英语语法大全之正确使用英语标点符号

英语语法大全之正确使用英语标点符号

书、笔、纸、墨水。大家看看上面的句子，句中用的是什么标点呢？相信谁都会说是：顿号和句号啦。在英文句子里，也有顿号(、)和小 圈儿句号(。)吗？上面的句子以英文来写的话，就应该是：

Book, pen, paper, ink.

可见在英文里是不用顿号和中文式句号的。标点符号在中、英文里的写法和用法有好多差别。下面就让我们从一个中文 里所没有的标点开始吧。

1、Apostrophe (')省字符号、所有格符号

这个标点在中文里是没有的；但在英文里却随处可见。主要用在下列几方面：

* 表示所有格 (所有格的变化也不少，详细情形容后再谈)

* 缩写式

* 表示一些数字、字母、日期、缩写的复数形式

1.1 所有格 (Possessives):(注意：下列所有格只用在动物方面)

1.1.1 在名词(有生命的)后加上 's 表示单数所有格：

1. Sarah's coat is black. 莎拉的外套是黑的。(Sarah's=莎拉的)

2. The boy's hat. (这男孩有一顶帽子)

3. The boy's hats. (这男孩有好几顶帽子)

4. Jones's office. (Jones 只有一个音节，结尾是 s, 所有格加 's)

5. Jones' sweet tooth is legendary. (Jones 的结尾是s, 而接下来的词又以s开

始，那么，所有格就只加 ' 喔,真好玩！)

6. Moses' mouth is wide. (Moses 的尾音有重复的z音，所有格只加 ')

7. Louis' candy is sticky. (Louis有不止一个音节，结尾s，所有格只加 ' 。为什

么呢？好玩极了！)

8. My mother-in-law's house. (monther-in-law 之类的复合名词，所有格's加在

结尾处)

9. The Surgeon General's report is due soon. (Surgeon General是复合词，同

上。)

是不是觉得很乱？让我们归纳一下：

A. 一般单数名词(有生命的!)，所有格只在结尾加 's (第1-3句)

B. 如果单数名词尾是s, 或ce，所有格只加 '或 's (第4句)

C. 如果单数名词尾是s, 而跟着是以S开头的词，所有格只加 ' (第5句)

D. 如果单数名词尾音有重复的s或z音，或是eez音，所有格只加 ' (第6句)

E. 如果B项的名词只有一个音节(syllable)，所有格只能加 's (第4句)

F. 如果B项的名词有二个以上音节，所有格则只加 ' (第7句)

G. 复合词类处理法同A。(第8-9句)

1.1.2 二人(或其他动物)以上的所有格表示法：

1. The boys' shoes. (在复数boys尾加上 '而不是 's 喔)

2. The women's bags. (woman 的复数是 women, 所有格是 's)

3. The children's caps. (child 的复数是 children，和women同类型，所有格加's)

4. The actresses' hats. (actress 的复数是 actresses，因为结尾是 es, 因此所

有格只加 '便可)

5. The babies' toys. (baby 的复数是 babies，结尾有es，因此所有格只加 ')

6. Ms. Joneses' house. (Joneses 是Jones 的复数)

7. My mothers-in-law's house. (注意是motherS 喔，所有格还是加 's)

同样来归纳一下：

A.简单复数名词(同样是有生命的喔)的所有格写法是：先将原来单数名词结尾加s变成

复 数，然后在结尾处再加上 '即成。(第1句)

B. 如果复数名词是由改变其内的韵母形成的，所有格同单数名词一样，结尾加上 's

(第 2-3句)

C.如果复数名词尾是es, 所有格只加 ' (第4-6句)

D.如果是复数复合名词，则先将主要单数名词转成复数，然后在复 合名词尾加上's

(第7句)

1.1.3 如果是几个名词并列的,所有格 's 加在最后一个名词尾：

1. Joe and Linda's house is being sold. 乔和琳达的房子已卖了。(这里表示房

子是Joe和Linda所共有)

1.1.4 如果几个名词是个别表示所有格时，每个名词尾都须加上 's :

1. Mike's and Molly's grades have improved. 迈克和莫莉的成绩已有进步。(这

里表示迈克和莫莉各别的成绩都有进步)

1.1.5 不定式名词的所有格是在词尾加 's：

1. I need someone's help with my homework. (someone 指某人,所有格someone's某人的)

1.1.6 代名词的所有格不可加上 '或 's ：

1. Shella, whose eyes are blue? (whose哪个人的，已有所有格的意思)

2. This book is hers, not yours. (hers她的，yours你的)

3. It hurt its paw. (its 它的)

4. It's a nice day. (it's 是 it is 的意思,不属于所有格)

5. That is your right. (your 你的)

1.2 缩写式(Contractions):

1.2.1 在字词、日期中一部份字母或数字被省略，以 ' 代之 。

1. She wouldn't work for the gov't in '93. (wouldn't=would not, gov't=government, '93=1993)

1.2.2 名字、头衔的缩写格式可省略 '

1. Lt. Wm. Jones visited us. (Lt. =Lieutenant, 不可写成 L't , Wm=William,不可写成 W'm)

1.3 复数形式(Plurals):

1.3.1 当一个词在句子里能清楚反映其复数意义时，不可再加 '：

1. Don't give me any ifs, ands, or buts. (不可写成 if's , and's , but's)

1.3.2 在句 子里，当一个词仅仅作为一个词时，其复数形式可加 's 使其含意更清

晰：

1. He used twenty-five and's in one paragraph. 他在一段里用了25个and字。

1.3.3 日期、数目字、只取首字母的缩写词(acronyms)这类以大写字母结尾时，复

数形式只需 加上 s ，不必再加上 ' :

1. Seven Ph.D.s lived in this building in the 1970s. (Ph.D.s 不可写成

Ph.D.'s, 1970s 也不可写成 1970's)

1.3.4 当一个大写字母的复数形式可能会被误解时，可加上 's 以表示复数：

1. The Roman Numerals for the number

eight is a V followed by three I's.

罗马数字八的写法是V后加上三个 I 。(这时如果 I's 只写成 Is , 就可能引起误解)

逗号/逗点在中文或英文里是再普通不过的一个标点符号；可是，它的用法在中文和英文里可就不一定相同了。

2、Comma (，) 逗号、逗点

在英文里，逗号的用途有：

 连接句子里不同的成份

 分开句子里不同的成份

 突出句子里的某个成份

 替代句子里的某个成份

* 成份指：词、短语(phrase)、子句(clause)等。

2.1 连接句子里不同的成份

2.1.1 逗号用在以 and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet 等连接词的两个主要子句之间：

1. My father is fond of fishing, but my mother prefers hiking. (以 ,but 连接两个子句)

2. He painted the exterior of the house, and she painted the interior. (以 ,and 连接两个子句)

2.2 分开句子里不同的成份

2.2.1 用逗号分开两个以上的并列形容词：(如果并列的形容词之间可加上and, but等，那就

加上逗号；否则不可)

She is a little and old lady. (不可写成 She is a little, old lady.)

2.2.2 在两个修饰主语的短语之间加上逗号(句短可不加)：

1. While waiting for the bus on that cold rainy night, she started sneezing. (主语she)

2. At 10 o'clock the bus arrived. (不必写成 At 10 o'clock, the bus arrived.)

2.2.3 在 Jr., Sr., Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., Inc., 等名称之前及后都要加上逗号(除了所有格的名称):

1. They identified him as Howard R. Williams, Jr., chairman of their board.(,Jr.,)

2. That is Howard R. Williams, Jr.'s company. (,Jr.'s 后面不可再加逗号)

2.2.4 在追问句之前加逗号：

1. Do it, won't you? (Do it 是命令语气，won't you?是追问)

2. You know the answer, don't you?

3. It is warm today, isn't it?

2.2.5 一个以副词或副词短语开头的句子，如果它和前面的句子有关联的话，必须在有关副词或副词短语后加上逗号：

She believed he had the talent to succeed. Unfortunately, he was lazy.

(后一个句子以副词 unfortunately 开头，同时这个句子和前一个句子有直接的

2.2.6 在句子里有超过三个并列词,短语,句子等，在最后一个and, or, nor等之前加逗号：

1. He promised to supply the pencils, pens, and notebooks for the class.(简单说就是 pencils,

pens, notebooks 要写成 pencils, pens, and notebooks)

2. Her mother sells tomatoes, potatoes, apples, and peaches. (...apples, )

3. She ran up the stairs, across the porch, and into the house. (up the stairs, across the

porch, into the house 是三个短语，在最后一个加 ,and)

4. We all agreed that she was beautiful, that she was intelligent, and that she was ambitious.

(三个 that 都是子句 )

2.2.7 在句子中加上逗号，以免引起误解：

1. That she knew where the money was, was news to me. (如果was, was 之间不加逗号，是不是会引起误解呢？)

2. Outside, the lawn was cluttered with hundreds of broken branches. 外面的草坪上到处是断枝。(如果outside 后去掉逗号, 那意思就变成“在草坪的外面到处是断枝。”)

2.2.8 用逗号分开引用句：

1. “You are beautiful,” he said. (这个逗号要放在引号内)

2. Our teacher said, “Freedom is not license.” (...said,)

3. “No,” she said, “I was just testing your patience.” (No, /....said,)

4. “Perhaps,”Tom responded, “I will try anyway.” (Perhaps, /responded,)

2.2.9 逗号用以分开星期、月日、年份：

1. On Monday, May 5,2000, her first child was born. (Monday, May 5,2000, )

2. On March 8, 2003, he bought a new car. (March 8, 2003, )

3. June 2000 is one of the most meaningful of my life. (只有月和年，就不必加逗号)

2.2.10 逗号用以分开地名、省名、国名、街道名、巷弄名等：

1. Linda lives at 1234 Amarillo Ave., #1, Palo Alto, CA 94303, U.S.A.

2.2.11 逗号用在 such as 和 especially 的前面：

1. They enjoy outdoor sports, such as hiking and riding.

2. He likes all extracurricular activities, especially basketball playing.

2.3突出句子中某个插入成份(Parenthetical elements): 所谓插入成份，是指在句子中去掉它也可成立的成份。插入成份一般是感叹词、状语、副词子句等。

2.3.1 句子里插入的词、短语、子句等, 加上逗号以示插入成份：

1. He knew, however, that no one would listen to his warning. ( 插入however)

2. No, you may not come with us. (插入 No)

2.3.2 用逗号分开“乃此非彼”的结构：

1. Jane, not Shirley, will attend the meeting. (是 Jane，不是 Shirley)

2. He wanted to see Mr. Wu, not Mr. Hu. (是吴先生，不是胡先生)

3. Some say the world will end in ice, not fire. (是冰，不是火)

4. It was her money, not her charm or personality, that first attracted him. (为的是她的财富，不是为了她的妩媚或个性)

2.3.3 句中有非限制性的词或短语之类，以逗号标出以示插入成份：

1. Her husband, Bill, is a scientist. (Bill 为插入成份)

2. Kent Howard, my English teacher, is from America. (插入成份 my English teacher)

3. Her father, who is a famous scholar, teaches English.(插入成份 who is a famous scholar)

4. Eleanor, his wife of thirty years, suddenly decided to open her own

2.3.4 句中的城市名如果和它的省、州、国名并列，省、州、国名前后须加逗号：

1. We visited Hartford, Connecticut, last summer. (Connecticut 为插入成份)

2. Paris, France, is sometimes called "The City of Lights." (France 为插入成份)

3. Hartford, Connecticut's investment in the insurance industry is well known.(Connecticut's 为所有格式，后面不可加逗号喔)

2.3.5 句中带着连接词(but, and, or...)的插入成份的前面不可加上逗号：

1. The Red Sox were leading the league at the end of May, but of course, they always do well in

the spring. (but 的后面不可加逗号)

2. The Tigers spent much of the season at the bottom of the league, and even though they picked

up several promising rookies, they expect to be there again next year. (and 的后面不可再加逗号)

2.3.6 向人说话时，逗号放在对方名字或称谓之后、之前或者前后都加：

1. John, come here. (John, 逗号在名字之后)

2. Open the door, John. ( ,John 逗号放在名字之前)

3. It is, Sir, not my fault. ( , Sir, 逗号放在称谓前面和后面)

2.4 替代句子里某个成份

2.4.1 用逗号替代句子里某部份，表示字词的省略：

1. The lion is the symbol of courage; the lamb, of meekness. (the lamb, of meekness 原本应该是 the lamb is the symbol of meekness)

2. George was the hard worker, John, the lazy one. (John, the lazy one 原本应该是 John was

the lazy one)