史上最全孟加拉国 中英双语介绍

史上最全孟加拉国 中英双语介绍

BANGLADESH

History

In 1947, the Partition of India saw Bengal divided into two new countries: a

Muslim-dominated eastern part called East Bengal corresponding to what is now

Bangladesh, and a western part, the Indian state of West Bengal. In 1955, the

government of Pakistan changed the name of the province from East Bengal to East

Pakistan. East Pakistan was dominated by West Pakistan. Despite the fact that East

Pakistan earned the larger share of national income, most of the development was done

in West Pakistan. The Pakistan Army was mostly dominated by officers from West

Pakistan. The tensions peaked in 1971, following an open, non-democratic denial by

Pakistani president Yahya Khan of election results that gave the Awami League an

overwhelming majority in the parliament.

Under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, known as Bôngobondhu (Friend

of Bengal), Bangladesh started its struggle for independence. The official onset

followed one of the bloodiest genocides carried out by the Pakistan army on Bengali

civilians on 25 March 1971. Virtually the entire Bengali intelligentsia was eliminated.

More than ten million Bengalis fled to India, which backed the liberation war, with

support from the Soviet Union. Before his arrest by the Pakistani Government, Rahman

made a formal declaration of Independence on 26 March. With the help of Bengali

officers in the army, support of civilians and military/humanitarian aid from India,

Bangladesh formed a regular army and guerilla force known as Mukti Bahini (Freedom

Fighters). The Mukti Bahini provided intelligence and guidance to the allied force of

Bangladesh Army and Indian Army which attacked the occupying West Pakistani army

of 80,000 in early December 1971. On 16 December 1971, the Pakistan army formally

surrendered. Rahman, who had been incarcerated in West Pakistan, returned

triumphantly as the first Prime Minister of the new nation and later the President of

Bangladesh.

Rahman and his family were massacred on 15 August 1975. The country then had

a number of military coups from 1975 till 1982 when General Hossain Mohammad

Ershad staged a bloodless coup to depose President Abdus Sattar, a former Supreme

Court Justice. He installed another Supreme Court justice Ahsan Uddin Chowdhury as

President while keeping all the power with him in capacity of Chief Martial Law

Administrator. The rule of Ershad continued until 1990 as another uprising forced him

to resign and give way to a parliamentary democracy.

历史

在被称为Bôngobondhu（孟加拉的朋友）的穆吉布・拉赫曼（Sheikh Mujibur

Rahman）的领导下，孟加拉国开始寻求自身的独立。1971年3月25日，在孟加拉平民之上的巴基斯坦军人有计划地发动了最血腥的屠杀，该国的独立运动正式开始。事实上，所有孟加拉知识分子是遭排斥的，一千万孟加拉人逃亡到印度，在苏联的帮助下支持解放战争。拉赫曼（Rahman）被巴基斯坦政府逮捕前，已于3月26日做了一份正式的独立宣言。在军队里的孟加拉军官的帮助和民众的支持以及印度的军事人道主义者的援助下，孟加拉国组织了一支正规军队和以Mukti Bahini命名的游击队（自由战士）。1971年12月初，孟加拉国军队的盟军和印度军队对西巴基斯坦80，000军队发起进攻，Mukti Bahini为盟军提供策划和指导。1971年12月16日，巴基斯坦军队正式宣布投降。被关在在西巴基斯坦监狱的拉赫曼作为新国家的第一位首相胜利回国，随后成为孟加拉国的总统。

1975年8月15日，拉赫曼和他的家人被残酷杀害。从1975年起，这个国家不断，直到1982年Hossain Mohammad Ershad将军发动了一场和平，废黜了前最高法院法官Abdus Sattar的总统职务。他任命另一位最高法院法官Ahsan Uddin Chowdhury为总统，同时通过担任军事总指挥把所有的权力掌控在手中。Ershad时期的法律一直使用着，直到1990年，另一次起义迫使他辞职，并使议会走向民主。

geography

Bangladesh is situated in southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between

Myanmar and India. Bangladesh consists mostly of a low-lying river delta located on

the Indian subcontinent with a largely marshy jungle coastline on the Bay of Bengal

known as the Sundarbans, one of the largest mangrove forests in the world.

Bangladesh is situated in the geographic region named The Ganges Delta (also known

as the Ganges-Brahmaputra River Delta). This delta is the largest in the world. Having

densely vegetated lands, Bangladesh is often called the Green Delta. The densely

populated delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges (local name Padma),

Brahmaputra (Jomunā), and Meghna rivers and their tributaries as they flow down from

the Himalaya, creating the largest riverine delta in the world. Bangladesh"s alluvial soil

is highly fertile but vulnerable to both flood and drought. Hills rise above the plain only

in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (highest point: the Keokradong at 1230m) in the far

southeast and the Sylhet division in the northeast.

地理

孟加拉国地处南亚，与孟加拉湾接壤，在缅甸和印度之间。孟加拉国绝大多数地方由印度次大陆上的低地河域三角洲组成，以Sundarbans闻名的孟加拉湾主要是有沼泽丛林的海岸线，其中有世界上最大的红树森林。

孟加拉国位于名叫恒河三角洲的区域（The Ganges Delta）（也叫恒河-雅鲁藏布江三角洲（Ganges-Brahmaputra River Delta）），是世界上最大的三角洲。孟加拉国因其浓密的植被而被称为绿洲。人口稠密的三角洲由恒河（当地叫Padma）、雅鲁藏布江（Jomunā）、Meghna河以及其马来半岛上的支流汇合而成，组成世界上最大的河流三角洲。孟加拉国的冲击泥土非常肥沃，却也易遭干旱和洪水损害。高于平原的山仅在较远的东南部和东北部Sylhet分界线上的吉大港山区有（最高点：Keokradong，海拨1230米）。

Political System

The President, as the head of state, holds a largely ceremonial post, with real power

held by the Prime Minister, who is the head of government. The president is elected by

the legislature every five years and his normally limited powers are substantially

expanded during the tenure of a caretaker government, mainly in controlling the

transition to a new government. The prime minister is appointed by the president and

must be a member of parliament (MP) who the president feels commands the

confidence of the majority of other MPs. The cabinet is composed of ministers selected

by the prime minister and appointed by the president. The unicameral Bangladeshi

parliament is the House of the Nation or Jatiya Sangsad, whose 300 members are

elected by popular vote from single territorial constituencies for five-year terms of

office.

政治体系

总统作为国家的首脑基本上是一个仪式上的职位，握有真正权力的是作为政府首脑的首相。总统每五年由立法机关选举出，他通常所有的有限权力在过渡政府时期被充分扩大，主要是控制了新政府的转型。首相由总统任命，他必须是议会成员（下院议员），总统认为其赢得了下院大多数成员的信任。内阁由首相挑选的部长组成，再由总统任命。单院制的孟加拉国议会是国家议院或者叫Jatiya

Sangsad，它的300名成员由单个选区内的选民普选而出，任期四年。

Education System

Education is subsidised by the Government, which operates many schools and

colleges in the primary, secondary and higher secondary level as well as many public

universities. The whole country is divided into seven education boards to oversee

education from the primary to the higher secondary level, and conduct the primary and

junior scholarship examinations, the Secondary School Certificate examination, and the

Higher Secondary Certificate examination. The Government also provides salaries to

teachers in non-government schools. To promote literacy among women, education is

free up to the higher secondary level for female students. There is also a Government-funded program which gives incentives like stipends and food for continuing education

in the secondary level. There are 22 Public Universities in

Bangladesh. Among them five provide engineering education and the rest are general

教育体系

政府资助教育，开办了许多初级、中级、中高级的学校和学院，以及许多公立大学。全国教育由七个教育部分管，它们检查从初级到中高级层的学校，管理初级学校的奖学金考试、中级和中高级学校的证书考试。政府也为民办学校的老师加薪。为了提高妇女的文化水平，对有中高等水平的女学生提供免费教育。同时还有一项政府资助的项目，对中级学校的接受持续教育的人给予像定期的生活津贴和食物等激励。孟加拉国有22所公立大学，其中五所提供工程教育，其余都是普通大学。

Population

The estimated population of the country is 144 millions. Bangladesh is ethnically

homogenous, with Bengalis comprising 98% of the population, the rest belonging to

the tribal people. Apart from very small countries such as Singapore and Bahrain,

Bangladesh is the most densely populated country in the world. The nation, at 982

persons per km², has often been compared to Indonesia’s Java.

Capital

Dhaka is the country’s capital and largest city.

人口

据估计这个国家有1亿4400万人口。孟加拉是单一民族国家，孟加拉人占了总人口的98%，其余都是些小部落。与一些小国，如新加坡、巴林不同，孟加拉国是世界上人口最稠密的国家。这个国家每平方公里有982人，可以与印尼的爪哇相比。

首都 达卡(Dhaka)， 也是最大的城市。

Languages

The vast majority speak Bangla or Bengali. Bengali, an Indo-Aryan language, is

written in the Bengali script. It is the official language, though English is accepted in

official tasks and in higher education. A small number of people, mostly non-Bengali

Muslims from regions of India such as Bihar speak Urdu. A substantial number of non-Bengali tribal groups inhabit the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the southeast and the

Northern regions Bangladesh, including parts of the districts of Mymensingh, Sylhet,

Rangpur. Almost all non-Bengali Bangladeshis speak Bangla as a second language.

语言

孟加拉语是使用最广的语言。孟加拉语作为印度雅利安语言（Indo-Aryan

language），在孟加拉语手稿中使用。虽然英语在官方事务和高校教育中应用，但是孟加拉语仍是官方语言。孟加拉还有一小部分人说乌尔都语（Urdu），他们大多来自印度地区的非孟加拉穆斯林。很大一部分非孟加拉部落部落住在东南部和北部孟加拉国区域的吉大港广阔的山林，包括Mymensingh,、Sylhet,、Rangpur地区的一些地方。几乎所有非孟加拉族的孟加拉国人都把Bangla当作第二语言。

Religions

Most Bangladeshis (about 83%) are Muslims while Hindus constitute a sizable

(16%) minority. There are also a small number of Buddhists, Christians, and Animists.

宗教信仰

绝大多数孟加拉国人（大约83%）是穆斯林，而印度教占比重较小（16%）。也有一小部分是佛教徒、基督教徒和万物有灵论者。

Economy

Despite sustained domestic and international efforts to improve economic and

demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a poor, overpopulated, and ill-governed

nation. Although half of GDP is generated through the service sector, nearly two-thirds

of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single-most-important product. Major impediments to growth include frequent cyclones and floods,

inefficient state-owned enterprises, inadequate port facilities, a rapidly growing labor

force that cannot be absorbed by agriculture, delays in exploiting energy resources

(natural gas), insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic