Cohesion and Coherence
Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links
that link one part of a text to another. This includes use of synonyms,
lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical
reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea
previously mentioned. 'First of all', 'then' and 'after that' help to
sequence a text. 'However', 'in addition' and 'for instance' link ideas
and arguments in a text.
Coherence can be thought of as how meanings and sequences of
ideas relate to each other. Typical examples would be general>
particular; statement> example; problem> solution; question>
answer; claim> counter-claim.
What does cohesion mean?
You might think of cohesion as a means of establishing connections
within a text at all sorts of different levels, e.g., section, paragraphs,
sentences and even phrases.
How is cohesion different from coherence? It is difficult to separate
the two. However, think of coherence as the text making sense as a
whole at an ideas level, and cohesion as rather more mechanical
links at a language level. You can imagine that it is possible for a
piece of writing to contain plenty of cohesion yet little coherence.
Cohesion is the glue that holds a piece of writing together. In other
words, if a paper is cohesive, it sticks together from sentence to
sentence and from paragraph to paragraph. Cohesive devices
certainly include transitional words and phrases, such as therefore,
furthermore, or for instance, that clarify for readers the relationships
among ideas in a piece of writing. However, transitions aren't enough
to make writing cohesive. Repetition of key words and use of
reference words are also needed for cohesion.
Cohesion Devices
Lexical level:
Repetition
Word family repeated
Synonyms, antonyms, other word relations
Thematically related words (lexical set)
Substations with one/ones
Grammatical level:
Reference: article, pronouns, normalization
Substitution of clause elements using so, not, do/does/did, etc
Ellipsis of clause elements
Linking words: conjunctions and conjuncts
Comparatives
Verb tense
Rhetorical techniques
Question and answer
Parallelism
Coherence
When sentences, ideas, and details fit together clearly, readers can
follow along easily, and the writing is coherent. The ideas tie together
smoothly and clearly. To establish the links that readers need, you
can use the methods listed here.
Repetition of a Key Term or Phrase
This helps to focus your ideas and to keep your reader on track.
Example: The problem with contemporary art is that it is not
easily understood by most people. Contemporary art is
deliberately abstract, and that means it leaves the viewer
wondering what she is looking at.
Synonyms
Synonyms are words that have essentially the same meaning, and
they provide some variety in your word choices, helping the reader to
stay focused on the idea being discussed.
Example: Myths narrate sacred histories and explain sacred
origins. These traditional narratives are, in short, a set of beliefs
that are a very real force in the lives of the people who tell them.
Pronouns
This, that, these, those, he, she, it, they, and we are useful pronouns
for referring back to something previously mentioned. Be sure,
however, that what you are referring to is clear.
Example: When scientific experiments do not work out as
expected, they are often considered failures until some other
scientist tries them again. Those that work out better the
second time around are the ones that promise the most rewards.
Transitional Words
There are many words in English that cue our readers to relationships
between sentences, joining sentences together. Words such as
“however”,
“therefore”,
“in addition”,
“also”,
“but”,
“moreover”, etc.
Example: I like autumn, and yet autumn is a sad time of the year,
too. The leaves turn bright shades of red and the weather is
mild, but I can't help thinking ahead to the winter and the ice
storms that will surely blow through here. In addition, that will
be the season of chapped faces, too many layers of clothes to
put on, and days when I'll have to shovel heaps of snow from
my car's windshield.
Sentence Patterns
Sometimes, repeated or parallel sentence patterns can help the
reader follow along and keep ideas tied together.
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