印加帝国(IncaEmpire)

印加帝国（Inca Empire）

印加帝国（克丘亚语：tawantin宿豫或tahuantinsuyo）是11世纪至16世纪时位于美洲的古老帝国，其版图大约是今日南美洲的秘鲁、厄瓜多尔、哥伦比亚、玻利维亚、智利、阿根廷一带。首都设于库斯科。帝国的重心区域分布在南美洲的安地斯山脉上。

信仰

主条目：印加宗教

印加帝国主要信仰太阳神因蒂，并自认为太阳神的后裔。传说中太阳神派了他的一对儿女曼科卡帕克和马奥克约向印加人民教导历法、律制等。每年的6月24日是印加帝国最重要的节日－太阳节，印加人民会在这个时候把自己的农作物和家畜献祭予太阳神，感谢太阳神每年赐阳光到大地，令动物可以成长和农作物可以丰盛。

中美洲墨西哥的阿兹特克人与印加人一样，都是膜拜太阳神。而尤卡坦半岛的玛雅人则不然，玛雅人是膜拜羽蛇神（但印加人也有类似羽蛇神的神祇：创世神－维拉科查，以如同白人般形象出现）。而玛雅人和阿兹特克人都有大规模活人献祭的宗教仪式，印加人倒没有，印加人会把自己贵重的物品，黄金，或者农作物和家畜献给神明，偶尔以活人献祭。

[编辑]印加人的食物

印加人的主食主要是平地玉米和8000英呎高地的马铃薯（马铃薯的原产地是的的喀喀湖），相对于旧世界来说，印加人的肉食并不丰富，食用烤天竺鼠。薯片和奇扎啤酒则是印加人的特食品，这两种食品的制作方法在今天的眼光来看，是很不卫生。但当时的印加人却认为这是珍馐佳肴。制作方法如下：

1。薯片

先把收成后的马铃薯放在地上一日一夜，让其水份蒸发。接着再接集起来，让工人不断践踏这些乾马铃薯，令其变成片状或块状，完成后不要收集，让这些已被践踏成块状的马铃薯再蒸发内里的水份。几天后，就会有人将这些马铃薯收集，这就是印加式的薯片。印加人会将这些薯片放在谷仓中，食物短缺的时候就可以用来应一时之急在节日庆典时，也可以拿来当祭品献给神灵们。

2。奇扎啤酒

将温水倒满一个大罐，放在阳光猛烈的地方，再收集大量的小麦，然后由一些少女拿起这些小麦放在口中咀嚼，把这些小麦嚼成糊状物之后就吐在温水中，之后让这罐充满小麦糊的水放在原地发酵，最后就会变成糊状的啤酒，这就是奇扎啤酒，印加人会在庆祝的时候拿出来喝。

[编辑]文明

根据考古发掘，当时印加帝国有青铜器皿和刀、镰、斧等劳动工具，其冶炼铸造技术相当精巧。印加人也有发达的农业灌溉系统，绵延的驿道等。考古学家大都认为印加人的建筑技术、医学、织布和染技巧相当发达。

文学方面，印加有一首长诗《奥扬泰》。诗中记述英雄奥扬泰在印加王帕查库蒂时期，爱上了印加王的女儿，并请求印加王赐婚，但被受阻挠的故事。此诗在15世纪被改编成戏剧。1770年至1780年间被西班牙传教士用拉丁文记载下来。

他们唯一的家畜是羊驼和骆马。

印加人有自己的语言，可是却没有一套书写文字的系统。印加人利用绳结记录法来代替文字，这就是所谓的”奇普”。美国哈佛大学的考古学家格里·乌尔顿认为”奇普”是一种会意文字。

印加帝国的版图可以说是所有美洲古国（包括玛雅和阿兹特克中最大的一个为了保持帝国中各个城邦的交流），

The Incas built a large number of roads across the Andes,

rainforests, rivers, connecting the polis. The reason why the

Spanish conquerors easily wiped out the city states of the Inca

Empire was largely due to the help of these roads.

[Edit] the military strength of the Inca Empire

The number of troops of the Inca Empire very much, as many as

seven to more than 80000 people, but the use of weapons is very

backward, even more than the medieval European weapons more

backward. The main weapon of Inca soldiers is wooden, stone axe,

javelin, spear, bow and slingshot (ejection of small stones).

When the Spaniard has not reached the American continent, the

Inca Empire is a western region dominated the South American

country, at the time of the Inca soldiers often conquests war

destroyed many tribes in South America area, expand the

territory of the empire. The soldier's weapon against small

South American tribes may still be enough, but when the

Spaniards came to South America, Inca military advantage is

gone for ever.

The Spanish conqueror Pizarro (Pizarro) led the army is a team

of more than 150 people and they want to enter a motley crew,

a total area of about more than 1000 km base in the Bahamas,

the real key to their success lies not in the Spanish firearms.

The use of firearms is when the Spanish soldiers arquebusier

(Matchlock), which is a kind of performance is not outstanding

firearms, fire and reload speed thin, complicated and slow,

then even the best soldiers, every minute can only be installed

on one to two rounds of bullets, this also is to reload speed

without fighting pressure under the condition of a water to do,

and when the army claims, Pizarro only dozens of this type of

guns, little effect. The real reason is because that the Spanish

soldiers winning horses and metal armor. According to the

records of the staff of Pizarro letters, was a priest in the

Inca soldiers under the guard and the Inca King Atahualpa met,

the priest asked Atahualpa whether to accept the baptism of

Christianity, and loyal to the name of God and the Holy Rome

Empire and Kingdom of Spain king, Atahualpa after listen to

great anger, and the priest given in the Bible was thrown onto

the ground. The vicar shouted, and dozens of Spanish cavalry,

who had been lurking around, rushed to Atahualpa. The soldiers

although a lot, but when they saw a kind of not famous animal

charged them, immediately leave the weapons to escape, escape

the Spanish cavalry to kill the Incas, and other Spanish

soldiers rushed to sit on the throne of Atta Val Parra down

immediately. Thousands of Indians were killed by Spanish

cavalry that day. The same is true in the future, according to

the documents at that time, even if the Spaniards only sent

dozens of cavalry to fight, but also to fear the Inca soldiers

scared, abandoned arms escape. The reason the Inca soldiers

were so afraid of horses was that they knew nothing about the

animal, giving the Spaniard a good chance to destroy the inca.

Also, the metal is one of the important factors, the Inca

understanding of metal is not much, a lot of metal only when

used in art and the nobility of the tableware, and at that time

the Incas cast metal technology is not as good as the old people

of the world, let alone will use metal to create a good soldier

armor or weapons, but Spain is not the Inca, cast their much

higher than the Incas, can be made of metal armor for soldiers,

so even to the Inca soldiers of Spanish soldiers sent violent

attacks, often by the Spanish soldier metal armor and steel

helmet off, but only wear cloth Inca soldiers often can not

resist Spanish soldiers in the hands of pikes and swords.