CONCEPT概念的诸多释义

CONCEPT概念的诸多释义 WikipediaA concept is an abstraction or generalisation from experience or the result of a transformation of existing conceptis instantiated(reified)by all of its actual or potential instances,whether these are things in the real world or other ts are treated in many if not most disciplines both explicitly,such asin linguistics,psychology,philosophy,etc.,and implicitly,such asin mathematics,physics, informal use the word concept often just meansany idea,but formally it involves the abstraction the mind makes a generalization such as the concept of tree,it extractssimilarities from numerous examples;the simplification enables metaphysics,and especially ontology,a concept is a fundamental category of contemporary philosophy,thereare at least three prevailing ways to understand what a concept is:Concepts as mental representations,where concepts are entities that exist in the brain(mental objects)Concepts as abilities,where concepts are abilities peculiar to cognitive agents (mental states)Concepts as Fregean senses(see sense and reference),where concepts are abstract objects,as opposed to mental objectsand mental states Embodied contentMain article:Embodied cognitionIn cognitive linguistics,abstract concepts are transformations of concrete concepts derived from embodied hanism of transformation is structural mapping,in which properties of two or more source domains are selectivelymapped onto a blended space(Fauconnier&Turner,1995;see conceptual blending).A common class of blends are ct objectsMain article:Abstract objectIn a platonist theory of mind,concepts are construed as abstract debate concerns the ontological status ofconcepts–what they are really the simplest terms,a concept is a name or label that regards or treats an abstraction as if it had concrete or materialexistence.I t is important to realizethat a concept is merely a symbol,a representation of the word is not to be mistaken for the mple,the word"moon"(a concept)is not the large,bright,shape-changing object up in the sky,but only represents thatcelestial ts are created(named)to describe,explain and capture reality as it is known and understood.A priori conceptsMain articles:A priori and a posteriori and Category(Kant)Kant declared that human minds possess pure or a priori d of being abstracted from individualperceptions,like empirical concepts,they originate in the mind called these concepts categories,in the sense of theword that means predicate,attribute,characteristic,or these pure categories are predicates of things in general,notof a particular called those concepts that result from abstraction"a posteriori concepts"(meaning concepts that ariseout of experience).An empirical or an a posteriori concept is a general representation (Vorstellung)or non-specific thought of

that which is common to several specific perceived objects(Logic,I,1.,§1,Note1)A concept is a common feature or investigated the way that empirical a posteriori concepts are logical acts of the understanding by which concepts are generatedas to their form are:/doc/ ,the likening of mental images toone another inrelation to the unity of consciousness;,the going back over different mental images,howthey can be comprehended in one consciousness;and ction or the segregation of everything else by which themental In order to make our mental images into concepts,onemust thus be able to compare,reflect,and abstract,forthese three logical operations of the understanding areessential and general conditions of generating anyconcept gyMain article:OntologyPlato was the starkest proponent of the realist thesis of universal his view,concepts(and ideas in general)areinnate ideas that were instantiations of a transcendental world of pure forms that lay behind the veil of the physical way,universals were explained as transcendent article:Mental representationIn a physicalist theory of mind,a concept is a mental representation,which the brain uses to denote a class of things in is to say that it is literally,a symbol or group of symbols together made from the physical material of the ts are mental representations that allow us to draw appropriate inferences about the type of entities we encounter inour everyday ts do not encompass all mental representations,but are merely a subset of use ofconcepts is necessary to cognitive processes suchas categorization,memory,decision making,learning,and cal theoryMain article:DefinitionismThe classical theory of concepts,also referred to as the empiricist theory of concepts, is the oldest theory about the structureof concepts(it can be traced back to Aristotle), and was prominently held until classical theory of concepts saysthat concepts have a definitional te definitions of the kind required by this theory usually take the form of alist of features must have two important qualities to provide a comprehensive es entailed bythe definition of a concept must be both necessary and sufficient for membership in the class of things covered by a particularconcept.A feature is considered necessary if every member of the denoted class has that feature.A feature is consideredsufficient if something has all the parts required by the r key part of this theory is that it obeys the law of theexcluded middle,which means that there are no partial members of a class,you are either in or ype theoryMain article:Prototype theory

Prototype theory says that concepts specify properties that members of a class tend to possess,rather than nstein describes the relationship between members of a class as family are notnecessarily any necessary conditions for membership,a dog can still be a dog with only three legs. This view is particularlysupported by psychological experimental evidence for prototypicality can judge an item's membership to thereferent class of a concept by comparing it to the typical member–the most central member of the it is similarenough in the relevant ways,it will be cognitively admitted as a member of the relevant class of suggests thatevery category is represented by a central exemplar which embodies all or the maximum possible number of features of agiven -theoryThis theory postulates that categorization by concepts is something like scientific ts are not learned inisolation,but rather are learned as a part of ourexperiences with the world around this sense,concepts'structure relies on their relationships to other concepts asmandated by a particular mental theory about the state of the ing to the theory of ideasthesia(or"sensing concepts"),activation of a concept may be the main mechanismresponsible for creation of phenomenal ore,understanding how the brain processes concepts may becentral to solving the mystery of how conscious experiences(or qualia)emerge within a physical ,the sourness ofthe sour taste of question is also known as the hard problem of ch on ideasthesiaemerged from research on synesthesia where it was noted that a synesthetic experience requires first an activation of aconcept of the /doc/ ter research expanded theseresults into everyday Sci-tech ational Dictionary of Psychoanalysis|2005|Luzes,PedroCOPYRIGHT2005Thomson Wilfred Bion,conception is the result of coupling a pre-conception,an innate a priori idea,and a realization,elements of thereal that are provided by external-sensory or internal-emotional concept is derived from conception throughabstraction and /doc/ nguage and the attributionof a name to a concept unite preconception and realization,preventing any loss of experience in the considersthe concept a conception that has been assigned a concept signifies a growth of the abstraction that enables us toexpand the generalization of psychoanalytic theories,which,as a whole are judged to be too descriptive,ts can be articulated in a deductive scientific system that functions like an Ars Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English|2009The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English2009,originally published by Oxford University ·cept/?k?n?sept/? abstract idea;a general notion:the concept of justice.?a plan or intention;a conception:the centerhas kept firmly to its originalconcept.?an idea or invention to help sell or publicize a commodity:a new concept in corporate hospitality.? idea ormental picture of a group or class of objects formed by combining all their aspects.?[as adj.](of a car or other vehicle)produced as an experimental model to test the viability of new design h Dictionary definitions for idea,esp an abstract idea:the concepts of biology2.(philosophy)a general idea or notion that corresponds to some class of entities andthat consists of the characteristic or essential features of the class3.(philosophy)

conjunction of all the characteristic features of somethingb.a theoretical construct within some theoryc.a directly intuited object of meaning of a predicate4.(modifier)(of a product,esp a car)created as an exercise to demonstrate thetechnical skills and imagination of the designers,and not intended for massproduction or saleWord Origin and History for conceptn.1550s,from Medieval Latin conceptum"draft,abstract,"in classical Latin"(a thing) conceived,"from concep-,past participle stemof concipere"to take in"(see conceive).In a refashioning of conceit(perhaps to avoidnegative connotations). Britannica t,in the Analytic school of philosophy,the subject matter of philosophy,which philosophers of the Analytic school hold to be concerned with the salientfeatures of the language in which people speak of concepts at ts are thus logical,not mental,entities.A typicalinstance of the use of concept is in The Concept of Mind(1949)by Gilbert Ryle,an Oxford Analyst,which implies that thepurpose of the author is not to investigate matters of fact ,by themethods of psychology)about the mind itself but to investigate its“logicalgeography.”(100of138words)DictionarytheA Collins English idea,esp an abstract idea?the concepts of ophy a general idea or notion that corresponds to someclass of entities and that consists of the characteristic oressential features of the ophy conjunction of all thecharacteristic features of somethingb.a theoretical construct within some theoryc.a directly intuited object of ning of a predicate4.(modifier)(of a product,esp a car)created as an exercise to demonstrate the technical skills andimagination of thedesigners,and not intended for mass production or sale.