st 2nd 3rd 4th 10th 21st 83rd 100th

2序数词前加a/an 表示“又一，再一”

再一次西湖旅游 a second trip to the West Lake

3序数词可作主语，宾语，定语，表语

第一个是较好的

The first is better. （主语）

在悉尼奥运会上，中国队共获28枚金牌，在所有参赛国中名列第三。

In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals and ranked the third of all the

competing countries（宾语）

第三组比第二组大

The third group is larger than the second.（定语）

谁是第一个提出这个问题的人？

Who was the first to ask the question? （表语）

三．分数，百分比

1．分子为基数词，分母为序数词。分子大于1时，分母用复数。如：

三分之二 two thirds

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类似”三个中的两个”可读成：two in three two out of three

2．百分数由基数词加percent或per cent构成，percent没有复数形式。如：

百分之九十 90 percent

四．年，日,时刻的表达

1年代前用in

1）in +基数词 “表示“在某一年”。如: 在1980年 in 1980

2）“in +the +年代+s”表示“在……世纪……年代。如：

在20世纪80年代in the 1980s

2日期既可用基数词也可用序数词。如：3月5日

March 5(th)=March (the) fifth=the fifth of March

日期前用on 如：在1月20 日 on January 20

3 时刻表示法通常用介词at

1)表整点

如： 在6点钟 at six

2)不到半小时或半小时用past，超过半小时用 to

如：9:28 twenty-eight past nine 10:30 half past ten

四点差一刻 a quarter to four 两点差一分 one to two

3) 还可用以下读法

如：6:15 six fifteen 11:54 eleven fifty-four

五，加，减，乘，除的表达

6+3=9 six plus/added to three is /makes/equals nine.

6-3=3 Six minus three is /equals/leaves three.

6x3=18 Six times three is/equals eighteen

6/3=2 six divided by three is two.

六 小数的表达

小数点前后用基数词，小数点读作point ,如：

98.57 ninety-eight point five seven

练 习

1 China is __larger than the United States.

A one six B one sixth C one sixes D one sixths

2 There were __ people in the hall.

A two scores of B scores of

C two and score D two scores

3 I’ve told him of that__

A a hundred time B hundred times

C hundred of times D hundreds of times

4 He stayed in __ last night.

A Room 306 B The Room 306

C the 306 Room D 306th room

5 – How long will you stay there?

--____.

A Two and half weeks B Two and a half week

C Two weeks and a half D A half and two week

6 The teacher asked us to write __ about our hometown .

A a six-hundred –word composition

B a six hundred words composition

C a six hundreds words composition

D a six hundreds word composition

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7 Ten hours__ enough time to spend writing that paper.

A is B are C have been D were

8 He bought __ boxes of apples.

A two dozen of B two dozens of

C two dozen D two dozens

9_____ of the area _____ covered by trees.

A Three fourths; are B Threes fourths; are

C Threes fourths; is D Three fourths; is

10 The seagull ate up ___ locusts in a short while.

A two hundred of B several hundreds of

C two hundreds D hundred of

11 The __paragraphs want rewriting.

A one fifth B first one

C first four D two thirds

12 ___ people have visited the ___ stone bridge.

A Two millions of ; 500-foot-long B Several millions of ;500-feet-long

C Two million of; 500-feet-long D millions of; 500-foot-long

13 ---How many eggs would you like, Madame?

----Well, I want___ these.

A three dozen B three dozen of

C three dozens D three dozens of

14 Every few ___ along the Great Wall there are some watch towers.

A hundreds metres B hundreds of metres

C hundred metres D hundred of metres

15 In __ Marx began to learn Russian.

A a 1870 B 1870s

C year of 1870 D the 1870’s

16. He did it ___it took me.

A one-third a time B one-third time

C the one-third time D one-third the time

17. Many students signed up for the __ race in the sports meeting to be held next week.

A 800-metre-long B 800-meters-long

C 800 metre length D 800 metres length

18. What a table! I’ve never seen such a thing before. It is __ it is long .

A half no as wide as B wide not as half as

C not half as wide as D as wide ad not half

19. John is the tallest boy in the class, ___ according to himself.

A five foot eight as tall as B as tall as five foot eight

C as five foot eight tall as D as tall five foot eight as

20. It is reported that the United States uses __ energy as the whole of Europe.

A as twice B twice much

C twice much as D twice as much

21. At a rough estimate, Nigeria is __ Great Britain.

A three times the size of B the size three times of

C three times as the size of D three times the size of

22.___ of the land in that district __ covered with trees and grass.

A Two fifth; is B Two fifth; are

C Two fifths; is D Two fifths ;are

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23. __cave that Jack has discovered in his lifetime is near the Alps.

A The hundred B A hundred

C The hundred D Hundredth

24. —When did Mary finally get to the theatre?

----Just before the end of ___.

A the act second B act second

C act two D the act two

25. ---What’s the date today?

---It’s ______

A the July fourth B fourth July

C of July the fourth D the fourth of July

26. --- How wide is the table?

---- It’s ____

A three feet and one half foot B three and a half feet

C three and one half feet D three and one half foot

27. What did you do during __ of the week?

A first three days B the first three days

C first third days D the first day

28. I didn’t go to her birthday party yesterday evening, because __ I changed my

mind.

A on a second thought B by second thoughts

C on second thoughts D on the second thoughts

29. Jackie bought half a pound of tea and __ coffee.

A one quarter of pound of B one quarter of a pound

C a quarter of a pound of D a quarter of a pound

30. As a football player, John is second ___ none.

A to B in C from D of

31. Everything is not in good order but__

A at sixes and sevens B by ones and twos

C by twos and threes D at sevens and eights

32. Don’t all rush out at once, __ please.

A each at one time B One by one

C One for each time D One at one time

33. The Pear River’s flow into the sea is only __ to that of the Yangtze.

A the second B second

C a second D two

34. Every year ___ foreign visitors come to China.

A tens of thousands of B ten thousands of

C over ten thousands D thousands upon thousands

35. The little boy’s father bought him a ___ racing bicycle for his progress in study.

A five-speeds B five-speeded

C five-speeding D five –speed

BBDAC AACDB CDBCD DACBD DCCCD

BBCCA ABBAD

28

形容词和副词

一、形容词

形容词的作用是修饰名词、代词、表示人或事物的性质特点或所处的状态。

1、形容词的作用和位置

（1）作定语。

① 多个形容词的顺序排列：

限定词、描绘性形容词、大小、形状、年龄、颜、国籍、材料、动名词。

a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella

如果两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，看与被修饰词的关系密切的靠近名词，如果重要性差不多，音节少的放前。

a small but beautiful room

②一般形容词作定语放在名词前面，但是如果修饰something, everything, nothing等不定代词和指示代词those时则放在后面。

③present ，alike, alive, alone, , else, left放在被修饰名词的后面

（2）作表语。

与系动词be, grow, become, turn, go, get, feel, appear, prove, seem, look, keep, remain,

stay, smell, taste,sound, lie, stand等连用。

① 单独作表语。The soup tastes good.

② 和介词搭配作表语。He’s good at maths.

③ 和不定式连用。I’m glad to hear the news. The book is easy to read. She is

afraid for her son to go swimming alone. It is kind of you to say so.

④ 接that从句. I’m afraid that I can’t come.

(3) 作宾补。 We found him dead.

(4) 作状语，表示伴随、原因、结果等。He went to bed, cold and hungry.

(5) the+adj. 指一类人或物，也可以指一抽象概念可以相当于名词，在句中可充当主语。the rich, the beautiful

2、复合形容词

a two-hour trip a three-year-old boy a four- storeyed building a full-time job

a kind-hearted man a good-looking man a newly-born baby a dark-blue coat

a English-speaking country a man-made satellite a world-famous writer

3、以ly结尾形容词

friendly lonely ugly weekly daily

4、既可作形容词也可作副词的词

early late fast high deep wide hard most loud

二、副词

1、副词的分类

时间副词now, usually, often,always

地点副词here, there, home,everywhere

方式副词hard, well,fast, slowly

程度副词very, much, still, almost

疑问副词what, when, why, where

关系副词when, where, why

连接副词how, whether, when等。

2、副词的位置。

（1）时间地点副词一般放句尾，如同时出现则后时间先地点，但是也可以把时间副词放句首。I met him in the park yesterday. Yesterday I met him in the park.

29

ever, never, already, always, often, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarecely等副词通常放在行为动词之前，放在情态动词，助动词和be动词之后

(2)程度副词一般放在被修饰词之前（除enough）He is very careful.

(3)方式副词修饰不及物动词时放其后; 修饰及物动词时可放其前也可放在该动词所带宾语之后。He works hard. He speaks Englsh fluently.

(4)副词修饰名词时放其后; 修饰介词短语时放其前(well, right, just, only, soon);

修饰整个句子时放句首。

The person there is looking for you. There is the house, right in front of you.

Luskily, he wasn’t hurt in the accident.

3、副词的作用

(1) 表语。Time is up. Class is over.

(2) 定语。The person there is looking for you.

(3) 状语。He runs very fast.

(4) 补语。Let the dog out.

三、考点。

1、形容词和副词的原级的相关用法。

① enough: I have enough time.

He is old enough to go to school. .

② Generally / frankly / truly speaking, highly developed , increasingly cold

③ as + adj. + （名词） + as + 数词 as far as, as long as, as ear ly as many as, as

much as The quake killed as many as 200 people.

④倍数表达法 The road is three times as long as that one.

The road is three times the length of that one.

The road is twice longer than that one.

⑤ the same … as… too… to…

⑥ so + adj./ adv. + that… such + n. + that…

so + adj. / adv. + as to do

so many / much / few/ little + 名词

such a + 单数n. no such + 无冠词的名词.

⑦ so / too / as + adj. + a + 单数名词 It’s too hot a day.

⑧ can't … too / enough / more

You can’t be too careful when crossing the road, I can’t thank you maore.

⑨ wide awake, sound asleep

⑩ this/ that + adj. / adv.

2、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级。

（1） ①单音节和少数er, ow 结尾

longer/longest, cleverer/ cleverest, slower/slowest

②nicer/nicest, heavier/heaviest, bigger/biggest

③双音节多音节词， 通过加后缀形成的形容词和副词

more slowly/most slowly

④better/best, more/ most, less/least, farther/farthest

further/furthest, worse/worst, elder/eldest

（2） 比较级相关用法

① The earth is bigger than the moon

② 比较级前用much, a lot, a great deal, far, , a bit, a little, enen, still, yet修饰,

30

否定句和疑问句中也可以用any修饰；by far 放比较级后面或者用by

far+the +比较级

He is much taller than me.

He is taller by far than Tom. He is by far the taller of the two boys.

③ less + 原级+ than He is less rich than his brother.

④ a + 比较级和the + 比较级+ ( of the two)的区别

Which is the larger country, China or Japan?

The coat is too big. Can you show me a smaller one?

⑤ not 和no 连接比较级的区别。

She is not taller than Kate. She is no taller than Kate.

⑥ 比较级+and+比较级, more and more +原级

colder and colder, more and more popular

⑦ The + 比较级…, the + 比较级…

⑧ 形容词的比较级 + than + any other + 单数名词

形容词的比较级 + than + any of the other + 复数名词

Shanghai is larger than any other city in China.

Shanghai is larger than any of the other cities in China.

⑨ more / less +原级 + than + 原级 She is more shy than nervous.

(3) 最高级相关用法

① the + 最高级 + of / among / in

② one of + 最高级 + 复数名词

③ 序数词 + 最高级

④ 最高级前可以用下列词修饰：by far, almost, nearly, by no means,

not quite, nothing like

⑤ a most + 原级和 the most + 原级的区别

It is a most beautiful city, but not the most beautiful city.

⑥ 最高级前通常加定冠词the, 但是以下几种情况不加。

She is my youngest sister. I like apples best.

Most people like music. I am most grateful to you.

⑦ It couldn’t be any better.

⑧ 形容词最高级前通常要有定冠词the 修饰，副词最高级前通常省略the .

(4) 容易混淆的词

① alone/ lonely alive/ living/ live/ lovely/ lively

② high/ highly full/ fully close/ closely wide/ widely deep/ deeply

hard/ hardly most/ mostly late/ lately/ latest near/ nearly

③ possible/ probable/ likely

④ pleasing/ pleasant/ pleased

⑤ sometime/ some time/ sometimes/ some times

⑥ no longer/ no more not … any longer/ any more

⑦ much too/ too much

⑧ How far/ How soon/ How often/ How long

⑨ quite/ rather/ very/ fairly

⑩ quiet/ still/ silent

练 习

1. The students are ____ young people between 16 and 20.

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A. most B. mostly C. almost D. at most

2. She told us ___ story that we all forgot about the time.

A. such a moving B. so a moving C. so a moving D. a so moving

3. Are you feeling ____?

A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better

4. If there were no exams, we should have ____ school.

A. the happiest time B. a more happier time

C. much happiest time D. a much happier time

5. Tom is going camping with ____ boys.

A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two

6. Can you believe that in ____ a rich country there should be ____ many poor people?

A. such, such B. such, so C. so, so D. so, such

7. He has written some short stories, but he is ____ known for his plays.

A. the best B. more C. better D. the most

8. ____ to take the course will learn a lot.

A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students

C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave

9. It is generally believed that teaching is ____ it is a science.

A. an art much as B. much an art as

C. as an art much as D. as much an art as

10. Last night we met with ____ rain at he station.

A. a quite heavy B. too heavy a C. such heavy a D. a so heavy

11. The apple tastes ____ and sells ____.

A. good, good B. well, well C. good, well D. well, good

12. When they heard the bad news, they all looked ____ at me and felt ____.

A. sad, sad B. sadly, sadly C. sad, sadly D. sadly, sad

13. This is a ____ clock.

A. anice Swiss little B. nice little Swiss C. little nice Swiss D. Swiss nice little

14. She spent ____ time studying.

A. much so B. so much C. such much D. such many

15. He is ____ to come to help us.

A. possible B. probable C. likely D. possibility

16. Our neighbour has ____ ours.

A. as a big house as B. as big a house as

C. the same big house as D. a house the same big as

17. As I know, there is ____ car in this neighborhood.

A. no such B. no a C. not such D. no such a

18. The house rent is expensive. I’ve got about half the space I had at home and I’m

paying ____.

A. as thtee times much B. as much three times

C. much as three times D. three times as much

19. ---- I’m very ____ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.

---- Mm, it does have a ____ smell.

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A. pleasant, pleased B. pleased, pleased

C. pleasnant, pleasant D. pleased, pleasant

arrived at the station, ___.

A. worried and happily B. tiredly and hungrily

C. tired but happy D. tired and hunger

21. Of the two students, Jane is ____ one, I think you can find her easily.

A. tallest B. the taller C. taller D. the tallest

22. One thousand dollars is a lot of money, but it’s ____ than we need.

A. far more B. very much C. far less D. very little

23. If the doctor had not been here yesterday, ____ babies would have died.

A. the all poor little B. all the poor little

C. the poor all little D. all the little poor

24. Please keep ____ for a moment. And let me take a photo.

A. calm B. still C. silent D. quiet

25.I think you will become a famous singer ____.

A. some times B. sometimes C. sometime D. some time

26. How ___ can you finish the drawing?

A. often B. soon C. long D. rapid

27. He doesn’t sing ____ as the other boys in his class.

A. so well as B. as good like C. as well kike D. so good as

28. These days lots of people are working ____ to get ____ for their living.

A. hard enough, enough money

B. enough hard, money enough

C. enough hardly, money enough

D. hardly enough, enough money

29. ---- I didn’t do well in the wxam. How about you ?

---- I did ____ you.

A. not better than B. as well as C. no worse than D. no better than

30. ____ wonderful music it is!

A. What B. How a C. What a D. How

Keys:

BABDC BCCDB CDBBC BADDC BCBBC BAADA

高三英语语法复习（五）

33

主谓一致（s-单数； pl-复数）

1. 单词：

① 表示整体，谓语S；表示个体，谓语PL。

army， audience, class, club, committee, company, couple, crew,

crowd, enemy, government, group, family， party， population, public,

staff， team…

eg：The young couple is happy.

The young couple are quarrelling with each other.

② 谓语只能用PL。

cattle，folk， people，police，（the）youth…

③ 谓语只能用S。

scenery， clothing， jewellery…

④ 单复数同形的名词依据他们的修饰语来确定。

aircraft, deer, means, sheep, species, works, series, Chinese, Japanese…

eg: Every means has been tried. Many works were shut down.

⑤ 一些常用作复数或只有复数的名词. PL

clothes, trousers, shorts, scales, goods, arms, surroundings, doings, odds, thanks,

woods, savings, remains…

但是如果用a pair of 修饰时根据pair的单复数来定。

⑥-ics表示学科, 谓语S; 但表示性能, 活动, 现象时, 谓语PL.

eg: Economics is a study of production and consumption.

The economics in this country are stable.

⑦a pack of , a flock of , a school of , a swarm of…有整体/个体之分.

Eg: A flock of sheep were running into the road and causing confusion among

the traffic.

A pack of wolves was following them closely.

⑧a kind of, a series of, a species of , a piece of, a bottle of+ n., 谓语S.

⑨分数或百分数以及most of, mass of, some of, half of, all of, the rest of, the

majority of, lots of, a lot of, plenty of…+n. 谓语由该N. 来决定.

注意:

⑴a quantity of, quantities of ;

eg: A quantity of books / water is on the table.

Quantities of books / water are on the table.

⑵a large amount of, large amounts of+ Un

eg: A large amount damage was done I a very short time.

Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.

⑶a number of , the number of,

⑷One and a half bananas is left on the table.

2. the +adj,/doing/done

① 表示一类人, 谓语PL.

the poor, the English(总称)

② 表示个别人和不可数的事物和抽象概念时, 谓语S.

eg: The dead was about fifty years old.

The beautiful is the ideal of life.

The worst ,the latest, the unknown, the evil, the beautiful…

3. 就前一致: as well as, along with, together with, but, with, except, besides, like,

including, no less than, rather than, more than, accompanied by, in addition to,

combined with

eg: The teacher as well as the students likes this painting.

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4. 就近一致: or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but…, there be…

5. 表示时间,距离, 价格,度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时,谓语S.

eg: Fifty years is not a long time.

Two hundred tons of water were used last month.(主语有复数含义)

6. 四则运算PL/ S皆可.

但是用from, multiplied by, into , divided 时, 谓语只能用单数.

Eg: 8 from 10 leaves 2.

25 divided by 5 equals 5.

2 into 8 goes 4.

5 multiplied by 8 equals 40.

7. 关于and

①and连接的两个名词做主语时, 指同一个人或通常由两个部分组成的物品时或表示同一概念时,谓语S;

eg: The poet and singer has come.

Truth and honesty is the best policy.

War and peace is a constant theme in history.

A watch and chain, a desk and chair,….

eg. The fourth and the last paragraph __are___ well written.

The fourth and last paragraph __is___ well written.

②如果一个U名词被两个adj.修饰,指两样东西,谓语PL; 如果指同一样东西,谓语S.

eg: English and German grammar are different.

Cool and fresh wind is blowing from the south.

③用and连接的两个单数名词作主语, 若前面有each, every, no等修饰, 谓语S.

eg: No teacher and no student is admitted.

④both…and… 用PL.

8. more than one…或many a + n+ 谓语S

但more +n（pl）+than one+ 谓语PL。

9．代词作主语：

①疑问代词等做主语时，who，what，which 谓语可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单复数。

eg： Who lives next door？It is Xiao Liu.

Who live next door? It is Zhang and Liu.

②不定代词等作主语时, 有两种情况:

⑴all 指代人时用PL指代物时用S.

eg: Now all has changed. All are present.

⑵littele, much, either, neither, each, either of… neither of… each of…通常用S.

(3)such , the same, some, more, none和名词性物主代词作主语时， 谓语 S/PL取决于其所指的内容的单复数。

eg： Such is our plan.

Such are his words.

(4)both, few, many代词作主语时用PL.

(5)everything, something, anything, nothing, everybody, somebody, anybody, nobody等作主语用S

9. 定语从句:

①先行词为one of the boys, the only one of the boys

eg: This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.

He is the only one of the students who has got this honor.

②先行词为代词, 从句谓语要与代词保持一致.

35

eg: I, who am wrong, should apologize to him.

Each one of us who are now living is to witness remarkable scientific

discoveries.

10. 书名,剧名,报纸名, 国名,组织名等作主语, 谓语S.

eg: The Uniterd Nations is an international organization.

11. 山脉, 岛,瀑布等等作主语, 谓语PL.

eg: The Philippines lie on the southeast of China.

The Olympics are held every four years.

12．The doctor’s, Tom’s作主语用S，the Smiths作主语用PL.

13．动词不定式, 动名词, 主语从句作主语, 视个数而定.

eg: When and where to go is unknown to all.

14． 由what引导的主语从句, 谓语一般用单数;但若从句谓语或从句后的表语是复数,谓语用PL.

eg: What we need it time.

What we need are qualified teachers.

15． 主语与肯定主语一致。

I, not he, know the news.

Mary, perhaps you is going to Beijing to attend the meeting.

16． 倒装句的谓语动词单复数看后面的主语。

In front of the house stands a tree.

17. 含有kind的词组作主语时看情况定。

This kind of snakes is dangerous. These kinds of metal are rare.

Men of this kind.

练 习

only I but also Jane and Mary ____ tired of the lecture.

A. is B. are C. am D. be

2. A library with five thousand books ____ to the nation as a gift.

A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered

number of people invited ____ fifty, but a number of them ____ absent for some

reasons.

A. were, was B. was, was C. was, were D. were, were

of the fruit ____ bad.

A. are B. has C. is D. have

rich ____ not always happy.

A. is B. are C. has .

6. Mary as well as her sisters ____ Chinese in China.

A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study

7.____ either of your parents come to see you recently?

A. Have B. Had C. Has D. Is

____ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.

A. is B. are C. has D. have

Arabian Nights ____ well known to the English.

B. are C. was D. were

is the only one of the students who ____ elected.

A. are B. have C. is D. has

a man ____ come to help us.

A. are B. have C. is D. has

____ present and all ____ going well.

A. is, is B. are, are C. is, are D. are, is

trousers ____ old, but this pair of trousers ____ new.

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A. is, is B. are, are C. is, are D. are, is

and a half bananas ____ thrown away.

A. is B. are C. has D. have

following ____ some other examples.

A. is B. are C. was D. were

whole class ____ the teacher attentively.

A. are listening to B. are listening C. is listening to D. is listening

17.I have finished a large part of the book, the rest of which ____ more difficult.

A. is B. are C. was D. were

they were wrong in this matter ____ now clear to us.

A. is B. are C. was D. were

amouts of water ____.

A. is needed B. are needed C. has needed D. have needed

20.A professor and writher ____ coming to our school next week.

A. is B. are C. was D. were

of this kind ____.

A. tastes good B. tastes well C. taste good D. taste well

22. No bird and no beast ____ in the lonely island.

A. are seen B. is seen C. see D. sees

our class ____ given an English name.

A. we each was B. each of us has C. each of us were D. we each were

g but cars ____ in this shop.

A. are going to sell B. were sold C. are sold D. is sold

miles ____ a long way to cover.

A. were B. are C. seem to be D. is

Keys:

BACCB CCAAC DDDAB AAABA CBDDD

高三英语语法复习（六）

倒装句

37

提醒：近年高考对倒装句的考查主要是通过否定意义的连词或副词开头的句型进行的。既考查完全倒装结构，又考查部分倒装句式。

一、全部倒装

全部倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。该结构常用一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：

1. here, there, now, then thus等副词置于句首， 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等。

如：There goes the bell.

Then came the headteacher.

2. 表示运动方向的副词如in, out, up, down, away 等开头的句子，或句首状语为表示地点的介词及词组，常常引起全部倒装。

如 Out rushed a mouse from the room.

注意：上述结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。

如：Here he comes.

Away they went.

二、部分倒装

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词放到主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does, did,并将其置于主语之前。

1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom,little, hardly, at no time, in

no way, not until…, not only… but also, hardly…when, scarcely…when,no sooner …

than等。

如：Never is he late for school.

Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.(主句倒装，从句不倒装)

Not only did he refuse the gift, he also criticized the student. (not only部分倒装，but also部分不倒装)

2. so, neither, nor 等引起的部分倒装。

表示“也”、“也不”的句子要部分倒装。

如：If you won’t go, neither will I .

Tom can speake French. So can Jack.

注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以肯定，表示“的确如此”时，不用倒装句。

Tom asked me to go to play with him and so I did.

3. only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句等作状语放句首时，要部分倒装。

如：Only in this way can you learn English well.

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注意：如果句子是主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。

如：Only when he is seriously ill , does he ever stay in bed.

4. as, though 引导的倒装句

as, though引导的让步状语从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。

注意：

1句首名词不能带任何冠词； ○2句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实○义动词一起放在主语之前。

如：Child as he is, he knows a lot.

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

3让步状语从句中，有though,alough时，后面的主句不能有but，但是though和○yet可以连用。

5. 其他情况。

1so …that句型中的so 位于句首时，要倒装。 ○如：So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

2在某些表示祝愿的句型中。 ○如：May you all be happy.

3在虚拟语气条件句中，从句谓语动词有were, had, should 等词，可将if 省略，○把were, had, should移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。

如：Were I you, I would try it again.

练 习

1. _______ a MD walkman on the desk.

A. There was B. it has C. it is D. There is

2. Here ______ you.

A. is a ticket for B. has a ticket

C. is a ticket of D. has a ticket of

3. Out ______, with a stick in his hand.

A. did he rush B. rushed he

C. he rushed D. he did rush

4. In ______ and class began.

A. came the teacher B. is coming the teacher

C. the teacher came D. the teacher is coming

5. Little ______ about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself.

A. does he care B. did he came

C. he care D. he cared

6. No sooner ______ than it began to rain heavily.

39

A. the game began B. has the game begun

C. did the game begin D. had the game begun

7. --- I don’t think I can walk any further.

--- ______. Let’s stop here for a rest.

A. Neither am I B. Neither can I C. I don’t think so D. I think so

8. Only by practicing a few hours every day ______ be able to master the language.

A. you can B. can you C. you will D. will you

9. ______ can you expect to get a pay rise.

A. With hard work B. Although work hard C. Only with hard work D.

Now that he works hard

10. ______, he doesn’t study well.

A. As he is clever B. He is as clever

C. Clever as he is D. As clever he is

11. ______, he knows much.

A. Young he is B. Young as he is

C. As young he is D. Young as is he

12. ______, he can’t educate his child.

A. Teacher as he is B. Teacher is he

C. A teacher as he is D. Is he a teacher

13. So carelessly ______ that he almost killed himself.

A. he drives B. he drove C. does he drive D. did he drive

14. ______ in recent years that it has almost become a rule.

A. So often for this to happen B. So often this has happened

C. So often is this happened D. So often has this happened

old couple have been married for 10 years and never once ______ with each

other.

A. they had quarreled B. they have quarreled

C. have they quarreled D. had they quarreled

16. Only in this way ______ to make improvement in the operating systems.

A. you can hope B. you did hope

C. can you hope D. did you hope

17. ______ can you expect to get a pay rise.

A. With hard work B. Although work hard

C. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard

18. ______ Snacks and drinks, but they also brought cards for entertainment when they

had a picnic in the forest.

A. Not only they brought B. Not only did they bring

C. Not only brought they D. Not only they did bring

40

19. So fast ______ it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.

A. light travel B. light travels that

C. does light travel that D. light does travel that

20. On no account ______ out of the reading-room.

A. may these magazines take

B. may these magazines be taken

C. these magazines may take

D. these magazines may take

21. Seldom ______ her feelings.

A. she showed B. did he show

C. did she showed D. has she showing

22. ______, she has seem much of the world.

A. Young as she is B. As she is young

C. Young she is D. Though young as she is

23. ______ like that again, he would be punished.

A. Act should be B. Act he should

C. Should he act D. Were he act

24. Little ______ what trouble she was going to leave.

A. did she know B. she knew

C. does she know D. will she know

25. Scarcely ______ out of the house ______ I heard a shout within.

A. I had stepped; then B. did I step; than

C. have I stepped; when D. had I stepped; when

1. D. 2. A. 3. C. 4. A. 5. B.6. D. 7. B. 8. D. 9. C. 10. C.

11. B. 12. A. 13. D. 14. D. 15.C. 16. C. 17. C. 18. B.19. C. 20. B.

21. B. 22. A. 23.C. 24. A. 25. D.

It的用法

1. 可指代上文提到过的事物或that/this.

41

Can you see the building with a red roof? It’s teaching building.

－What’s this? －It’s a car.

注意：it, one, that的区别：

It用于指代上文出现的同名同物的事物，one/that则指代同名异物，且one为泛指的单数的事物，而that则指代特指的单数事物或不可数名词。如：

The watch you bought yesterday is very nice. I like it very much, so I’m

considering buying one.

I wanted a house, especially one with a garden.

No bread is sweeter than that we ourselves earn.

The room is much larger than that on the second floor.

2. 可用于替代上文提及的短语或句子

He wanted to persuade him but found it impossible.

－He is always a diligent student. －I know it very well.

3. 用于指代时间、距离、天气、环境等

4. 用于指代不知性别的人或婴儿

5. 作形式主语常见的句型有：

(1) It is +adj.+ (of/ for sb) to do…

其中adj既可指to do的特征，又可指sb的特征时用of，若只能指to do的特征时用for

(2)It is + n. + (for sb) to do

(3)It is no use/ no good/ useless+ doing…

(4)It is +n./ adj. + that 从句（若adj.为important, necessary, strange, essential等时应用should+ V的虚拟语气）。

(5)It seems/ appears+ that…

(6)It seems +adj. +that

(7)It is said/ reported/ believed/ supposed/ thought/ hoped/… that… （it is

suggested that…从句应用should+ V的虚拟语气）

6. 作形式宾语

(1)主语+think/ feel/ make/ find/…+ it adj.+ (of/ for sb) to do…

n. + (for sb) to do

no use/ no good/ useless+ doing…

n./ adj. + that 从句（若adj.为important,

necessary, strange, essential等时应用should+ V的虚拟语气）

(2)like/ enjoy/ love/ hate/…+it +从句

I like it that everyone has a house to live in.

(3)动词+介词+it+从句

I’m think of it whether I should lend him money.

7. 用于强调句型 It is/ was+强调部分（主语、宾语、表语、状语）+that/（who若强调部分是人时用）+ 其它

常见的考点为：

(1)对主语的强调

It was he who told me the news.

(2)对主语的强调，应注意谓语动词应与被强调的主语在人称和数上的一致。

It is you who are in charge of the operation.

It is I who am in charge of the operation.

42

(3)对特殊疑问句的强调 Who was it that told you the news?

(4)在从句中出现对特殊疑问句的强调

He will told me who it was that told him the news.

(5)含定语从句的强调句型

It was in the park where the old couple met for the first time that

they told us their love story.

8. 常见的含it的句型：

(1)It is/ will be +一段时间+ before从句（常用一般现在时）

It was/ would be +一段时间+ before从句（常用一般过去时）

(2)It is/ has been +一段时间+since从句（常用一般过去时）

It was/ had been +一段时间+since从句（常用过去完成时）

（注意：若since从句的谓语动词是瞬间动词，翻译时照字面译，若是延续性动词则应译成否定。）

It is three years since I came here. 自从我来这以来有三年了。

It is three years since I lived here. 自从我不住在这以来有三年了。

(3)It is +the first time + that从句（常用现在完成时）

It was + the first time +that 从句（常用过去完成时）

(4) It is (high) time + that从句（用虚拟语气，用一般过去时或(should)+V）

for sb to do…

for sth.

(5) It takes/ took sb. +一段时间/ patience/ courage/… +to do

(6) It cost/ costs sb. + sm. to do …

(7)It was not until… that从句

练 习

16. When I try to find ____ that prevents so many people from taking part in the

program, it seems to me that there are two main causes.

A. why it does B. what it does C. what it is D. why it is

17. It was ____ I went there ____ I began to know something about the matter.

A. until, when B. until, that C. not until, that D. not when, that

18. －He was nearly drowned once. －When was ____?

－____ was in 1998 when he was in middle school.

A. that, It B. this, This C. this, It D. that, This

19. I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.

A. this B. that C. it D. one

20. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made ____ from some wood

we had.

A. it B. one C. himself D. another

21. The chairman thought ____ necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the

meeting.

A. that B. it C. this D. him

22. The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but ____ didn’t

help.

A. it B. she C. which D. he

23. ____ is our belief that improvement in health care will lead to a stronger, more

prosperous economy.

A. As B. That C. This D. It

24. Catherine bought a postcard of the place she was visiting, addressed ____ to ____

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and then posted it at the nearby post office.

A. it, her B. it, herself C. herself, her D. herself, herself

25. －Do you like ____ here?

－Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.

A. this B. these C. that D. it

26. －Who is making so much noise in the garden? －____ the children.

A. It is B. They are C. That is D. There are

27. I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have ____.

A. it B. those C. them D. one

28. ____ is the sun that gives off light and heat, ____ makes ____ possible for plants to

grow.

A. It, that, us B. This, that, it C. It, which, it D. That, which, us

29. －What do you think of the furniture on exhibition?

－Well, great! But I don’t think much of ____ you bought.

A. the one B. it C. that D. which

30. I’ve learned ____, no matter what happens and how bad ____ seems today, life

goes on and it will be better tomorrow.

A. that, it B. it, that C. it, it D. that, that

Keys：CCACB BADBD ADCCA

高三英语语法复习（七）

虚拟语气

44

英语中语气有三种：陈述语气、虚拟语气和祈使语气。

虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不是表示客观存在的事实。

一、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句和主句中

1． 表示与现在事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去时（be动词的过去式用were）”，而主句中的谓语动词用“would / should/ could / might

+ 动词原形”。如：

If I were a boy, I would join the army.

If she had time, she should go with you.

2． 表示与过去的事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句中的谓语动词则用“would / should / might / could +不定式的完成时”。如：

If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the competition.

If I had known her telephone number, I would have called her.

3． 表示与将来事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时或should(were to) + 动词原形，而主句中的谓语动词则用would / should/could

might + 动词原形。如；

If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off.

If I saw him tomorrow，I would pass your note to him.

If it should rain tomorrow, I might get lost.

4． 混合条件句：当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，这时主、从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。如：

If they had worked hard, they would be very tired.(从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在)

If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be able to run fast.(同上)

附：以下表格是虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时，主句和从句谓语动词的形式：

条件状语从句 主 句

与过去事实相would/should / could/might + have + 过had + 过去分词

反 去分词

与现在事实相一般过去时(be用were) would/should/could/might + 动词原形

反

与将来事实相一般过去时或should(were

would/should/could/might + 动词原形

反 to) + 动词原形

5．省略if的条件状语从句：如果条件状语从句含有系动词were或助动词should或had，有时候在使用时可省略if,从句则可换成下列形式，即“were / had /

should +主语”。如：

Were I a boy, I would join the army.

=If I were a boy, I would join the army.

Had he taken my advice, he would have succeeded.

=If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded.

Should it rain, the crops would be saved..

=If it should rain, the crops would be saved.

二、虚拟语气用于名词性从句中

1． 虚拟语气在某些动词的宾语从句中的运用。

（1）wish

“wish + 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，译为“要是……就好了”等。

表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时（be动词的过去式用were）；

表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形”；

表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时

或“could(should) + 不定式的完成时”。如：

I wish it were spring all the year round.

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I wish I had known the answer.

I wish I could fly like a bird.

（2）在表示建议、要求、命令等一类的动词如suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist 、request、command、order等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should + 动词原形或是动词原形。如：

She suggested (that)we (should)leave here at once.

The doctor ordered she should be operated on.

He insisted that you (should) be seated there.

注意：①当suggest不表示“建议”而是表示“暗示”“认为”“可能”“使人联想起”时，宾语从句中的谓语动词用陈述语气。如：

Her expression suggested that she was angry.

②当insist不表示“坚持让某人做某事”时，宾语从句中的谓语动词用陈述语气。如;

He insisted that he were better. (insist此处表示“坚持说，坚持认为”)

2．虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。

作表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advice、idea、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request、requirement等的表语从句和同位语从句，从句中的谓语动词用“（should） + 动词原形”。如：

His suggestion that we (should)go to Shanghai is wonderful.

My idea is that they (should)pay 100 dollars.

His order is that the cloth (should)be woven right now.

3．虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。

(1)It is necessary that……的句型中。在这类句型中，这些做表语的形容词或名词表示情绪、观点。这时，主语从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气“（should）

+ 动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、理应如此等含义。这一类形容词或名词有：necessary, important, natural, strange, surprising, a pity，no wonder,

a shame等。如：

It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that we should clean the room

every day.

It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.)that you should be so careless.

(2)It is ordered/suggested that……的句型中。在这一类句型中，主语从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气“（should） + 动词原形”的结构。这一类的动词有：suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist 、request、command、order等。如：

It is ordered that the cloth (should)be woven right now.

注意：这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述句语气。如：

It is a pity that you can’t swim.

三、虚拟语气在其他从句中的运用

1．在as if/as though引导的状语从句中的用法：从句中的谓语动词用过去时（be动词的过去式用were）或过去完成时表示虚拟语气。如：

He looks as if he were ill.

He looked as if he were ill.

He spoke as though he had known it.

注意：（1）as if 从句的虚拟语气动词的时态不受主句动词的支配。

（2）as if 从句中表达的意思时真实的要用陈述语气。如：

2． 在It is (high)time (that) …从句中的用法：从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或should + 动词原形，表示“(现在)该……”，但此时should不可省略。如：

It’s time that I picked up my daughter.

It’s high time we should plant trees there.

3．在if only句型中的用法：句中的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或过去完成时，

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表示“要是……该有多好啊！”如：

If only I were a bird.

If only I had taken his advice.

4．would rather 的从句后面用过去时表将来。如：

I would rather you told me the truth.

5．表示祝愿或诅咒的祈使句。如：

May you succeed!

God bless you!

练习

1．You are late．If you a few minutes earlier,you him．

A．came；would meet B．had come；would have met

C．come；will meet D．had come；would meet

2．I enjoyed the movie very much．I wish I the book from which it was made．

A．have read B．had read C．should have read D．am reading

3．I can’t stand him．He always talks as though he everything·

A．knew B．knows C．has know D．had known

4．He was busy yesterday，otherwise he to the meeting．

A．would come B．would have been

C．could have been D．would be

5．What would you do if the war __________ ?

A. is broken B. will break out

C. were to break out D. would break out

6． the fog，we should have reached our schoo1．

A．Because of B．In spite of C．In case of D．But for

7．The two strangers talked as if they friends for years．

A．should be B．had been C．have been D．were

8．_______, I would take an umbrella with me.

A. Had I been you B. I were you

C. Were I you D. I had been you

9．His tired face suggested that he really tired after the 1ong walk．

A．had been B．was C．be D．should be

10．0ur chairman hasn’t come yet．If he on time，we would have to put off the

meeting．

A．should come B．would come C．shouldn’t come D．doesn’t come

11. It is required that you ____ at six..

A. will arrive B. arrive C. arrived D. would arrive

12． here yesterday，he would attend the lecture with us today．

A．Had he been B．If he were C．Were he D．Should be he

13．The teacher requires Rose by heart 15 English words each day．

A．1earn B．to learn C．must learn D．1earning

14. If I __ you, I ___ more attention to English idioms and phrases.

A. was/ shall pay B. am/ will pay

C. would be/ would pay D. were/ would pay

15. If only I _____ how to operate an electronic computer as you do.

A. had known B. would know C. should know D. knew

16 . Jane's uncle insisted ____ in this hotel any longer.

A. not staying B. not to stay C. that he not stay D. staying not

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17. I’d rather you ___ right away.

A. leave B. left C. will leave D. to leave

18. Without electricity human life _____ quite different today.

A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be

19 It’s high time that we ___ to school.

A. would to B. went C. go D. will go ．

20. He insisted that he really very tried and that he to have a rest．

A．was；be allowed B．was；must be allowed

C．should be；must be allowed D．should be；be allowed

21. It is really strange that the girl ___ so early.

A. has been married B. has married

C. be married D. would marry

22. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she __________, she would have met my brother.

A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come

23. The teacher agreed to the advice that the students ___ two weeks to prepare for the exam.

A. give B. should give C. be given D. would be given

24. If we had not missed the bus，we lunch at home now．

A．would have had B．would have

C．must be having D．would be having

25. The Jade Emperor ordered that the Monkey King _____ right away.

A. would be arrested B. must be arrested

C. be arrested D. had to be arrested

Keys:

l-5 BBABC 6-10 DBCBC 11-15 BABDD 16-20 CBDBA 21-25 CDCDC）

高三英语语法复习（八）

名词性从句

48

提醒：近年高考对名词性从句的考查不仅是从语法角度，而且更加注重前后逻辑关系。

一、主语从句

1. 一个从句在连词的引导下，在主句中作主语，叫主语从句。

如：That you are leaving is a pity, isn’t it?

When we’ll go out depend on the weather.

2. 为了保持句子平衡，主语从句常用it作形式主语，将主语从句后置。

如：It is a pity that we can’t go.

It is reported/ said/ well-known/ announced/ believed/ certain/admired that …

二、表语从句

在句子中充当表语的句子叫表语从句。可接表语从句的连系动词有be,

seem,appear. become, turn,get等。 注意连词that 不能省略，另外要注意as if, as

though,because, why等也可以引导表语从句。

如：The reason is that he got ill that day.

That is why he got angry with me.

三、宾语从句

从句在句中充当宾语的句子叫宾语从句。在宾语从句中，语序要注意是陈述句语序；主句与宾语从句之间时态要相互照应。

在考试中常考查1. that的省略；2.否定转移；3.虚拟语气的应用；4.含有宾语从句复合句的反意疑问句。

四、同位语从句

1. 从句在句子中充当同位语的句子叫同位语从句。能接同位语的名词常见的有belief, fact, idea, doubt, news, conclusion, reason, opinion, possibility, promise,

cause, explanantion等。

2. 注意区别由that引导的同位语从句和定语从句。

I’ve heard the news that he told you the other day. (定语从句)

I’ve heard the news that he visited our factory.( 同位语从句)

练 习

1. _______ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.

A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. whoever

2. ______ made the school proud was ______ more that 90% of the students had been

admitted to key university.

A. What; because B. What; that C. That; what D. That; because

3. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ______ I disagree.

A. why B. where C. what D. how

4. --- Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?

--- Oh, that’s ______.

A. what makes me feel excited

B. whatever I feel excited about

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