【VIP专享】chapter 5 短语结构树

短语结构树(18) The PS tree for the sentence “ the child found a puppy” S

NP VPDet

The

X-bar 图示

N V NPchild found Det N a puppyXP (NP)

Specifier X’(N’)( The)X(N) Complement(mayor) ( of Guangzhou )

NP:

Specifier N’ (The)Modifier N’( black)

Modifier N’(tall)

N’

The tall black student of English from t(PP)(from China)of the sentence by the nested square backets).XP (NP)b. VP : ……all read the letters

after lunch. [VP [Spec all [V’

[V read [NP

the [N’

[N

letters [PP

after lunch]]]]]]]]

各种短语的X-杠标图示[NP[SpecThe [N’ [Modifier tall [N’ [Modifier

black [N’

[N student [Comp [ppof English]]

[Adjunct [pp

from china]]]]]]]]]

(a detailed illustration

N Complement (PP)(student) (of English)

VPSpecifier V’(all) V’ PP after lunch V NPread the N’

N Comp

letters (empty)c: PP: right through the center d: AP: Very afraid of snakes.[PP right [P’

[P through [NP

the center]]]] [AP very[A’

[A afraid [PP

of snakes]]]]

PP APright P’ very A’

P NP

through the center

A PP afraid of snakese: AdvP： quite independently of any outside pressure. [AdvP quite [Adv’

[Adv independently [PP

[P’ [P

of [NP [Spec

any [N’

outside [N

pressure]]]]]]]]]]

quite

AdvPAdv’PPP’P

ofany

NPN’ Adv

independently

outside Npressure

I VP -s

( is…-ing ) V’ ( has.. –n) V

study

标句词词组CP:

They say that John will study English.[IP They [I’

I(-pres.) [VP say [CP that [IP

John [I’ will

John I’[VP study English]]]]]]].

(23) a. John would study English b. John to study English.(24) a. John studies English.b. John is John has studied I’IPI

would

( to )

VPV’句子结构：曲折短语IP

V NP study English

NPEnglish

IP

Spec

TheyI’

I VP ( -pres.)

( present tense) V

say

CPC

that

IPJohn will study English

并列结构(26). The cat and the dog. NP

NP1 CoordPThe cat

Coord.

and

NP2the : The prisoners brutally attacked the guard who spotted clauses: 1. The prisoners brutally attacked the guard…--------- main clause 2. ... who spotted them. ---------relative clauseThey are both declarative clauses. In clause 1, the prisoners (NP) is the subject;

brutally (Adv.) is an adjunct modifying the VP (attacked the guard …); attacked (V)

is the predicate; and the guard who spotted them(NP) is the complement of the

sentence. In the second clause, who is the subject; spotted is the predicate; and them is

the complement. The whole clause is used as a relative clause modifying the

antecedent NP the guard.

Draw the sub-trees for the italicized phrases in the following sentences with the

X-bar men in dark glasses roamed the streets. NP

angry N’N’PPP’P

inN’NPdark Nglasses

Exercise II

N

men

NP

my NP

NP1 CoordP aunt Coord

reporter realized that the senator lied.

CPD’D

‘s

aunt and uncle’s trip to Alaska was wonderful. DPC’and

NP2uncle

C

thatIPthe senator I’I

(-ed)VPV’

VLie4.A stranger cleverly observed that a dangerous spy from CIA lurked in the house. IP NP I’ A N’ I VP (-ed) N cleverly V’ stranger V CP observe

C’

C IP that

a dangerous spy from CIA I’

I VP(-ed)

V’

V’ PPin the houseV

Exercise III lurk

Exercise IVIn terms of C-selection restrictions, explain why the following sentences are

ungrammatical:1.*Those women located. (locate is a verb which must be followed by a

complement: those women located a town on a map.)2.*Robert is fond that his children love animals.(fond must be followed by a PP

complement: fond of sth./doing sth.)3.*The children laughed the man. (laugh is a verb followed by a PP: laugh at …)4.*Lisa gave a book. (give is a verb with 3 arguments; thus we must provide another

argument after give: Lisa gave a book to him or Lisa gave him a book.)Exercise VParaphrase and draw tree diagrams for each of the following sentences in two

ways to show that you understand the ambiguity student is a dirty street fighter. a. a dirty [street fighter]. b. a [dirty street] said she would go yesterday. a. Yesterday they said she would go. b. She would go yesterday, they magician touched the child with the wand. a. The magician touched the child who is with the wand b. With the wand, the magician touched the threw the book that Mary had been reading in the study. a. The book that Mary had been reading, Anna threw it in the study. b. The book that Mary had been reading in the study was thrown by would you like to visit?Using one or more of the constituency tests ( i.e., stand alone, move as a unit,

replacement by a pronoun.) discussed in the chapter, determine which boldfaced

portions in the sentences are constituents. Provide the grammatical category of the

constituents.

found a lovely puppy in the house.A lovely puppy is a constituent. It is an NP; It can be moved as a unit to the front

of the sentence: it is a lovely puppy that Tom found in the house. It can stand

alone as the answer to the question: what did Tom find in the house? light in this room is terrible. (not a constituent.) and Jerry are fighting over the bone. (a constituent.)4.I gave a bone to Jack and to Jerry yesterday. (a constituent: I gave a bone to Jack

yesterday and to Jerry.)5.I gave a bone to Jack and to Jerry today.(not a constituent: *I gave a bone to Jack

and today to Jerry.) asked if he could play soccer. (a constituent.)

a. Would you like who to visit?b. Would you like to visit who?All these ambiguities could be demonstrated by tree diagrams. You can refer to

this chapter to do se VIAnalyze the following sentences, showing their structure is build up in a pairwise

fashion by successive merger operations.(Assume that don’t is a single word which

belongs to the same category as words like must, might, etc., and that infinitival to

sometimes (but not always)has a specifier/subject of its own). is trying to solve the problem. IP D I’

she I VP

(is…v-ing) V IP

try D I’

(PRO) I VP

to V DP

solve D

the

Nproblem. DP

I

I’would VPImagine

CP(that)

2.I would imagine she has forgotten them. IPIP I’she

I VP(has, -n)forget don’t seem keen to approve the plan to cut the budget. IP D I’

they I VP

don’t V AP

seem Adj. IP

keen I VP

to V DP

approve D NN’ the

are expecting you to contact wants to try to help others.( 4 and 5 are omitted )N IPplan to cut the budgetThe tree diagrams below representing the structures of a variety of different

sentences. For each of the five numbered positions in each structure, say what kinds

of item (overt or covert) can occupy the position, and what determines the choice of

item occupying each position.(a). IP D I’

(John) I

VPExercise VII

(-s)

V IPwant D I’

(PRO) I VP (or his wife)

(to) V DP

buy D

(a)

(1): John, he, she, ……(2): -s, -ed, would, should…(3): overt or covert: him, his wife, Zhang shan,… or PRO.(4): to(5): a, the ,this, that,… (d).

DP

IPNcarI’ D NP I VP

(the) N PP (have, -n) V PP

leaders P DP vote P DP

(of) D N (for) D

the (city) the

Nbill

Exercise VIIIDraw a separate tree diagram to represent the structure of each of the following

sentences, using arrows to show what has moved from where to where; discuss the

role played by traces in accounting for the syntax of these sentences.(1)a. what did you say had happened to who ? b. *who did you say what had happened to ?CP C’ What

C IP did

Spec. I’ you

I

t

VPV

say

IPSpec. I’

t

I VP(had…-n)V

happenPP

P

to

NPwhoCP C’ Who

C

did

IP Spec.

you

I’

I

t

VP V

say

IPSpec.

what

I’

I VP(had…-n)V

happenPP

P

to

NP tCP C’The neofascists

C IP (topic)

Spec. I’ I

I

wouldn’t

VP V

want

(2)a. The neofascists, I wouldn’t want to win the election. b. *The neofascists, I wouldn’t wanna win the . I’

t

I VPtoV

win

DP

D NPthe election

CPI’I

t

VP V

(want)

CP C’how many people

C IP (do)

Spec.

you

b.*How many people do you wanna come to your party ?(3)a. How many people do you wanna invite to your party ? C’IP I

( to)VPV

inviteNPI’

NP PPt to your party

how many people

C IP (do)

Spec.

you

I’ I

t

VPV

(want)

IP Spec I’

( t )

I VP( to)V PPCome to your party