1. 一般情况下加s map —maps
2。 s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词加 —es bus—buses 【stomach(胃)———stomachs;epoch(新时期)—--epochs】
3. 以y结尾的名词,变复数时 a. 以辅音字母+y, 变y 为i 加es baby—babies
b。 专有名词或元音字母+y, 直接加s two Marys, monkeys
【Dry禁酒论者---drys , standby 后备人员-——standbys】
a。 加s, photo-photos
b. 加es,Negro, hero, potato, tomato, volcano, tornado, torpedo, veto, mosquito,
a. 去f或fe 加ves,half-halves
b. 加s,gulf/cliff/roof/grief chief/belief/proof/safe +S
a。 man—men woman—women child-children foot—feet tooth-teeth
goose-geese mouse—mice louse - lice ox - oxen
b。 an Englishman-two Englishmen. 【但German-Germans,human—humans】
**c。 外来名词:criterion—criteria(标准);phenomenon—phenomena(现象);analysis—analyses(分析);basis-bases(基础);crisis—crises(危机);
thesis-theses(论文);bacterium—bacteria(细菌);Medium –media(媒介物);
4. 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时
5。 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时
6. 名词复数的不规则变化
7。
单复
同形
名词
8.
集
体
名
词
deer, sheep, fish, shark, giraffe, buffalo, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, Swedish, Danish, means,
series, species, aircraft, staff, li, jin, yuan, two li, three mu, four jin除了中国度量衡和货币之外,美元,英镑,法郎等都有复数形式。the English, the Chinese,表示国民总称时,谓语用复数。【—ese, -ish结尾的国家人单复同形.】
2 pieces of fish 2 fish
2 pieces of glass
penny(便士)
2 fishes
2 pairs of glasses
Pennies(个数)
2 glasses
pence (价值)
A单数类集体名词:
意思为复数,但谓语用单数humanity 人类clothing 衣服glassware 玻璃器具machinery 机械mankind 人类equipment 设备jewelry 珠宝poetry 诗baggage 行李furniture 家具luggage 行李pottery 陶器
B复数类集体名词:以单数形式出现,但实为复数,谓语用复数. faculty, poultry, folk, people, police等本身就是复数,谓语动词复数。不能说 a people和a police,但可以说a person和a policeman 【a people–two
peoples】
C单复同形类集体名词谓语单复数由意思决定army; audience; bacteria; cast; class, committee; community;
company; council; crew; data; enemy; family; flock; gang; government; group; herd; jury; media;
navy; opposition; police; press; public; staff ; team; youth
单数:My family is big family。
复数:His family are all music lovers。
9。 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词
10. —表示由两部分构成的东西
-以ing结尾的词
a. maths,politics,physics学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。
b. news 是不可数名词。
c。 the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。
d。 某些疾病mumps 腮腺炎 measles 麻疹
e。 活动名称billiards /cards /darts
如:glasses, trousers, clothes, slippers 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair; suit,
a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers。谓语单复数取决于数量词pair单复数.
belongings; surroundings; doings; earnings; findings; savings;;
1
-其他复数
11。 复合名词的复数
contents; arms; fireworks; wages; forces; remains; valuables; stairs; sweets
a. 由man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式前后都变复数
Woman teacher—women teachers
b。 中间无连字号也没间隔的复合名词变复数,将最后一个名词变复数
housewife-housewives; greenhouse—greenhouse
c。 中间有连字符号或间隔的复合名词,将主要的词变成复数
passer-by-passers-by; mother—in-law—mothers-in—law
d. 复合名词中的单词没有名词时,则在最后一个单词的词尾+s
go—between—go—betweens, has—been—has-beens (过时的人或物)
thanks to; give regards to; take pains; with best wishes; have words with; in high
spirits; in all directions; shake hands with sb; make preparations for; make friends
with; congratulations (to sb) on (doing) sth
12。 用复数的固定词组
常见的不可数名词有:
--物质/材料:air; beancurd; beef; blood; bread; butter; chalk; chicken; chocolate; cloth; coal; coffee; corn; cream;
daylight; cotton; dirt; dust; energy; cheese; fibre; fog; food; fruit; flesh; four; glass; gold; grain; grass; hair; honey;
iron; kerosene; lightning; meat; milk; money; moustache; mud; music; mutton; hay; oxygen; paper; pork;
porridge; powder; rain; ice; rubbish; salt; sauce; silver; steam; steel; storage; sugar; sunrise; sweat; thirst;
thunder; water; wheat; wind; wood; wool; soap; vinegar; wine; soup;
baggage; clothing; furniture; luggage; jewelry; equipment; electricity; homework;
——抽象:time; noise; information; knowledge; progress; trouble; fun; courage; luck;patience;poverty; wealth;traffic;waste;
quality; advice; attention; business; citizenship; danger; darkness; death; depth; damage; comfort; education;
disappointment;
experience(经验); freedom; future, goodness, graduation; grammar; happiness; health; hunger; imagination;
importance;
justice; kindness; luck; measure; labour; humor; permission; pressure; practice; pleasure; population; sickness;
smoking;
sorrow; starvation; treatment; truth; use; willingness; wisdom; weather; work; housework; pollution;
****【牢记以下纯不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用:weather, fun, space(太空), advice, word=news, progress,
................................................information, news】
................不可数名词也可以直接加-s等表示复数,但它的意义也有所变化,用来指一些具体的事物.
-—Cake is a kind of food。 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) ——These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃. (可数)
--This factory produces steel。 这个工厂生产钢铁。(不可数) --We need various steels。 我们需要各种钢材。(可数)
——Our country is famous for tea。 我国因茶叶而闻名。(不可数) —-Two teas, please。 请来两杯茶.(可数)
water(水) — waters(水域),
sea(海) - seas(海域)
sand(沙子) - sands(沙漠)
wood(木头) - woods(树林)
damage(毁坏) - damages(赔偿金)
good(好处) - goods(货物)
time(时间) — times(时代)
custom(风俗) - customs(海关)
advice(建议) — advices(通知)
force(力量) — forces(军队)
return(回来) - returns(统计表)
green(绿) — greens(青菜)
light(光) — lights(灯)
iron(铁) — irons(熨斗)
glass(玻璃) — glasses(玻璃杯)
freedom (自由) —four freedoms (特指“四大自由”)
2
minute(分钟) — minutes(记录) necessity(必要性) - necessities(生活必需品)
manner(态度) — manners(礼貌) modernization (现代化) — the four modernizations (特指“四个现代exercise(锻炼) - exercises(体操、练习) 化”)
paper(纸) — papers(文件) spirit(精神) - in high spirits(情绪)
character(性格)— characters(汉字、符号) custom(习俗) - customs(海关)
experience(经验) - experiences(经历)
****修饰可数名词不可数名词的词或短语
只修饰可数名词的词或短语:
Many;several;few /a few; a great(good) many; a number of; a large(great) number of; (large/great) numbers
of
只修饰不可数名词的词或短语:
Much little a great amount of a little a bit of a good(great) deal of
修饰可数名词和不可数名词的词或短语:
Some enough most a lot of lots of plenty of
Much too + adj v。s too much + n
****可转化为可数名词的抽象名词
抽象名词一般为不可数名词,不能和冠词连用,但以下这些抽象名词加a/an 表示具体的事物或人
honour; death; pleasure; success; failure; comfort; surprise; worry; beauty; wonder; envy; shock; shame; regret;
joy; danger; shame; pity; experience;
抽象名词部分
1. Of+抽象名词=相应的形容词
A man of sense=a sensible man;…of wealth=a wealthy man;…of experience=an experienced;…of courage=a courageous
2. of + 表示大小、长短、深度、高度、年龄、颜、材料
We are of the same age。 The two dresses are of different materials。
3. in + height/ length/ size/ width/ depth
The lake is about 60 meters in depth. The rope is 10 meters in length。
4. by the hour/ by the dozen
We are paid by the hour. Energy is measured in calories。
5. with/ in / by/ on + (great + )抽象名词 = (very +)副词
I met Lisa by accident (=accidentally) in London.
不可数名词的计量形式:
不可数名词没有词形变化,需要计量时,可用of连接相应的表量单位词,并加以数词和变表量单位词为复数的形式来表示
不可 a glass of water a piece of bread
two glasses of water four pieces of bread
❖ 但现代英语中,单位词的用法有变化 two coffees(= two cups of coffee); two ices(= two pieces of ice)
chalk a cake of soap
jewellery a drop of water
news a fit of anger
bread a lump of sugar
阳性+ actor — actress; prince - princess
ess, inewaiter - waitress; hero — heroine
等表阴性 host — hostess; emperor - empress
author - authoress; poet - poetess
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数名词表量的形式
furniture a slice of cake
equipment a glass of wine
a piece of luggage a suit of clothes
information a sack of flour
advice an article of furniture
clothing a bar of chocolate
paper a loaf of bread
mail a burst of laughter
名词的性
以er, or结尾表主动;以ee结尾表被动
trainer — trainee; employer - employee
examiner - examinee; tester — testee
interviewer — interviewee;
investigator - investigatee;
promisor(立约者) — promisee(守约者)
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