英语中有些动词后面跟动词时

一、动名词

1. 英语中有些动词后面跟动词时，只能跟动名词而不能接不定式，这些动词有：

admit，acknowledge 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏 ; consider,考虑 avoid 避免 complete

完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy

喜欢 escape 逃脱 prevent阻止 fancy 想象 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind

介意 miss(错过) miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括

stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续

例如： Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?

The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.

Have you considered going abroad for your education?

They don’t want to risk losing their lives.

一些动词词组后也只能接动名词：

feel like， admit to， prefer…to， be(get) used to, be accustomed to，lead to， devote oneself

to， object to， stick to， contribute to， pay attention to， look forward to(to为介词)

It's worth…, as well as, be busy, can't help, It's no use /good，be tired of, be fond of,

be capable of, be afraid of, be proud of, think of / about, hold off, put off,

keep on, insist on, count on / upon, set about, be successful in, succeed in,

be good at, take up, give up, burst out, prevent … from…,

He is used to living in the countryside.

It’s no use talking too much.

The joke is so funny that I can’t help laughing.

I am tired of working here.

2. worth的用法

worth，worthy，worth-while 都为形容词。意为“值得”。

1. ) worth：

be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时，表示“…… 值得……”

The book is worth 100 yuan.

be worth doing sth. “……某事值得被做”

The question is not worth discussing again and again.

2. ) worthy：

be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示“……值得……”

The question is worthy of being discussed again.

be worthy to be done “某事值得被做”

The question is not worthy to be discussed again.

3. ) worth-while：

be worth-while to do sth “值得做某事”

It is worth while doing sth

It is worth while sb to do sth.

3. 在need, want , require, deserve等动词后面用doing的形式，相当于不定式的被动形式，且doing 形式更常用，例如：

Your house needs repairing＝Your house needs to be repaired.

The book deserve reading= The book deserve to be read.

4. 有些动词后接动词不定式和接动名词意义基本不变或变化不大，一般来说，这些动词后接不定式表示特定的具体行为，而接动名词表示长期性或习惯性的行为，这些动词有：love,

like, hate, begin, start, continue,等。例如：

I don’t like watching TV.

I like singing, but I don’t like to sing now.

练习：

1. John didn’t want to risk_____ wet as he had only one suit.

A. getting B. to get C. being got D. to be gotten

2. He will never admit_____ a mistake.

A. having made B. making C. being made D. have been made

3. It’s no good_____.

A. to smoke B. smoking C. smoking D. smoked

4. Li Ming regretted_____ a lecture given by professor.

A. missing B. to miss C. missed D. being missed

5. Your hair needs____.

A. to cut B. to be cut it C. cutting D. being cut

6. I am used to ____ in a noisy room.

A. to working B. work C. to work D. working.

7. Do you feel like____ to a film or would rather____ at home?

A. going, staying B. going, stay C. go, stay D. go, staying

8. On weekend I prefer_____ at home to ____ out.

A. to stay, go B. staying, go C. staying, going D. to stay, going

9. Professor Wang spent four years_____ the book.

A. writing B. to write C. in write D. wrote

10. He decided to put off _____ a lecture to the next week.

A. give B. to give C. giving D. gave

参考答案：ABCAC DBCAC

二、动词不定式

一、动词不定式作宾语：

1. 动词 + 不定式

在英语中，有些动词只能带to的不定式作宾语，而不能接动名词，这类动词常用的有：

afford aim agree appear attempt arrange ask decide bother care choose

come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen

help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend

promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake

例句：

Can you afford to keep a car? 你能买得起一辆车吗？

The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

He was chosen to serve as a senator. 他被选为参议员。

I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

The box is heavy, but I can manage to carry it.这个箱子很重，但是我能扛得起。

She promised never to lie to him again.她许诺再也不对他撒谎了。

例题：

Linda’s mother decided _____ before the normal age, as she had a poor health.

A. retiring B. to retire C. having retired D. to have retired

正确答案选B

二、 动词不定式作宾语补足语

1. 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)

以下的动词可以后面接动词不定式作为宾语补足语：

advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare

drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel

induce wish inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade

remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust

understand urge warn 例句：

Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。

We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。

He advised me to take exercise.他建议我锻炼。

注：hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接动词不定式作为宾语补足语。

例如：“希望某人做某事”不能说 hope sb. to do sth. 可以说 wish sb. to do sth.

不能说He demanded me to give up the chance.可以说 He demanded that I give up the chance.

不能说I suggested him not to go there alone.可以说 I suggested that he not go there alone.

2. to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。

Acknowledge ,believe, consider, think, declare(声称),discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess,

judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.

我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。

例题

Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.

A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented

答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。 此句只说明发明这一个事实，

不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。

三、不定式作主语, it 作形式主语

1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了

类似的形容词还有：easy，difficult，hard，important，possible，impossible，comfortable，necessary，better;

It's so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。

2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。

类似的形容词还有：kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful,

thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)

It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。

注意：

1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型

2) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型

(对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。

(错)It is to believe to see.

四、不定式作表语

不定式可放在 be 动词后面，形成表语。例如：

My work is to clean the room every day.

His dream is to be a doctor.

五、不定式作定语

不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：

I have a lot of work to do.

注：I have a lot of work to do不能写成 I have a lot of work to do it.

不定式短语作定语时，务必不能丢掉其固有的介词，例如：

I have a baby to look after不能写成 I have a baby to look.

若不定式与所修饰的词有动宾关系（被动关系），与另一词有主谓关系（主动关系），往往用主动形式表达被动含义：

He has a meeting to attend. 他要去参加会议。（attend the meeting动宾关系，he attend主谓关系）

I have many things to do.

They could not find a house to live in.

He wants to get some novels to read.

六、不定式作状语

1）目的状语

to…, only to (仅仅为了)，in order to，so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。

I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。

2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。

What have I said made you angry.

He searched the room only to find nothing.

3）表原因

I'm glad to see you.

典型例题

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.

A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on

答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。

注意：不定式在easy, difficult, hard, pleasant, heavy, expensive等形容词后作状语，用主动形式表示被动含义。例如：

It is difficult to understand.

The work is hard to do.

The box is heavy to carry.

七、省to的动词不定式

1）不定式在情态动词，助动词如 will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, do ,

does, did等后时不带to ( 除 ought 外，ought 后要带to，need, dare作情态动词时不带to,

作实意动词时后面带to )：

I can finish my homework in time.

I will go to Shanghai tomorrow.

2）使役动词 let, have, make, get：

Please let me go.

3）感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, taste, find 等后作宾补，省略 to。

注意：在被动语态中则to不能省掉。

I saw him dance.

=He was seen to dance.

The boss made them work the whole night.

=They were made to work the whole night.

4）would rather/would sooner（宁愿）, would just as soon(宁可), might as well(还是。。。的好)，had better：

I would rather not wait.

I would just as soon come at five

It’s late. I had better leave now.

5） Why… / why not…：

You are seriously ill. Why not go to see a doctor?

6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：

I help him (to) mend his bike.

7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式

He did nothing but sleep all day long.

He wants to do nothing but go out.

8）由and, or 和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to可以省去：

He wants to move to France and marry the girl.

9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：

He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。

例题

1) ---- I usually go there by train.

---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?

A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going

答案：D. why not 后面接不带 to 的不定式，因此选D。

2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.

A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning

答案：B. make后接不带 to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略

八、动词不定式的否定式

Tell him not to shut the window…

She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。

例题 1）Tell him ___ the window.

A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut

答案：B. tell sb. to do sth. 的否定形式为tell sb. not to do sth.

2）She pretended ___ me when I passed by.

A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen

答案：A．pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为 pretend not to do sth。

九、不定式的特殊句型too…to…

1）too…to 太…以至于…

He is too excited to speak.

他太激动了，说不出话来。

---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?

---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.

不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。

2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为“不太”。

It's never too late to mend. (谚语) 改过不嫌晚。

3) 当too 前面有only, all, but,时，意思是：非常… 等于very。

We are only too pleased to meet you. 我很高兴见到你。

He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。

十、不定式的特殊句型so as to

1） 表示目的；它的否定式是 so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。

2） so kind as to ---劳驾

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。

十一、wh-词后的不定式

Who/whom/when/what/which/where/whether/how+ to do，这种形式可以做动词宾语。例如：

I don’t know what to say to you.

I am at a loss as to where to go.

Could you tell me how to solve this problem?

十二、一些动词后接不定式与动名词的区别

一些动词之后，可能接to不定式，也可能接动名词，但意义或用法不同。注意 remember ,

forget , stop , regret ,go on, mean, used等后接不定式与后接动名词时的不同意义 。

regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。(未做)

regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)

I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。

I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。

John regretted _____ to the meeting last week.

A）not going C）not having been going B）not to go D）not to be going

答案是A，约翰后悔上星期没去参加会议。

remember to do sth. 记得要去做某事。（事情未做）

remember doing sth. 记得已经做过某事。 （事情已做）

Please remember to turn off the light before you leave the room.离开房间前请记得关灯。

I remembered turning off the lights before I left the room.我记得在离开房间时关了灯。

If I had remembered ____ the window, the thief would not have got in.

A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D)having closed

答案是A，如果我记得关窗的话,那贼就不会进去了。

go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。

go on doing 继续做原来做的事。

After he had finished his math，he went on to do his physics.做完数学后，他接着去做物理。

Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习。

mean to do 打算、想

mean doing 意味着

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。

To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。

There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _____ trouble.

A) making B) to make C) to have made D) having made

答案是B

stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。

stop doing 停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。

I must stop smoking.. 我必须戒烟了。

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.

A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest

答案是C

forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (事情未做)

forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (事情已做)

The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.

办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)

He forgot turning the light off.

他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)

Don't forget to come tomorrow.

别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)

-- The light in the office is still on.

-- Oh，I forgot___.

A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off

答案是C

used to do sth. 过去常常做某事

be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事

He used to smoke. 他过去常常吸烟

He is used to going to school without breakfast. 他习惯于不吃早餐就去上学。

My father used to ____ out for a walk after dinner.

A. go B. going C. to go D. went

答案是A，本题意思是“我的父亲过去常常在晚饭后散步。”

练习：

1. It is a great honor for us_____.

A. to invite B. to be invited C. inviting D. being invited

2. The chairman told him there was nothing____.

A. to worry B. to be worried C. worry D. to worry about

3. Our boss has lots of meetings____.

A. to attend B. to be attended C. attended D. attending

4. It’s necessary____ in strong cases.

A. for goods to be packed B. for goods to pack

C. goods to pack D. goods to be packed

5. I am not sure which restaurant______.

A. to eat B. to eat at C. eating at D. for eating

6. All of my classmates found the lecture hard____.

A. to understand B. to be understood C. for understanding D. to have been understood

7. I meant_____ an evening paper but I didn’t see anyone____ them.

A. buying, selling B. to buy, sell C. buying, sell D. to buy, selling

8. Rather than____ the vegetables____ bad, he sold them at half price.

A. allow, going B. to allow, going C. allow, to go D. allowing, to go

9. ---- I hope the children won’t go near the fire.

----- Don’t worry. I have told them____.

A. not to go B. not C. not to do D. not to

10. Jane is too young____ in the house without a baby-sitter.

A. to leave B. to be left C. to have left D. to being left

参考答案：BDAAB ABCDB

三、分词

1. 分词作定语

分词前置

We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日

He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人

分词后置 (ⅰ. 分词词组；ⅱ.个别分词如 given, left； ⅲ. 修饰不定代词 something 等)

There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里

This is the question given. 这是所给的问题

There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西

过去分词作定语

与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。

Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.

Most of the artists invited to the party were from U.S.A..

注：现在分词作定语与过去分词作定语的区别：

如果用现在分词，表示被修饰词与分词之间为主动关系；分词的动作正在进行或经常性动作。而如果用过去分词，则表示被修饰词与分词之间是被动关系。例如：

The girl standing by the gate is my sister.

The house built in 1950 was destroyed by the fire.

例题

The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written

答案D. 书是被人写出来的，他们之间是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语，相当于定语从句

which is written

What's the language ____ in Germany?

A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak

答案B. 语言是被人说的，他们之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词表被动。

2. 分词作状语

Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.= As I didn't receive any letter from him, I

gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。

Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.= If more attention was given, the trees

could have grown better. 假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。

注意：分词作主语时，要判断分词和句子主语之间的关系，如果二者是主动关系分词就用现在分词，如果二者是被动关系，则用过去分词。例如：

See from the hill, the city looks beautiful. (city和see之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词)

Seeing from the hill, we found that the city is beautiful. （we 和see之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词）

例题

_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.

A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed

答案B. 从逻辑上可以推断，在检阅部队时，拿破仑走在最前面，身后跟着一些军官，所以拿破仑是被一些军官跟着的，是被动关系， C，D时态不正确，句中没有表示现在进行时态和现在完成进行时态的时间状语。

There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.

A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed

答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动关系。用现在分词。

_______, liquids can be changed into gases.

A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat

答案C. 液体是被加热后才变成气体，所以heat和liquid之间是被动关系，所以选C。

3. 连词+分词(短语)

有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个，如：

While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.

waiting 和 saw 的主语相同，都是he。

4. 分词作补语

分词作补语，通常放在感官动词和使役动词之后，当分词与所补足的词之间是主动关系用现在分词，是被动关系用过去分词。例如：

The hunters had the fire burning all night long.猎人们让火燃烧了一夜。（fire 是burn的动作发出者，两者之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词burning）

I'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。（my watch是被人修理的，所以二者之间是被动关系,所以用过去分词repaired. ）

注意：在感官动词see, hear, watch ,notice, feel等词后的宾语补足语可以用不带to的动词不定式，也可以用现在分词，当用现在分词时，表示动作正在进行，用不带 ｔｏ的动词不定式表示动作已经发生了。例如：

I saw the girl crossing the road. 我看见那个女孩正在过马路。

I saw the girl cross the road.我看见那个女孩过了马路。

5. 分词作表语

现在分词作表语说明主语具有的特征和性质，与主语之间是主动关系；过去分词作表语说明主语所处的状态和位置，与主语之间是被动关系。

现在分词： 表示主动，正在进行

She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。

He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。

The news was exciting and we were excited after hearing it. 消息激动人心，我们听后很激动。

6. 分词作插入语

其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。

generally speaking 一般说来 ；strictly speaking 严格的说 ；judging from 从…判断 ；all things considered 从整体来看 ；taking all things into consideration 全面看来 。 例如：

Judging from his face, he must be ill.

从他的脸看，他一定是病了。

Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs.

总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。

7. 独立主格结构

在分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语，但是在独立主格结构中，分词短语带有自己的主语，这个主语一般由名词或代词担任，如果分词和这个主语之间是主动关系用现在分词，如果是被动关系用过去分词，例如：

It being rainy, we cancelled the football game.

Weather permitting, we will go to the park.

All the work done, you can have a rest.

He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.

例题：

The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back.

tied tied be tied

答案：D. with+名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用

with 来引导。由于本句中名词“手”与分词“绑”是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.

练习：

1. She could have done just as well as you, _____ the chance.

A. given B. to give C. giving D. give

2. John, ____ the bet, had to pay for the dinner.

A. lost B. having lost C. losing D. having loss

3. He kept me ____ for many hours.

A. to wait B. having been waited C. waiting D. waited

4. John left his coat____ on the sofa.

A. laying B. lying C. laid D. lain

5. ____ from the hill the lake scenery is beyond description.

A. To see B. Seeing C. Seen D. Having seen

6. The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself____.

A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard

7. ____ what to do next, we went to the teacher for help.

A. Not knowing B. Not having known

C. Knowing not D. Not to know

8. She said that it was the most____ gift she had received.

A. delighting B. delighted C. delights D. delight

9. All flights____ because of the storm, we decided to take the train.

A. having cancelled B. were cancelled

C. have been cancelled D. having been cancelled

10. I had my teeth____ yesterday.

A. pulling out B. pulled out C. to pull out D. pull out

参考答案：

ABCBC DAADB

四、主谓一致

1. 并列结构作主语

一般并列结构作主语时谓语动词用复数

Reading and writing are very important.

但是

1) 当主语由 and 连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。

The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.钢铁产业对我们的生活很重要

A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 远远看见一辆马车。

The editor and publisher of the magazine is a friend of mine.

那家杂志的编辑兼出版人是我的一位朋友。

例题

The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.

A. is B. was C. are D. were

答案B. 因为 The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用 and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，并且时态是一般过去时，所以应选B。

2) 在and连接的两个并列主语前如果有each, every, many a, no等修饰词时，谓语动词一般用单数，例如：

Each boy and each girl is invited.

No boy and no girl likes this food.

2. 主谓一致中的临近原则

1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。

There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.

There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

2）当either… or… , neither… nor，not only…but also, or连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由 here , there 引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。

Either you or she is to go.

Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

One or two students are coming this evening.

3. 谓语动词与前面的主语一致

当主语后面跟有 with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as ,in addition to , no

less than, rather than, more than等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。

The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.

He as well as I wants to go boating.

The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible.

4. 谓语需用单数

1）each, every, no, many a ,more than one等修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

Every boy and girl is treated in the same way.

Many a student has seen the film.

2）当主语是书名，国名，机构名，报纸名，电影名等专有名词时，谓语动词常用单数。

The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.

《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。

The Times is a famous newspaper. 泰晤士报是著名的报纸。

3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.

Ten yuan is enough.

5. 指代意义决定谓语的单复数

1）在代词 what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all 等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。

All is right.

一切顺利。

All are present. 所有人都到齐了。

2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family,audience, crew, crowd,

class, company, committee等词作主语时，当其含义是其组成人员的时候，谓语动词要用复数形式，当其含义是整体时，谓语动词要用单数。

His family isn't very large.

他家不是一个大家庭。

His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。

但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。

Are there any police around?

3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。

A number of ,a group of ,a variety of + 名词复数 ,谓语动词用复数。

The number of ，the variety of+ 名词复数,谓语动词用单数。

A number of books have lent out.

The number of pages in this book is two hundred.

The majority of the students like English.

The majority is for him.

A large proportion of the texts are original works.

A large proportion of the country is desert.

One third of the population here are workers.

What is the population of Europe?

6. 与后接名词或代词保持一致

1） 用 half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词修饰主语时，动词通常与 of 后面的名词，代词保持一致。

Most of his money is spent on books.

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.

2）由 more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。

More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。

7. 在“one of+复数名词+定语从句”的结构中，定语从句一般被看作修饰复数名词，因此该从句中的谓语要用复数形式。如：

This is one of the best films that have appeared this year.

但是在 “the only one of +复数名词+定语从句”的结构中，定语从句应该被看成修饰单数名词。如：

He was the only one of the girls who was praised.

8. 以s结尾的词

以s结尾的疾病，学科名称作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。常见的有：measles(麻疹)，

diabetes(糖尿病）， arthritis(关节炎)， economics（经济学）, acoustics（声学）, mathematics（数学）, statistics（统计学）, politics（政治学）, athletics（体育学）, dynamics（动力学）,

electronics（电子学）, linguistics（语言学）, phonetics（语音学）。

Economics is a vital subject. 经济学是一门不可缺少的学科。

Acoustics is the science of sound. 声学是一门研究声音的科学。

Measles is a dangerous disease to infants.麻疹是一种很危险的婴儿病。

有些以s结尾的名词，其单复数是同形的。如：means(方法，手段)，works（工厂），series(系列), species(种类，品种)， headquarters(总部)，他们作主语时，句中的谓语动词的数视其限定词和含义而定：

All means have been tried but without much result.

Every means has been tried but without much result.

These works have been closed for the holidays.

This works has been closed for the holidays.

练习：

1. Tom is so poor that even five dollars ____ a big sum to him.

A. is B. add C. are D. equal

2. Every means____ been tried since then.

A. has B. have D. has

3. Bacon and eggs____ a heavy breakfast for a growing boy.

A. is made B. makes C. have made D. make

4. One of the students who____ to the authority about the problem of pollution raises his hand.

A. have written B. has written C. writes D. write

5. A large number of cars___ parked in front of my house.

A. is B. are C. was D. has

6. The number of students in the oral English program training___ to 20.

A. limits B. is limited C. limited D. are limited

7. The New York Times____ daily.

A. are published B. is published C. are being published D. was published

8. What ___ the population of China?

One third of the population____ working here.

A. is , are B. are, are C. is, is D. are, is

9. Not only he but also we ___ right. He as well as we____ right.

A. are, are B. are, is C. is, is D. is , are

10. The glass works____ near the city.

A. is B. are C. were D. be

答案：AABAB BBABA

五、倒装

1．倒装句之部分倒装

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如系动词，助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。

1) 句首为否定意义的词

如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, rarely, neither, nor, no sooner, nowhere, at no

time, in no way, not until… ,by no means, under no circumstances, on no account，not only…but also等。

Never have I seen such a performance.

Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.

Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

Not until the meeting began did he arrive.

In no way do I blame you for your mistakes.

Seldom does he play football.

Hardly had he noticed the flying object when he was hit by it.

No sooner had he come into the room than the crowd applauded.

Not only is he good at singing but also he is good at drawing.

注意：

① 当 Not until 引出主从复合句，倒装的是主句而不是从句。

② not only…but also的句型中，not only后的句子主谓倒装，而but also后面的句子不用倒装；并且当not only…but also连接两个主语时不用倒装。例如：Not only he but also I like

playing football.

例题:

At no time___ in the meeting-room

A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted

C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit

答案A. at no time 置于句首，要发生倒装，将系动词is前置。

Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.

A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know

答案D. Not until…置于句首，要发生倒装，用助动词did帮助倒装，将其前置。

No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.

A. the game began B. has the game begun

C. did the game begin D. had the game begun

答案D. no sooner 置于句首，句子要倒装。

2) so, neither, nor表示“也”、“也不”的句子要部分倒装

Mary can speak French. So can Kate.

You will not accept it. Neither will I.

例题

---Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?

---I don't know, _____.

A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also

答案：B. nor 为“也不关心”，因此句子应倒装。

注意：当 so 引出的句子意为“的确如此”,是对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。例如：

My mother asked me to study hard and so I did. 我妈妈要我努力学习，我确实这么做了。

-- It’s raining hard. 雨下得真大呀。

-- So it is 是啊。

3)as , though, however, whatever, no matter how引导让步状语从句的倒装

Young as I am, I know some of the family secrets. 尽管我很小，可是我知道我家中的一些秘密。= Although I am young, I know some of the family secrets.

However hard a solid may be, we can change its shape.无论固体多么坚硬，我们都可以改变它的形状。

No matter how rich you are, you can’t buy happiness with your money. 无论你多么富有，你都不能用钱每来欢乐。

Try as he would, he could not lift the rock. 尽管他尽力了，他仍旧搬不动那块石头。=Although

he tried, he could not lift the rock.

4)only 置于句首的倒装

Only in this way can we speak English well. 只有这样，我们才能说好英语。

注意：当only后是主语时，则不可倒装，例如：Only the teachers are allowed to use this room.

5) 用于were, had, should等词开头的虚拟条件句，例如：

Were I you, I would accept the gift.= If I were you, I would accept the gift.

Were I a bird, I would fly into the sky.= If I were a bird, I would fly into the sky.

Had I seen you , I would have invited you to the party= If I had seen you, I would have invited

you to the party.

Should you change your plan, let me know.= If you should change your plan, let me know.

6）当”so…that? 句型中的so位于句首时。

So fat was she that she couldn’t walk freely. 她胖得不能自如行走。

So quickly did he speak that we couldn’t follow him. 他说得太快了，我们都跟不上。

2. 完全倒装

在表示趋向的副词如: here, there, now, then, up, down, in , out, away等置于句首并且谓语动词用be, come, go , run, rush等表示来去或状态的动词时，需将句子的整个谓语放在主语之前，即句子完全倒装。

Here comes the bus. 车来了。

Out rushed the boy. 男孩冲出来了。

Then went the boss. 那时老板走了。

注意：当句子主语是人称代词时，句子不需要倒装。例如：Here he comes. 他来了。

练习：

1. I won’t tell them anything, and _____.

A. neither anyone else will B. so will nobody else

C. neither will anyone else D. anyone else won’t, either.

2. So badly____ that he had to go to the hospital..

A. he injured B. was he injured C. he was injured D. did he injured.

3. _____ a knock at the door.

A. There went B. There came C. Then went D. Here came

4. Hardly ____ I ____ the work in the field when it began to rain.

A. had, finished B. have, finished C. did, finish D. was, finishing

5. ____ he told me.

A. Such was the tale B. The tale such was

C. The tale was such what D. Such the tale was

6. _____ in my brother’s position, I would have accepted the invitation.

A. Had I have been B. Have I been C. Had I been D. If I been

7. Mother told Mary to buy some sugar in the store and _____.

A. she did so B. so she did C. so did she D. she did such

8. Not only the students but also the teacher_____ about the matter.

A. are talking B. have talked C. is to talk D. are being talked

9. Not until I began to work_____ how much time I had wasted.

A. I realized B. did I realize C. realized I D. I did realize

10. Only in this way____ learn English well.

A. we can B. we do C. can we D. that we

参考答案：1-5 CBBAA 6-10 CACBC

六、虚拟语气

英语中，随着说话人意图的不同，动词需要不同的形式，称为语气。英语常见的有三种语气：1）陈述语气，用来陈述事实；2）祁使语气，用来表示提出请求，命令；3）虚拟语气，虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。

1. If 条件句中的虚拟语气：

a. 同现在事实相反的假设:

条件从句中的谓语动词用一般过去式，(如果谓语动词是系动词，要用were），主句的谓语动词用would(should, could, might)+动词原形。例如：

If they were here, they would help you.

If I were you, I would go abroad.

If I had the book at hand, I would read the article to you.

b.表示于过去事实相反的假设:

条件从句中的谓语动词用过去完成式，主句的谓语用would(should, could, might)+have done,例如：

If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.

If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.

If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.

c.表示对将来的假想；

条件从句的谓语动词用should +动词原形，或were to +动词原形，主句的谓语动词用would(should, could, might)+动词原形，例如：

If you should succeed, everything would be all right.

If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

If they should act like that again, we should criticize them.

注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词‘be’的过去时态一律用“were”，不用 was， 即在条件从句中 be 用 were 代替。

If I were you, I would go to look for him.

如果我是你，就会去他。

If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。

2. 虚拟条件句的倒装

虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有 were, should, 或 had, 可将 if 省略，再把 were, should

或 had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。例如：

Were they here now, they could help us.

= If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him

= If you had come earlier, you would have met him.

Should it rain, the crops would be saved.

= Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.

=If it were to rain, the crops would be saved.

例题：_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.

A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I

答案：C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有 were, should, had 这三个词，通常将 if 省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had + 主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I

to do.

3. 主语从句中的虚拟语气

1）“ It is +形容词+ that…” 结构中主语从句的谓语动词要用 should 加动词原形，或将should 省略，直接用动词原形。这些形容词一般表示“应当，必须，惊奇，重要”等意思，主要有：essential, important, necessary, vital, desirable, imperative, advisable, surprising,

incredible , obligatory, better, preferable, 等，例如：

It is necessary that everyone keep a secret.或 It is necessary that everyone should keep a secret.

It is imperative that you arrive in time.

I will be better that we meet some other time.

2)“ It is +动词的过去分词+that从句”，谓语动词要用 should 加动词原形，或将should 省略，直接用动词原形。这些动词一般表示“要求，命令，建议等”有：require, demand, request,

desire, suggest, recommend, order, decide, propose, necessitate等，例如：

It was ordered that the medicines be sent here by plane.

It was decided that the problem should be discussed right away.

3)“ It is +名词+that从句”，从句中的谓语动词要用 should 加动词原形，或将should 省略，直接用动词原形。这些名词有，a pity, a shame, no wonder等，例如：

It is a pity that you should fail in the examination.

It is a shame that he steal her wallet.

4. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气：

1）在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气，谓语中的动词用“should+动词原形”或将should省略，直接用动词原形。这些动词常见的有：

order, demand, desire, request, require, insist, propose, suggest ,recommend, advise, move, ask,

maintain, urge等，例如：

The doctor suggested that she not smoke.

The law requires that everyone have his car checked.

I move that the money be used for books.

They urged that we set out immediately.

注意：当suggest不作“建议”而作“表明”时，其后

的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气：

His expression suggested that he was angry. 他的表情表明他生气了。

He suggested that I go abroad next year.

当不作“坚决主张”而作“坚持认为”时，其后

的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气：

He insists that he is innocent. 他坚持认为他是无辜的。

He insisted that my father give up smoking.

2）动词wish后的宾语从句，表示与事实相反的情况或

不太可能实现的愿望，如果表示与现在事实相反，从

句的谓语动词用一般过去式；如果与过去事实相反，

从句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果与将来事实相

反，从句的谓语动词用“would(could)+动词原形” 例

如：

I wish I were handsome.

She wished she had not said it.

I wish I could help you tomorrow.

I wish it would rain tomorrow.

5. 同位语从句或表语从句中的虚拟语气

在表示“建议，计划，命令，要求”等含义的名词后

面的同位语或表语从句中要求用虚拟语气，从句中的

谓语动词用should+动词原形或省略should 直接用动词

原形，这些名词主要有：demand ,desire, requirement,

advice, order, decision, suggestion, necessity, preference,

plan, motion, idea, proposal, request, command, importance,

recommendation等，例如：

His suggestion is that you should attend the meeting.

Your decision that she should be fined is reasonable.

My idea is that we set up a special class for the slow

students.

6. 其他需要使用虚拟语气的句式

1）would rather 后可以用动词原形表示与现在或将来事

实相反，用“have done”表示与过去事实相反，例如：

I would rather go shopping tomorrow than today.

She would rather have gone shopping yesterday than today.

Would rather后接从句时，如果表示与将来事实相反对愿望，从句中用动词过去式或动词原形；表示与现在事实相反的愿望，用动词的过去式；表示与过去事实相反的愿望，用动词的过去完成式，例如：

I would rather that you came here tomorrow.

I would rather that we went shopping now.

I would rather that you had not made such a mistake.

2)“ It is high/about time +that从句”结构中，从句中的谓语动词一般用动词的一般过去式。例如：

It is high time that we began to work.

It is about time that children went to school.

3) as if, as though,引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中， 以及if only引导的句子，其动词形式与wish宾语从句中的形式相同，例如：

She loves the students as if they were her children.

She talked about Tibet as if he had been there.

If only I were rich.

If only I had money, I would buy a new car.

4） 在“in case, lest, for fear ”引导的状语从句中表示“以防，以免”，从句的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”。

You took the raincoat in case it should rain.

He is working hard for fear that he should fail.

He ran away lest he should be seen.

5) 含蓄虚拟结构

含蓄虚拟条件句通常用supposing, but for, but that, given，without, otherwise等词，例如：

But for his help, I would not have completed the task= If it had not been for their help. I would not

have completed the task.

But that the doctor arrived on time, they would have been dead.= If the doctor had not arrived on

time, they would have been dead.

Given more time, I would have finished the test= If I had been given more time, I would have

finished the test.

Supposing you could not write, what would you do?

练习：

1. It is urgent that a meeting____ before the final decision is made.

A. will be arranged B. must be arranged C. be arranged D. would be arranged

2. ____ the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.

A. If he took B. If he should take C. Were he to take D. Had he taken

3. It is high time we _____ to the theater.

A. will B. shall C. are going to D. went

4. If only I____ how to operate a computer as you do!

A. had known B. would know C. should know D. knew

5. We all agreed to her suggestion that we____ to the Great Wall for sightseeing.

A. will go B. go C. shall go D. should have gone

6. Without your help, I ____ the exam last week.

A. failed in B. would have failed C. would not pass D. would fail

7. He acted as if he____ everything in the world.

A. knew B. knows C. will know D. will not know

8. Jane would rather we____ now, but we must go to work.

A. not leave B. had not left C. did not leave D. not to be left

9. I wish I ____ the play on TV the other night.

A. saw B. had seen C. have seen D. have been seeing

10. He suggests we____ to the cinema at once.

A. must go B. go C. will go D. would go

参考答案：CDDDB BACBB

七、强调句结构

在英文中， “It is (was) +被强调部分+that (who) + 句子其他部分”这种结构可以表示对句子的主语、宾语、状语等的强调。例如：

It is from the sun that we get light and heat.(强调状语from the sun)

It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.(强调时间状语 not

until I had read your letter)

It is in this room that we will have an important meeting. (强调地点状语in this room)

It is Jane that/who plays tricks on her classmate. (强调主语Jane)

It is a meeting that we will have tomorrow. (强调宾语a meeting)

It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.（强调宾语the experiment）

例题

It was last night ___ I see the comet.

A. the time B. when C. that D. which

答案C.本题是强调句的结构，强调的部分是时间状语last night.

It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.

A. that B. when C. since D. as

答案C. 考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A. that.其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It be…that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to

Canada.不成句。因此本句不是强调句。而如果本题变为It was ten years ago ____ Miss Green

returned to Canada. 那么就应该选that, 因为本题将It is …that去掉还是一个完整的句子，是强调句，强调的是时间状语ten years ago

It is /was + 时间 + since… 其中is <---> has been

was <---> had been.

It is from my grandparents_____ I learned a lot.

A. who B. whom C. that D. which

本题选C，本题是强调句，强调的是状语from my grandparents 。本题很容易误选A， 但是本题强调的是状语from my parents而不是my parents所以不能选who

用助动词进行强调

强调句还有一种类型，就是用助动词do (did，does) 强调谓语。

She does like Mike. 她的确喜欢麦克。

Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。

练习：

was last year__ you taught me how to drive.

was__ he said__ disappointed me.

；what ；that ；what ；that

was in the factory__ produced TV sets __our friend was murdered.

；which ；which ；that ；that

4.__ find my wallet，Tom？

A. Where did you that was it you

have you was it that you

was not until 1920__regular radio broadcast began.

is the ability to do the job__matters， not where you came from or what you are.

is these poisonous products __can cause the symptoms of the flu，such as headache and aching

muscles.

8.I feel it is your husband who__for the spoiled child.

to blame going to blame

to be blamed blame

was for this reason__ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village.

10.—Where was it__the road accident happened yesterday？

—In front of the market.

is__ who__ reasonable.

；am ；is C.I；am D.I；is

was the dean__walked by.

was not until she had arrived home __ her appointment with the doctor.

she remember she remembered

she remembered she remembered

was in Beihai Park__ they made a date for the first time __ the old couple told us their love

story.

；that ；that ；when ；when

15.—Why was __ you lost all your keys？

—It was because of my carelessness.

that

was __ I met Mr. Smith in London.

years that many years since

many years ago when years ago that

__Bill，__ played basketball very well，__ helped the blind man across the street.

；that；who ；that；that

；who；that ；who；who

it in 1969__the American astronaut succeeded __landing on the moon.

；on ；on ；in ；in

it in this palace__ the last emperor died？

which

it during the Second World War__he died？

which

1～5 BBCDC 6～10 DBACB 11～15 CBBAC 16～20 DCDAA

八、定语从句

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词,代词，短语或整个主句，被修饰的叫先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which 等, 关系副词有：when, where, why 等

1. 关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1）who, whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是表示“人”的名词或代词，在从句中作主语或宾语：

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that 在从句中作主语）

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that 在从句中作宾语）

2)Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换)

例如：

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.

那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。

Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.

请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3) which, that

它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：

This is the gift that/which I like best. 这是我最喜欢的礼物。（Which, that 在从句中作宾语。）

注意：当先行词是all, everything ,something等不定代词，或被first, last, only, few, much, some,

any, no 以及形容词最高级等修饰时，只能用关系代词that,不用which. 例如：

I am interested in all that you have told me.

This is the best book that was found in this book store.

注意：当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时，要用关系代词that来引导定语从句，例如：

We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited there.

如果句子中有the same 或such时，要用as引导定语从句，例如：

This is the same watch as I lost.

I never heard such stories as he tells.

2. 关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

1）when, where, why

关系副词 when, where, why 的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when one must yield=There are occasions on which one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is the place where I was born=Beijing is the place in which I was born.

北京是我的出生地。

2）that 代替关系副词

that 可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when, where, why 和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that 常被省略，例如：

His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.

他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.

他不大可能到他四十年前居住过的地方。

3. 限制性和非限制性定语从句

1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明

去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句不用that引导。

例如：

This is the house which we bought last month.

这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.

这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）

注意：非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。

4. 介词+关系词

1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2）that 前不能有介词。

3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when

和 where 互换。例如：

This is the house in which I lived two years ago.

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

5. as, which 非限定性定语从句

由 as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as 和 which 可代整个主句，相当于 and this 或and that。As一般放在句首，which 放在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

练习：

1. Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.

A. it B. that C. which D. he

2. The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.

A. what B. which C. that D. it

3. There are two thousand students in our school, twenty____ are from England.

A. in them B. of them C. among them D. of whom

4. The last place____ we visited was the chemical works.

A. that B. where C. when D. by which

5. The comrade to ____ you spoke is a model worker.

A. who B. which C. whom D. whose

6. The beautiful church_____ we see there is very famous.

A. which tower B. the tower of that C. whose tower D. what tower

7. ____ is known to us all, the earth moves around the sun.

A. Because B. For C. So D. As

8. He was the only one of the boys who___ late for class.

A. are B. is C. were D. was

9. Is this the museum____ you visited the other day?

A. that B. where C. in which D. the one

10. I will never forget the holidays____ I worked in the factory.

A. which B. when C. that D. where

参考答案：CBDAC CDDAB

九、名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

1. 引导名词性从句的连接词

引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：

连接词：that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分

连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.

连接副词：when, where, how, why

不可省略的连词：

1. 介词后的连词

2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。

That she was chosen made us very happy.

We heard the news that our team had won.

比较：

whether与if均为“是否”的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被 if 取代：

1. whether 引导主语从句并在句首

2. 引导表语从句

3. whether 从句作介词宾语

4. 从句后有“or not”

Whether he will come is not clear.

大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it 充当形式主语。

It is not important who will go.

It is still unknown which team will win the match.

2. 名词性that从句

1）由从属连词 that 引导的从句叫做名词性that从句。That 只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性 that 从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：

主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.

他还活着全靠运气。

宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.

约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。

表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.

事实是近来谁也没有见过他。

同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.

近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。

形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.

你对工作满意我感到很高兴。

2）That 从句作主语通常用 it 作先行词，而将 that 从句置于句末

例如：

It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.

很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。

It's a pity that you should have to leave.

你非走不可真是件憾事。

用 it 作形式主语的 that 从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：

a. It + be 形容词 + that 从句

It is necessary that… 有必要……

It is important that… 重要的是……

It is obvious that… 很明显……

b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that 从句

It is believed that…

人们相信……

It is known to all that… 众所周知……

It has been decided that… 已决定……

c. It + be +名词+ that 从句

It is common knowledge that… ……是常识

It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……

It is a fact that… 事实是……

d. It +不及物动词+ that 分句

It appears that…

似乎……

It happens that… 碰巧……

It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……

3. 名词性wh-从句

1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose,

whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等。

例如：

主语：How the book will sell depends on its author.

书销售如何取决于作者本人。

直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes.

在自己家里可以随心所欲。

间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.

俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。

表语：My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.

我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。

宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to.

她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。

同位语：I have no idea when he will return.

我不知道他什么时候回来。

形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.

我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。

介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。

2）Wh- 从句作主语也常用先行词 it 做形式主语，而将 wh- 从句置于句末，例如：

It is not yet decided who will do that job.

还没决定谁做这项工作。

It remains unknown when they are going to get married.

他们何时结婚依然不明。

4. if, whether引导的名词从句

1）yes-no 型疑问从句

从属连词 if, whether 引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为 yes-no 型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和 wh- 从句的功能相同， 例如：

主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.

这一计划是否可行还有待证实。

宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.

请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。

表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.

问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。

同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.

他们调查他是否值得信赖。

形容词宾语： She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.

她怀疑我们是否能够前来。

介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.

我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。

2）选择性疑问从句

选择性疑问从句由关联词 if/whether…or 或 whethe…or not 构成，例如：

Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.

请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。

I don't care whether you like the plan or not.

我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。

练习：

1. ____ I want to know is ____ it is worth doing.

A. What; that B. What; whether C. That; why D. That; what

2. ____ visits the Great Wall will be struck by it.

A. Anyone B. Each r D. Everybody

3. ____ the workers insisted on was that they ____ more pay.

A. That; must be given B. What; should give

C. Whether; would be given D. What; be given

4. She asked ____.

I was doing when she rang me up

was I doing when she rang me up

she rang me up what was I doing

did she ring me up what I was doing

g stories and articles ____ I enjoy most.

A. is that B. are that C. is what D. have been what

6. He asked the tailor ____.

A. how long would the coat be ready

B. how soon would the coat be ready

C. how long the coat would be ready

D. how soon the coat would be ready

policeman came up to see ____.

A. what the matter is B. what the matter was

C. what was the matter D. what is the matter

8. ____ he told us is a ____.

A. That; lay B. Which; true C. What; lie D. Whose; truth

9. It was not until the headmaster came ____.

A. and so the students got down to work

B. did the students get down to work

C. that the students got down to work

D. then the students got down to work

10. I wonder ____ this kind of metal can be used in the construction industry.

A. how B. what C. about D. which

11. --- ____ you did?

--- No, as a matter of fact I didn’t need to.

A. Is that what B. Is what that C. What is that D. Is that which

12. She is pleased with ____ you have given her and all ____ you have told.

A. that; that B. what; which C. what; that D. all; what

13. They expressed the hope ____ they would come over to visit China again.

A. which B. that C. whether D. for which

14. ____ I wanted to say.

A. Such was what B. What was such

C. Such was that D. That was such

15. They have no idea at all ____.

A. where he has gone B. where did he go

C. which place he has gone D. where he has gone by

16. No word came ____ he joined them in playing football.

A. that B. whether C. which D. what

17. Word came ____ she died of old age.

A. that B. which C. in which D. how

18. Can’t you find out ____ wrong with the TV set?

A. which B. that’s C. what’s D. where is

19. ____ they will have a gook harvest this year is still unknown.

A. Whether B. If C. Which D. That

20. All the books are here. You may borrow ____ you like.

A. which B. that C. what D. whichever

21. The news ____ to Shanghai delighted all of them.

A. they would go B. which they would go

C. that they would go D. would go

22. ____ is that I have promised to make friends with the dishonest girl.

A. The only thing what I regret B. What I regret most

C. All what I really regret most D. What that I regret most

23. ____ she is living now is not known to anybody.

A. Whether B. When C. Where D. Why

24. This is ____ the river has been polluted.

A. what B. why C. that D. whether

25. That is ____ he was born.

A. what B. that C. where D. whether

26. ____ a good thing they didn’t catch you.

A. That’s B. It’s C. There’s D. What’s

27. ____ a pity I didn’t see you.

A. That’s B. What’s C. It’s D. There’s

28. ____ surprised me most ____ to see some of the village people seated on the benches at the

end of the room.

A. What; was B. What; were C. That; was D. That; were

29. He asked me ____ I was sure my mother ____.

A. if; will come B. if; would come

C. that; will come D. that; would come

30. It is said ____ Mr. Tom has arrived in New York.

A. that B. which C. what D. why

31. John dashed back into the room, and saw ____.

A. what wrong was B. what was wrong

C. if wrong was D. if was wrong

32. This is ____ the question lies.

A. what B. that C. where D. how

33. He stood there quite still, ____ his lips moved slightly.

A. except for B. except C. except that D. except what

34. We all know the truth ____ the moon moves around the earth.

A. that B. if C. what D. where

35. The fact ____ she had not said anything ____ all of us.

A. what; surprised B. what; was surprised

C. that; surprised D. that; was surprised

36. ____ is unknown to us all.

A. When did she arrive B. When she arrived

C. That when she arrived D. In which she arrived

37. He asked me ____ that electric fan.

A. how many I paid B. how much I paid for

C. how much I paid D. how many I paid for

38. The Emperor ordered that the wonderful cloth ____ for him at once.

A. to be woven B. be woven C. should D. would be woven

39. ____ that we’ll have the find exam next week.

A. He was said B. It said C. It was said D. It’s said

40. Which sentence is wrong?

A. She said, “What a lovely day it was!”

B. She said what a lovely day it was.

C. She said what was a lovely day.

D. She said it was a lovely day.

41. The teacher told us that the sun ____ in the east and ____ in the west.

A. raised; set B. raises; sets C. rises; sets D. rose; set

42. I doubt ____ he will come to see me.

A. whether B. that C. which D. what

43. He told me ____.

A. that had happened B. that had happened to him

C. what had been happened D. what had happened to him

44. ____ I was tree that evening.

A. It happened to B. It happened that

C. That happened D. It is happened that

45. I have no doubt ____ we shall be able to do something for you.

A. whether B. if C. that D. what

46. I wish I ____ yesterday’s exam.

A. passed B. had been able to pass

C. were able to pass D. could pass

47. I wish I ____ some use.

A. could be of B. could be C. will be of D. will be

48. ____ was said have must be kept secret.

A. Whatever B. Whichever C. However D. That

49. Only time will tell if we ____.

A. had been succeeded B. have been success

C. had been successful D. have been successful

50. ____ you have written the letter in English will surprise your teacher.

A. What B. That C. Who D. How long

51. He works too hard, That is ____ is wrong with him.

A. that which B. the what C. what D. the thing what

52. We must do ____ the party ____ us.

A. as; tell B. as; tells C. what; tell D. what; tells

53. It ____ Tom drives badly.

A. thinks that B. is thought what C. thought that D. is thought that

54. ____ will be elected chairman of the club is unknown.

A. Who B. Whom C. Which D. That

55. It was ____ he worked hard that he succeeded.

A. because B. for C. as D. since

56. It was natural that my pictures ____ them.

A. surprised B. would surprise

C. should surprise D. would have surprised

57. ____ knows the truth will tell you about it.

A. Who that B. Whoever C. Those who D. Wham that

58. Can you tell us ____ ?

A. who that man is B. who is that man

C. what is that man D. whose that man is

59. My suggestion is ____ our teacher ____ strict with us.

A. what; should be B. that; be C. which; would be D. where; was

60. The reason why we are late is ____ our car didn’t come.

A. why B. that C. because D. for

61. I don’t know ____ he lives.

A. that B. where C. which D. what

62. I found nothing wrong in what he ____.

A. says B. has said C. said D. saying

63. Ask her ____ she can came to see us off.

A. that B. whether C. which D. what

64. She looked ____ she were ten years younger.

A. as B. like C. that D. as though

65. I don’t understand ____ believe me.

A. why you not B. why do you not

C. why don’t you D. why you don’t

66. Air, or ____ is called the atmosphere, surrounds the whole world.

A. it B. which C. what D. that

67. We all know the truth __ there are air, water and sunlight there are living things.

A. where B. wherever C. that D. that wherever

68. ____ still needs to be discussed.

A. How is the plan to be carried out

B. How the plan is to be carried out

C. Why is the plan carried out

D. Why the plan carried out

69. Lanzhou is no longer ____.

A. what it used to be B. what it used to like

C. like it used to be D. what it used to

70. Do ____ you think is right, ____ difficulties you may have.

A. what; however B. that; whatever

C. whatever; whoever D. what; whatever

1-5 BCDAC 6-10 DCCCA 11-15 ACBAA 16-20 BACAD

21-25 CBCBC 26-30 BCABA 31-35 BCCAC 36-40 BBBDC

41-45 CADBC 46-50 BAADB 51-55 CBDAA 56-60 CBABB

61-65 BCBDD 66-70 CDBAD

十、独立主格

1. 独立主格结构的特点：

1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。

3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

举例：

The test finished, we began our holiday.

= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.

考试结束了，我们开始放假。

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.

= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。

This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。

The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。

He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆

2. With的复合结构作独立主格

表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用 with 的复合结构。

with + 名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语

举例:

He stood there, his hand raised.

= He stood there, with his hand raise.

例题：

The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back.

tied

tied

be tied

答案：D. with+名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用 with 来引导。由于本句中名词“手”与分词“绑”是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.

注意:

1)独立主格结构使用介词的问题：

当介词是 in 时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制.

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.( hand 前不能加 his)。

2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。

He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

例题：

Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.

A permitted

B permitting

C permits

D for permitting

答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号，且 we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或 with 的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于 permit 在这里翻译为‘天气允许’，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。

如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为 If

weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将 if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

练习：

1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.

A. There was B. There being C. Because there being

2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.

A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting

3. _____, we all went home happily.

A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said

4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.

A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather

5. ____, the bus started at once.

A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given

6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.

A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down

7. ____, the leaves are turning green.

A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on

8. _____, I had to buy a new one.

A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost

C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost

9. I used to sleep with the window _____.

A. opened B. open C. opening D to open

10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.

A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on

shoulder

11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C.

With D. Through

12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.

A. do B. doing C. done D. to do

13. He stood there silently, his lips_____.

A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling

14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.

A. All things considering B. All things considered

C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered

15. ______, we will surely succeed.

A. The teacher helping us B. The teacher to help us

C. The teacher will help us D. With the teacher helping

1-5 BCCAC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 CDABB

十一、状语从句

状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当。例如：

1. Naturally , our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call . (副词)

2. We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介词状短语)

3. To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式)

4. Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (过去分词)

5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因状语从句）

状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。

状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下:

1. 地点状语从句

常用引导词：where

特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere

Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

2. 方式状语从句

常用引导词：as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though ,

特殊引导词：the way

1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。

As water is to fish, so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。

Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.

正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。

2） as if, as though

两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：

They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.

他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）

He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.

他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）

It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）

说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：

He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。

He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。

Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

3. 原因状语从句

常用引导词：because, since, as, for

特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that,

比较：because, since, as和for

1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。

I didn't go, because I was afraid.

Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。

He is absent today, because / for he is ill.

He must be ill, for he is absent today.

Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.

The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.

Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.

4. 目的状语从句

常用引导词：so that, in order that

特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.

He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.

Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

5. 结果状语从句

常用引导词：so … that, so… that, such … that,

特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,

结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。

比较：so和 such

其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。

so foolish such a fool

so nice a flower such a nice flower

so many / few flowers such nice flowers

so much / little money such rapid progress

so many people such a lot of people

（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）

so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。

The boy is so young that he can't go to school.

He is such a young boy that he can't go to school

6. 条件状语从句

常用引导词：if, unless,

特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on

condition that

if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。

We’ll start our project if the president agrees.

You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.

Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

unless = if not.

Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.

If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.

典型例题

You will be late ___ you leave immediately.

A. unless B. until C. if D. or

答案A。 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately,

you will be late. B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be

late.

7. 让步状语从句

常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though

特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …，

in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用

Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. 虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。

He is very old, but he still works very hard. 虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。

Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）

典型例题

1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.

A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless

答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。

2) as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。

Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.

= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.

注意： a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。

b. 句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

= Though he tries hard, he never seems…虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。

3) ever if, even though. 即使

We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.

4) whether…or- 不管……都

Whether you believe it or not, it is true.

5) "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"

No matter what happened, he would not mind.

Whatever happened, he would not mind.

替换：no matter what = whatever

no matter who = whoever

no matter when = whenever

no matter where = wherever

no matter which = whichever

no matter how = however

注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。

（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.

（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.

你现在说什么也没用了。 (Whatever you say是主语从句)

（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,

（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。

8． 比较状语从句

常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)

特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more

than; not A so much as B

She is as bad-tempered as her mother.

The house is three times as big as ours.

The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.

Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。

9． 时间状语从句

常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until

特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the

instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when

比较while, when, as

1） as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。

2） Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.

3） 当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。

When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.

4） 从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。

As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。

比较until和till

此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可 以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。

肯定句：

I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。

Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。

（在肯定句中可用before代替 Let'sget in the wheat before the sun sets.）

否定句：

She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.她直到6点才到。

Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。

I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how.直到你教我后，我才会做。

1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。

Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.

直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。

2)Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。

---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？

--- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。

注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。

(1）Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。

Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.

直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。

Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.

直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。

(2) It is not until… that…

表示"一…就…"的结构

hardly/scarcely…when/before,

no sooner…than 和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思，例：

I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.

I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.

As soon as I got home, it began to rain.

注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：

Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.

No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

10. 状语从句的简化

11. 状语从句的省略

状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:①主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；②从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：

When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year .

He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.

另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如：

I’m taller than he (is tall ).

The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ).

就状语从句而言,有时为了使语言言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行"简化"。状语从句的"简化"现象在口语中较为普遍,而且在高考中的复现率也较高。因此,有必要对其进行全面、透彻的了解。

状语从句的"简化"现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:①由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;②由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;③由when, while, as, before,

after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句;④由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;⑤由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对这五种情形作一归纳。

(1)当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。例如:

If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。

You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。

(2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下几种情形:

a.连词+形容词

As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。

Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。

Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。

b.连词+名词

While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.他在孩提时代就乐于助人。

Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.尽管他曾是个农民,而现在是位著名的导演了。

c.连词+现在分词

As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。

Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。

d.连词+过去分词

He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀请,否则他不会和我们一道去那里。

The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。e.连词+不定式

He stood up as if (he were) to say something.当时他站起来好像要说什么。He wouldn't solve the

problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他来负责,他也解决不了这个问题。

f. 连词+介词短语

She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。

He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.他到美国之前就懂英语了。

注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用独立主格结构来表达。例如:

When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.当会议结束时,人们都走出了会议室。(=The meeting over,)

练习：

1. I’ll let you know ____ he comes back.

A. before B. because C. as soon as D. although

2. She will sing a song ____ she is asked.

A. if B. unless C. for D. since

3. We will work ____ we are needed.

A. whenever B. because C. since D. wherever

4. Read it aloud _____ the class can hear you.

A. so that B. if C. when D. although

5._____ you go, don't forget your people.

A. Whenever B. However C. Wherever D. Whichever

6. It is about ten years _____ I met you last.

A. since B. for C. when D. as

7. They will never succeed, _____ hard they try.

A. because B. however C. when D. since

8. _____ still half drunk, he made his way home.

A. When B. Because C. Though D. As

9. _____ she was very tired, she went on working.

A. As B. Although C. Even D. In spite of

10. Busy _____ he was, he tried his best to help you.

A. as B. when C. since D. for

11. I learned a little Russian _____ I was at middle school.

A. though B. although C. as if D. when

12. _____ we got to the station, the train had left already.

A. If B. Unless C. Since D. When

13. _____ the rain stops, we' 11 set off for the station.

A. Before B. Unless

C. As soon as D. Though

14. She was _____ tired _____ she could not move an inch.

A. so, that B. such, that C. very, that D. so, as

15. We didn’t go home _____ we finished the work.

A. since B. until C. because D. though

16. I'll stay here _____ everyone else comes back.

A. even if B. as though C. because D. until

17. Although it's raining, _____ are still working in the field.

A. they B. but they C. and they D. so they

18. Speak to him slowly _____ he may understand you better.

A. since B. so that C. for D. because

19. You'll miss the train ____ you hurry up.

A. unless B. as C. if D. until

20. When you read the book, you' d better make a mark ____ you have any questions.

A. at which B. at where C. the place D. where

21. We'd better hurry ______ it is getting dark.

A. and B. but C. as D. unless

22. I didn' t manage to do it _____ you had explained how.

A. until B. unless C. when D. before

23._____ he comes, we won't be able to go.

A. Without B. Unless C. Except D. Even

24. I hurried _____ I wouldn't be late for class.

A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless

25. _____ I catch a cold, I have pain in my back.

A. Every time B. Though C. Even D. Where

26. What's the matter _____ they still haven't answered the telegram?

A. when B. that C. though D. however

27. Bring it nearer _____ I may see it better.

A. although B. even though C. so that D. since

28. You may arrive in Beijing early _____ you mind taking the night train.

A. that B. though C. unless D. if

29. Helen listened carefully _____ she might discover exactly what she needed.

A. in that B. in order that C. in case D. even though

30. More people will eat out in restaurants _____ they do today.

A. than B. when C. while D. as

31._____ hard she tries, she can hardly avoid making mistakes in her homework.

A. Much B. However C. As D. Although

32. Poor _____ it may be, there is no place like home, _____ you may go.

A. as; wherever B. though; whenever C. in spite of; when D. that; wherever

33. The child was __ immediately after supper.

A. enough tired to go to bed B. too tired to go to bed

C. so tired that he went to bed D. very tired, he went to bed

34. The history of nursing __ the history of man.

A. as old as B. is old than C. that is as old as D. is as old as

35. _____ born in Chicago, the author was famous for his stories about New York.

A. Since B. Once C. When D. Although

36._____ we stood at the top of the building, the people below were hardly visible.

A. As B. Although C. Unless D. In spite of

37. Scarcely was George Washington in his teens _____ his father died.

A. than B. as C. while D. when

38. _____ David goes, he is welcome.

A. Whichever B. However C. Wherever D. Whatever

39. The house stood _____ there had been a rock.

A. which B. at which C. when D. where

40. Small _____ it is, the pen is a most useful tool.

A. because B. so C. if D. as

41. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced _____ tractors in 1988 as the

year before.

A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as

42. The piano in the other shop will be _____, but _____.

A. cheaper; not as better B. more cheap; not as better

C. cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good

43. John plays football _____, if not better than, David.

A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as

44. Although he is considered a great writer,

A. his works are not widely read B. but his works are not widely read

C. however his works are not widely read D. still his works are not widely read

45. ___ the day went on, the weather got worse.

A. With B. Since C. While D. As

46.—What was the party like?

—Wonderful. It' s years _____ I enjoyed myself so much.

A. after B. when C. before D. since

47. It was not _____ she took off her dark glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.

A. when; that B. until; that C. until; when D. when; then

48. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _____ great it is.

A. what B. how C. however D. whatever

49. After the war, a new school building was put up _____ there had once been a theatre.

A. that B. where C. which D. when

50._____, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.

A. However late is he B. However he is lateC. However is he late D. However late he is

51. He will come to call on you the moment he ____ his painting.

A. will finish B. finished C. has finished D. had finished

52. ____ difficult the task may be, we will try our best to complete it in time.

A. No matter B. No wonder C. Though D. However

53. It was ____ that she couldn’t finish it by herself.

A. so difficult a work B. such a difficult work C. so difficult work D. such difficult work

1-5 CADAC 6-10 ABCBA 11-15 DDCAB 16-20 DABAD 21-25 CABBA

26-30 BCCBD 31-35 BACDD 36-40 ADCDD 41-45 CCBAD 46-50 DBCBD

51-53 CDD

十二、英语中的被动语态

被动语态由"助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词"构成。根据人称、数和时态的变化,助动词be要进行相应的变化,也可以说,被动语态中人称、数和时态的变化主要通过be的变化而表现出来。以下是英语中各种时态的被动语态的构成形式:

一、一般时态的被动形式都由"助动词be + 过去分词"构成(动作发生时间由be表现出来):

一般现在时与一般过去时

Many accidents are caused by careless driving.许多车祸都因开车不小心造成。

A sound of piano is heard in the ad-joining room.听到邻居房间里有钢琴声。

I’m asked to clean my room once a week.我被要求一周打扫一次房间。

We were taken to that hospital by a taxi.我们被出租车带到了那个医院。

Mary was much flattered by his asking her to dance a second time.

玛丽对他再次邀请她跳舞感到非常高兴。

一般将来时与一般过去将来时

Shall we be asked to attend the opening ceremony?我们会被邀请出席开业庆典吗？

Everybody hopes that an agreement will be arrived at.大家都希望协议被达成。

He promised that the news would be sent to the soldier’s mother as soon as it arrived.

他保证消息一到就告知那位士兵的母亲。

The mayor said the bridge would be built next year.市长说这座桥明年将建成。

三. 进行时态的被动形式都由"助动词be + being + 过去分词"构成:

现在进行时

The machine is being repaired in the workshop. 那台机器正在车间修理。

The children are being taken care of by their grandmother.孩子们现在正由其祖母照看。

过去进行时

The feast was being prepared when it began to snow outside.宴会正在准备之中,这时外边下起了雪。

He said many activities were being planned for the celebration of the company’s 60th anniversary.

他说为纪念公司成立60周年,许多活动都在筹划中。

注意:将来进行时和过去将来进行时都没有被动语态。

三、完成时态的被动形式都以"has (have, had) + been + 过去分词"构成

现在完成时

Big progress has also been made in cultural and educational fields.

文化和教育领域也取得了很大的进展。

一般将来时的被动语态表示“……将要被……”，其常用表达形式有以下几种：

1. will / shall + be + done。如：

The new film will be shown next Thursday.这部新电影将在下周四上映。

We shall be punished if we break the rule.如果我们违反规定，我们将要受到惩罚。

2. be going to + be + done。如：

The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow.

这个问题将在明天的会议上被讨论。

3. be to + be + done。如：

The sports meet is to be held on April 10.运动会将于四月十日举行。

注意：在时间、条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时的被动语态代替一般将来时的被动语态。如：

If I am given enough time, I will go to Japan for my holiday.

如果我有足够的时间，我将去日本度假。

1. Hundreds of jobs ____ if the factory closes.

A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will lose

2. The water will be further polluted unless some measures ____.

A. will be taken B. are taken C. were taken D. had been taken

3. I ____ if I finish the work within one day.

A. shall be praised B. would praise C. will praise D. praise

4. —A party is going to ____ tonight. Would you like to go with me?

—I’d like to, but I have to look after my sick mother.

A. organize B. have been organized C. be organizing D. be organized

5. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, the sports meet ____ in the playground of our school.

A. is holding B. will hold C. will be held D. is to be holding

Key: BBADC

情态动词的被动语态

【焦点一】 概念

含有情态动词的被动语态说明某人被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。在初中阶段可用于被动语态的情态动词有can, may, must, should等，分别表示“能够被……；可以被……；必须被……；应该被……”。如：

The computer must be repaired now. 电脑必须立刻修。

Many trees should be planted on the mountains. 应该在山上种许多树。

【焦点二】 转变方法

（一）将主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。

（二） 将含有情态动词的主动句式变成被动句式，即：“情态动词 + 动词原形”变成“情态动词 + be + 过去分词”，然后再加上“by + 主动句中的主语（人称代词用宾格）”。by短语也可省略。

请看下列各句：

1. You should finish your homework at once.

2. You can take this book home.

句1被动句为：Your homework should be finished (by you) at once.

句2被动句为：This book can be taken home (by you).

【焦点三】 句式变换

含情态动词的疑问句、否定句的变化均需要借助于情态动词完成。

（一）一般疑问句 直接将被动语态的陈述句中的情态动词提前。

Must this work be done at once? 这项工作必须立即完成吗？

（二）特殊疑问句 由特殊疑问词加上被动语态的一般疑问句构成。

Where can the book be found? 这本书在什么地方能被到呢？

（三） 反意疑问句

This book shouldn't be taken out of the library, should it? 这本书不应被带出图书馆，是吗？

（四） 否定句 在情态动词后面加上not或never即可，但must表示“必要”时否定式为needn't。

This work needn't be done at once. 这项工作没必要立即做。

This problem can't be worked out very easily. 这道试题不能被轻而易举地算出来。

【焦点四】 作答

回答应保留原有的情态动词，但must表示“必须”时，其否定回答应用needn't, need表示“必要”时，其肯定回答应用must。

— Should my homework be finished today?

— Yes, it should. / No, it shouldn't.

—— 我的作业应在今天完成吗？

—— 是的，应在今天完成。/ 不，不应在今天完成。

— Must his exercise book be handed in right now?

— Yes, it must. / No, it needn't.

—— 他的练习本必须立即上交吗？

—— 是的，必须立即上交。/ 不，不必立即上交。

练习：

1)It is said that a new robot ____by him in a few days.

A) designed B) has been designed

C) will be designed D) will have been designed

2)We are late. I expect the film ____by the time we get to the cinema.

A) will already have started B) would already have started

C) shall have already started D) has already been started

3) She will stop showing off if no notice____ of her.

A) is taken B) takes C) will be taken D) has taken

4) Diamond ____in Brazil in 1971.

A) is found B) has been found C) was found D) had been found

5)“Have you movedsintosthe new flat?”“Not yet. The room____.”

A) has been painted B) is painted C) paints D) is being painted

6) My pictures ____until next Friday.

A) won't develop B) aren't developed C) don't develop D) won' t be developed

7) Tim ____since he lost his job three weeks ago.

A) had been unemployed B) was unemployed

C) has been unemployed D) has unemployed

8) A great number of colleges and universities ____since 1949.

A) has been establish B) have been established

C) have established D) had been established

9) I'll have to push the car to the side of the road because we ____if we leave it here.

A) would be fined B) will be fined C) will being fined D) will have been fined

10)“____two tickets for the new play at the Grand Theatre on Saturday. Shall we go and see it

together?”

A) They have been given B) I have been given

C) I am given D) They have given to me

11) The subject of these lectures ____by the lecture committee.

A) is announced B) have been announced

C) are announced D) has been announced

12) I found an aspirin bottle ____dropped on the floor of David's room.

A) was B) had C) had been D) is

13)The goods ____when we arrived at the airport.

A) were just unloading B) were just been unloading

C) had just unloaded D) were just being unloaded

14) If one ____by pride, he will reject useful advice and friendly assistance.

A) overcomes B) is overcome C) has been overcome D) overcome

15) Most environment problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them ____taken

in the past.

A) was not B) were not C) were not being D) had not been

16) You ought to have put the milk in the refrigerator, now ____sour.

A) I smell B) it is smelt C) it smells D) it is smelling

17) After the race____, the celebration began.

A) had been won B) is won C) will be won D)has been won

18) He was here for a little while, but I don't know where she ____now.

A) is B) was C) had been D) has been

19) The young teacher has ____ competent.

A) been proved to be B) proved to be C) been proved D) proved being

20) Pluto, the outermost planet of the solar system, ____photographically in March 1930.

A) discovered B) was discovered C) by discovery D) when discovered

21) To get a better view of the stage, ____.

A)our seats had to be changed B) our seats were changed

C) we had to change our seats D) our seats were changed by us

22) After synthetic____, engineers had a better choice of material.

A) created B) has created C) has been created D) had been created

23) I think much attention ____your pronunciation.

A) must be paid to B) ought to be paid to C) must pay to D) should be paid to

24) Since 1970, millions of enthusiasts ____Vitamin C, which they believe can remedy the

common cold.

A) have taken B) have been taken C) have been taking D) have been taking

25) I don't remember ____the chance to try this method.

A)shavings been given B) to have been given C)shaving given D) to have given

26) We could ask someone to do the work privately without it____.

A) know B) be known C) being known D) to be known

27) The construction of the laboratory ____by the end of next month.

A) must be completed B) must have been completed

C) will be completing D) will have been completing

28) They would tell how the African ____on a ship to an American port.

A) was brought B) could have been brought

C) had been brought D) was to be brought

29) He does not possess a bicycle, this one he uses ____to Peter.

A) is belonged to B) belonged C) belongs D) is belonging

30) Negotiation ____again with Moscow tomorrow, a great event will be discussed then.

A) is to be opened B) is on the point of opening C) is going to open D) opens

31) The reason for all the changes being made ____to us yet.

A) has not explained B) has not been explained

C) did not explained D) were not explained

32) Experiments in the photography of moving objects ____in both the United States and Europe

well before 1900.

A) were conducting B)were conducted

C) had been conducted D) had conducted

33) When he turned the corner, he found himself ____by a man in black.

A) tailed B) been tailed C) was tailed D) had been tailed

34) A candidate for the democratic presidential nomination ____at this moment.

A) is interviewing B) being interviewed

C) is being interviewed D) interviewing

35) As we approached the work site, the workers were seen ____the new house.

A) building B) build C) built D) to build

36) As we know, all the regulations in school ____.

A) must keep to B) must be kept C) must keep D) must be kept up

37) The composition ____any more.

A) need not to be corrected B) doesn't need to be corrected

C) doesn't need be corrected D) need not correct

38) The bank is reported in the local newspaper ____in broad daylight yesterday

A) to be robbed B) to have keen robbed

C) robbed D)shavings been robbed

39) Hurry up, or the tickets ___out by the time we get there.

A) will have sold B) will sell C) have sold

40) He cleaned the glasses carefully for fear that it ____.

A) was damaged B) should be damaged

C) damaged D) would be damaged

被动语态部分练习题答案：1)C 2)A 3)A 4)C 5)D 6)D 7)C 8)B 9)B 10)B11)D 12)C 13)D 14)B

15)B 16)C 17)A 18)A 19)B20)B 21)C 22)D 23)A 24)C 25)A 26)C 27)A 28)C29)C 30)A 31)B

32)C 33)A 34)C 35)A 36)B 37)B38)B 39)D 40)B