曼哈顿SC知识点整理

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SC句子改错的基础（不含题）

Sentences Correction（简称SC），句子改错。我们经常称之为“语法”题，但是实际上SC考察的不仅仅是语法，或者说真正的语法考得很少。这里将全面讲解和介绍整个SC。

问题格式

句子改错的格式比较简单，下面是例题：

Although William Pereira first gained national recognition for his movie set designs, including

those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations remember him as the architect

of the Transamerica Tower, the Malibu campus of Pepperdine University, and the city of Irvine.











(A) including those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations

(B) like that for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations will

(C) like those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations

(D) including that for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations will

(E) including those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations will

不要用自己的语言重写句子，我们需要从五个选项中个相对较好的。

题目由一个句子其中部分有下划线。如上例，划线部分只是整句话中很少的一部分。但是下划线部分也可能包含大部分甚至整句句子。五个选项是可能替代下划线句子部分的答案（如果整句话都有下划线，那么所有答案选项都应该是完整的句子）。在GMAT考试ＳＣ部分选项（A）与问题中下划线句子一样，其他选项则给出不一样的句子。题目要你选择哪一项从语法，意思和简洁角度出发，放在句中位子最合适。另外，（A)选项并没有什么特定的含义，和其他四个选项地位上是完全平等的。

“最佳”不等于“理想”

很经常你会觉得所有的选项包括正确的选项听起来都不是好答案（很多时候你的感觉是对的）。正确的答案可以听起来非常正式或者拗口，所以要谨记你的任务是评估给出的选项，不是去创造完美的句子。完美的句子常常不是选项，而且正确的答案可能看起来像错误。为了增加题目难度，不正确的答案选项常常听起来很正确。当然，GMAT就是利用了我们听到的英语常常充满语法错误的这个事实

拆分和比较选项

如果还没做过ＳＣ，没关系，现在尝试做一题吧：

Although William Pereira first gained national recognition for his movie set designs, including

those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations remember him as the architect

of the Transamerica Tower, the Malibu campus of Pepperdine University, and the city of Irvine.

 (A) including those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations

 (B) like that for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations will

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 (C) like those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations

 (D) including that for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations will

 (E) including those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations will

（通常情况下，最简单的拆分是在一开始或结束选择答案的时候。）

现在，你是怎么解决这个问题呢？你看过完整的句子，然后重新读句子的答案选择比较每一个可能的答案？这是一个非常普遍的策略，但它却相当耗时，为了完成整个语文部分（其中阅读和逻辑都很耗时），你应该不超过90秒平均回答一道SC。事实上，用一分钟来回答问题是比较符合考场的Pace。

在这段时间内选择答案的关键是选项的区别，你可以遵循以下步骤：

 写下您的纸张上的“ABCDE的”

 读句子，并指出任何明显的错误。

 扫描选项，但不仅仅是读而是出它们的区别。例如，你可以将答案分组，例如以including和以like打头。同样，在句末是否以will结束。（更重要的是remember的时态，是将来时来是现在时）。理想的分组是将选项划分成两组，一组２个另一组３个，这种分组是在你可能确定能排除一些选项时使用。

 比较余下的答案选择重新分组。继续到答案的差异，直到只剩下一个答案。

分组和比选项是我们考GMAT做题的基础

每道题每个选项都有自己的问题所在，我们要的是抓住主要矛盾，管理者一定要有大局观，不要因为一些细枝末节而舍本逐末。再看一下例题：

Although William Pereira first gained national recognition for his movie set designs, including

those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations remember him as the architect

of the Transamerica Tower, the Malibu campus of Pepperdine University, and the city of Irvine.











(A) including those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations

(B) like that for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations will

(C) like those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations

(D) including that for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations will

(E) including those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations will

看完选项首先先到不同点来进行分组，一处是尾部的will remember和 remember。我们之所以这样分组是因为动词的发起者是future generation，任何分配给generation包括remember，必须在将来时。因此，（A）和（C）可以被淘汰。

下一步，我们比较（Ｂ），（Ｄ）（E），我们发现之间可以用those和 that来进行分组比较。由于这个词those or that，指代movie set designs一个复数名词，我们必须使用复数代词those。因此答案（B）和（D）可以杀掉，留下了我们正确的答案（E）。

事实上，我们也可以使用另一处区别including 和like。Like 在GMAT中是不能引出例子，但是such as可以。由于强调段由一个例子开始，（B）和（Ｃ）可以删除。使用like改变了句子的意思，暗示William Pereira’s designs，只是外观设计类似于“Reap the Wind”。

用上面的例子我们可以发现，在GMAT考试中出题者往往用一道题目测试几个不同的方法。

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因此，大多数的选项可以因为多种原因而被排除。在你的复习过程中，你应该掌握所有的规则来测试一个特定的问题，但考试当天，你只需要用你平时所掌握的方法到一个正确的答案。此外，GMAT的测试只有数量有限的语法原则，其他内容我们将在下面的章节中进行讨论。

阅读整个句子

使用分组和比较选项将让你的注意力放在比较选项上，这样将让我们避免重复同时也是低效率的重读选项。但是，当我们做题时首先应该阅读整个句子。例如这是一个句子中划线部分：

and so was unable to go to recess

你不能决定这个版本是否是正确的，直到看到整个的句子：

The students came to school without their mittens and so was unable to go to recess.

（确保你选择的答案在句子作为一个整体部分。）

如果你忽略了非强调的部分，你就无法知道was的使用的是不正确的。 因为was的发起者是students，一个复数名词，所以动词应用were。

上面的例子是最基本的，但是当你遇到更多的句子改错的问题，你会看到划线和未划线部分的关系——句子的强调和非强调部分——是既复杂又至关重要的。不理解这种关系，也许你就会选择了错误的答案。所以，请务必阅读整句话！GMAT考试经常把重要的内容，远离划线的部分。

选择合适的词

正确的选项其句意一定是明确的，不存在歧义。所在在GMAT考试中，你的任务之一是选择最简洁明确的选项来传达作者的意图。（正确的答案将永远清楚地反映作者的意思。）

一个英语单词往往不只一个意思，我们使用单词时是否是要表述其精确的意思？GMAT考试很少测试纯单词的知识，但通常考查的是在特定环境下单词的准确使用。

 My decision to drive a hybrid car was motivated by ECONOMIC considerations.

 ECONOMICAL considerations motivated my decision to drive a hybrid car.

第二个句子，这是短更简洁但其意思表达准确吗？Economical 意思是thrifty、efficient。作者的原意是想表达希望有一个高效的汽车。正确的词组应该economic considerations。

思考下面对字和词句及其独特含义：













aggravate (worsen) vs. aggravating (irritating)

known as (named) vs. known to be (acknowledged as)

loss of (no longer in possession of) vs. loss in (decline in value)

mandate (command) vs. have a mandate (have authority from voters)

native of (person from) vs. native to (species that originated in)

range of (variety of) vs. ranging (varying)

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







rate of (speed or frequency of) vs. rates for (prices for)

rise (general increase) vs. raise (a bet or a salary increase)

such as (for instance) vs. like (similar to)

try to do (seek to accomplish) vs. try doing (experiment with)

一些单词的改变就能造成句子整体上意思的变化。所以要注意每个单词在句子中的的准确含义。特别是一些助动词，像may, will, must, should,等，也会改变句子的整体意思。

Example 1

 Certain — The drop in interest rates WILL create better investment opportunities.

 Uncertain — The drop in interest rates MAY create better investment opportunities.

Either of these sentences could be correct. However, do not jump from one to the other! Stay

with the intent of the original sentence, whether it uses will or may.

Example 2

 Absolutely Necessary — The court ruled that the plaintiff MUST pay full damages.

 Morally Obliged — The court ruled that the plaintiff SHOULD pay full damages.

请注意，第二句是不正确的should应该是指“道义上的责任”的东西，而法院不能强加。另一方面，第一个句子中的must指的是原告实施的一项具有法律约束力的义务。因此，我们要用must。还应当注意，GMAT中must是指“道义责任”，而不是 “可能性。”

Example 3

 Actual — If Chris and Jad met, they DISCUSSED mathematics.

 Hypothetical — If Chris and Jad met, they WOULD DISCUSS mathematics.

第一句可能是由不确定Chris and Jad是否见面的人说的。“If this did indeed happen, then that

is the consequence.”第二句则预测了这两个人见面后的结果“If this were to happen, then

that would be the consequence.”

合适的词放在合理位置

一个单词位置的改变成以影响到句子的核心句意。我们来看个例子：

 ALL the children are covered in mud.

 The children are ALL covered in mud.

上面的句子改变了all位置将句意从数量上的全部儿童变成了儿童整个人。我们再看另外一个例子：

 ONLY the council votes on Thursdays.

 The council votes ONLY on Thursdays.

第一句的意思表示只有council在周四的时候会投票，（也许像董事会会在周一和周五投票）。第二个句子表示council只有周四时会投票其他时间不会考虑。所以我们在比较选项的时候特别要关注这种改变位置的词，特别是短的词，像only、all这种，对数量及其他方面限制

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的词。

有的时候你还需要注意整体语序。虽然单词都认得但整体句意却很含糊、罗嗦。

The council granted the right to make legal petitions TO CITY OFFICIALS

TO CITY OFFICIALS指什么？市政官员有权进行法律的请愿吗？或其他人有权提出法律请求？无论哪种方式，正确的选项一定要解决这种歧义：

 The council granted CITY OFFICIALS the right to make legal petitions.

 The right to make legal petitions TO CITY OFFICIALS was granted by the council.

如果句子的意思仍然混乱，那就检查整体词序。英语通常把主语放在动词的前面，所以就尽量保持这个顺序。

 Awkward: A referendum is a general public vote through which IS PASSED A LAW OR OTHER

PROPOSAL.

 Better: A referendum is a general public vote through which A LAW OR OTHER PROPOSAL IS

PASSED.

简洁-避免冗余

SC很多问题都将涉及简洁。有的选项往往不仅包含语法问题同时也不够简洁。如果两个选项语法正确，意思很清楚的，但一个更简洁，则就选择这个答案（使用简洁这一原则前提是句意和语法等都正确，换句话说简洁是最后使用的方法。不要简单地挑最短的选项。有时GMAT考试将迫使你选择一个较长的选择而语法正确，意思很清楚的）。例如：

 Wordy: They HAVE DIFFERENCES over THE WAY IN WHICH the company should MAKE

INVESTMENTS in new technologies.

 Better: They DIFFER over HOW the company should INVEST in new technologies.

第一句是很容易理解，但还是写得不好。“而且短语有分歧，have differences, the way in which,

make investments可以更换为更简洁的表达，比如第二个句子。

GMAT考试使用单词优于词组。例如，have differences means the same as the word differ。但相同情况下我们喜欢differ。

简洁的另一个方面是冗余。每个单词在句子中必须有必要的含义。如果一个字可以删除而不改变句子的意思，则我们就希望有个更简洁的选项进行替代。

关于GMAT考试常见的冗余陷阱是与使用的词有相同的含义：

 Wordy: The value of the stock ROSE by a 10% INCREASE.

 Better: The value of the stock INCREASED by 10%.

 Or: The value of the stock ROSE by 10%.

（如果在GMAT句子两个词意思是相同的，则我们应该有意识的检测下句子是否有冗余，也许只有一个词是必要的。）因为 rose和increase两者都意味着增长，只需要一个

 Wordy: The three prices SUM to a TOTAL of $11.56.

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 Better: The three prices SUM to $11.56.

 Or: The three prices TOTAL $11.56.

由于sum 和total达的涵义相同，只需要一个

 Wordy: BEING EXCITED about her upcoming graduation, Kelsey could barely focus on her

final exams.

 Better: EXCITED about her upcoming graduation, Kelsey could barely focus on her final

exams.

这时，being不会增加句子的意思，所以应该删除。事实上，这个词常常是冗余的标志，但在现在的考试中，出题者有时会故意用这点来迷惑我们，从而将正确选项误删除！

我们在考试的时候还要注意时间的表达。有时一个句子会出现两个表示时间的词（特别是如果一个表达式是在非划线部分，或者两表达并不像）。我们例举了些表示时间的词：

 PAST: Previously Formerly In the past Before now

 PRESENT: Now Currently Presently At present

 YEARLY: Annual Each year A year (e.g., three launches a year)

一般来说，一个句子应该包括只有一个这样的表达，但这并不意味着你无法重复一个句子中的时间表达。

主谓必须都存在

如果一个句子缺少主语或动词，则句子只是片段，换句话说，不是一个完整的句子！GMAT考试常见的错误之一是无谓语：

 Wrong：The electron named in 1894.

 此句named看起来像一个动词。但是， named肯定不是The electron自己主动发起的动作。

 Right: Stoney NAMED the electron in 1894.

 在这句话named是谓语动词。或者我们可以用另一种表达：

 Right: The electron WAS NAMED in 1894.

在这句话中，WAS NAMED成为了谓语动词。而WAS NAMED中named是一个过去分词。过去分词本身不是一个谓语动词，所以The electron named in 1894不是一个句子，而在SC部分我们要让所选出的答案和原名合成一个完整的句子。

GMAT考试中常见的另一种错误是用连词打头而没有主句，这种从句也都有其主语和动词：

 Wrong: BECAUSE the dog was never mine.

 Wrong: WHICH will be approved tomorrow.

Because 和 which是连词。而上面的结构也被称为从句，这些由连词打头的部分其本身无法成为一独立的句子。为了不被迷惑我们需要将它有意识的关注主句或删除连接，比如第二句：The plan will be approved tomorrow。

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主谓必须逻辑上匹配

主语和谓语的一致性其中一点表现在逻辑意义上也必须有意义。我们看看下面这个错误的句子：The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able

to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.

乍一看，这句话似乎还好。但请注意句意：The development of a will be able to

?这不是development，将will be able to travel。原句想表达的合理意思应该是氢汽车本身will be able to travel.

正确的写法应该是这样的：Once developed, a hydrogen CAR based on expected performance

parameters WILL BE able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.

请一定注意在读句子的时候，将主语和谓语首先揪出来，看看主谓在逻辑意思上是否匹配。

到句子主谓的方法（不含题）

GMAT考试中，出题者有多种方式隐藏主语和谓语。最常见的方式在主语和动词之间加入插入语。我们必须学会消除这些干扰，揭示真理！

此外，GMAT考试，还常常使相当数量的单词放在主语之前。通常情况的判断方法是将这部分的词或句删除，而不影响句子的表达。

有几个常见的类型：

1）介词短语：一组由一个介词为首的话。

of mice / in Zambia / to the store / for milk / with her / on their orders / by 1800 / at that level /

from the office

上述强调的介词是其中最常见的。介词短语修改或说明句子的某些部分。因此，消除这部分来主语是比较好的方法之一。例如：

 Near Galway, the houses on the road to Spiddle is/are gorgeous.

 (NEAR Galway), the HOUSES (ON the road TO Spiddle) ARE gorgeous.

当然介词短语存在些特例，我们将在下面进行分析，例如Part OF，就由其后面的词决定谓语动词。例如Half of the pie IS blueberry, and half of the slices ARE already gone.

2）从句：像许多介词短语一样，从句修改句子的其他部份，可以理解为大型的形容词或副词甚至名词。无论哪种方式，因为这些从句中不包含主语或动词，所以也是用来判断主语时也是可消除的部份：

(When the auditors left,) the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad.

3）其他修饰：逗号常常会将修饰的部分单独隔开，例如：

(Limping,) the horse (once considered one of the favorites) was taken away.

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使用结构来决定

我们先看一个例子：

In the waning days of the emperor’s life, the conquest of new lands on the borders of the empire

was/were considered vital.

看到这句话我们先到谓语was/were considered vital，同时要形成一个条件反射，这个动词的发起者是谁，可能有时我们认为new lands是主语，实际上new lands只是一个介词短语修饰conquest，所以请记住：在GMAT考试中类似在介短中的名词是不可能作为句子的主语。所以上例的动词要使用was. 所以这种介词短语既可以用来迷惑选项又可以用来帮助我们快速出主语！

我们再看一个例子：

The tidal forces to which an object falling into a black hole is/are subjected is/are sufficient to

tear the object apart.

我们有两个主谓要正确匹配。首先，匹配主句的主语和动词。

Better: The tidal FORCES（to which an object falling into a black hole are subjected）ARE sufficient

to tear the object apart.

接下来，匹配的从句中的动词，

Right: The tidal forces to which an OBJECT（falling into a black hole IS SUBJECTED）are sufficient to

tear the object apart.

我们之所以做出上面的判断不仅仅是基于句子的结构，其核心最关键的是句子的意思，在现在的GMAT考试中常常充斥的错误选项是结构匹配但是句意却一团乱，所以我们在选择的时候要时刻以句意为导向，用句意来衡量一切的判断。

擦亮双眼，还原句子本来面目

在大多数的英语句子中主语先于动词再现，然而GMAT考试中为了迷惑考生通常会将顺序颠倒。

 Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.

 Flip: A lonely house, inhabited by squatters, SITS near those buildings.

 Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.

原名中真正的主语应该是house而非those buildings，再看一个例子：

 Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.

 Flip ： A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop.

 Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.

通过转制可以看出a young man and an older woman才是句子的主语。在英语口语中，对于there is往往使用不当，注意there be具体由后面的词来决定其be动词的选择。

我们再看一个转换在从句中的应用：

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 Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current computer

pastimes.

 Flip it：Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended.

 Right: Pong is a classic game from which…

主语为And及类似词汇

AND能联结两个或两个以上部分，形成复合主语。

 Joe AND his friends ARE going to the beach.

 Mathematics, history, AND science ARE mandatory high-school subjects.

请注意，这种复合主语的谓语动词用复数采取复数形式。其他许多单词和短语也都有and的功能。例如：

along with Polly / accompanied by me / in addition to surgery / together with a tie / as well as the

mayor / including salt and pepper

这种类似的词也是句子中可删除的成分。这种类似的词和And有时并不同，因为他们在句子中并无实际成分仅做修饰，并不能影响主语的数量。

 Joe, as well as his friends, IS going to the beach.

 Mathematics, in addition to history and science, IS a required subject.

但是如果是AND的话就会改变句子的主语变为复数，所以请记住，类似于AND的添加词并不改变句子的单复数。

主语为Or,Either,Neither

有时我们会遇到诸如：Or, or, nor这样的词，而这样的词会联接两个名词，那么我们在使用时动词用什么形式？答案很简单：到最接近的名词，并使动词与之一致。我们看两个例子：

 Neither the coach nor the players ARE going to the beach.

 Neither the players nor the coach IS going to the beach.

注意有时either or neither会单独出现而句中没有or或者nor时我们将其视为单数，使用单数的动词。

主语为集合名词

集体名词是一种名词看似（通常不以-S结束），但指一组人或物体。一些例子包括：

 People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team

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 Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture

在一些特殊的情况下，集合名词也可以单复数考虑（例如，当强调的个体而不是整体时）。

注意：GMAT考试，几乎集合名词都是单数！

 The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field.

 Our ARMY of a hundred thousand soldiers IS attacking the enemy

所以即使集合名词代表团体我们也通常视其为单数。

主语为不定代词

不定代词通常是指以-one, -body, or –thing为结尾的词，例如Anyone下面再列举些相同类别的词：anyone, anybody, anything, each, every (as pronouns), everyone, everybody, everything,

either, neither (may require a plural verb if paired with or/nor), no one, nobody, nothing,

Someone, somebody, something, whatever, whoever

但是请注意，这里有五个词是单复数都存在的，也就是说无论动词后是单数还是复数都可行，请记住：Some, Any, All, More/Most。

而遇到这四大天王时我们怎么办？这时就要回想起刚才所说的Of-结构，只有遇到这五个词是看其后面的名词来决定其所使用的动词：

 Some of the money WAS stolen from my wallet. (money是单数)

 Some of the documents WERE stolen from the bank. (documents是复数)

还有none很特别，因为其后面都可以认为是单数或复数，而not one都认为是单数。例如Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.

实在搞不掂了，做题的时候就按照单数来吧。因为不定代词作主语一般都是单数。

主语为Each和Every

Each和Every我们都是使用单数的，例如：

 Right: Every dog HAS paws.

 Right: Every dog and cat HAS paws.

 Right: Each of these shirts IS pretty.

但是当each跟着主语时其情况视主语而定：

They each ARE great tennis players.

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主语为量词和短语

比较常用的量词如THE number of我们都很清楚是单数，而A number of则为复数。

例如：The number of hardworking students in this class IS quite large.

再如majority, minority, and plurality这些词也是单复数都可行的，具体情况要看语境及上下文，比如要强调个体时就可以用单数。

 The majority of the students in this class ARE hard workers.

 In the Senate, the majority HAS coalesced into a unified voting block.

平行介绍（不含题）

可以说，GMAT考试的最喜欢的SC部分测试点是平行！解决平行的问题，就解决了一半的GMAT问题！所谓平行不仅仅要求的是结构的平行，更要求逻辑意义上的平行和句意上的平行。

The employees were upset by the company’s low pay, poor working conditions, and that they did

not have enough outlets for their creativity.

请注意，这个例子中有三个比较部分upset the employees。前两部分的结构类似，都含有名词性短语（名词为pay 和conditions）。但是第三部分有不同的结构全：它包含主语，动词和宾主的句子。为了使句子平行，我们必须改变的第三部分，使之变为一名词性结构，

Right: The employees were upset by the company’s low pay, poor working conditions, and

shortage of outlets for employees’ creativity.

请注意，我们一般不需要每个词的平行，而需要特别关注重要的单词的平行，如上例中的pay, conditions,和shortage，因为这些都是名词。经过修改the company’s可以修饰这三个部分：

 The company’s low pay

 The company’s poor working conditions

 The company’s shortage of outlets for employees’ creativity

平行标志

平时常用的平行标志有and, but, and or，最常见当然是and，但现在的考试中常常隐藏平行标志，取而代之的是句意上的平行，这种平行更加隐晦。为了方便大家熟悉平行结构，我们罗列了以下标志供大家参考：

标志

And

Both/And

Or

结构

X and Y

X, Y, and Z

Both X and Y

X or Y

例子

Apples AND pears

Apples, pears, AND bananas

BOTH apples AND pears

Apples OR pears

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Either/Or

Not/But

Not Only/But Also

Rather Than

From/To

Either X or Y

Not X but Y

Not only X but also Y

X rather than Y

From X to Y

EITHER apples OR pears

NOT apples BUT pears

NOT ONLY apples, BUT ALSO pears

Apples RATHER THAN pears

FROM apples TO pears

平行元素

在一个句子中基本上任一元素都可以组成平行结构。









名词：Her expression reflected BOTH anger AND relief.

形容词：The park was NEITHER accessible NOR affordable.

动词：The custodian cleaned the basement AND washed the windows.

不定式：We would like NOT ONLY to hear your side of the story BUT ALSO to provide a

response.

 分词：The actor left quickly, shunning fans AND ducking into a car.

 介词短语：It was important to leave the money in the drawer RATHER THAN on the table.

 从句：The contended that the committee was biased AND that it should be disbanded.

有些平行句中的动词不止有一个，如was opening, can lose, to increase，这往往也是平行的一个标志，我们就需要特别注意。

 The division WAS opening offices, hiring staff AND investing in equipment.

 The railroad CAN EITHER lose more money OR solve its problems.

 They wanted TO increase awareness, spark interest, AND motivate purchases.

对于平行的句子打头词必须是相同的：

 Wrong: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND THAT has low taxes.

 Right: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE the taxes are low.

请注意，在上面的例子，简洁的原则依然适用，但要注意请勿过度简洁而删除了平行元素。

 Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.

 Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.

在第一句中 WHO are not和前面的元素并不平行，我们必须写成 THOSE WHO are

not.同是为了简洁我们可以省去popular，因为这不影响我们对意思的理解。

固定搭配的平行

英语日常习语中也常用许多平行结构，如之前我们所讨论的both X and Y,我们还罗列了些需要使用平行结构常见固定搭配：

And的平行

And这个词在平行结构中是比较常见，下面我们列举了些AND的应用

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X and Y

X, Y, and Z

Apples AND pears

Apples, pears, AND bananas

请注意，我们在使用AND时通常将其至于最后一个元素前面，而当前面有两个或三个元素的时候我们往往会在每个元素后添加逗号。而如果只有两个元素的话我们一般是省略逗号，但有的例句会依然保留，这不影响我们对句子的判断。

例如对于X, and Y结构：I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often.

如果一个句子比较长，且其中包含短语时，我们就要特别留意短语的平行。例如

Wrong: She argues that the agency acts with disregard for human life AND property AND reckless

abandon AND it should therefore be shut down.

四个下划线的部分都由AND连接，但是却不平行的，human life AND property是相互平行，但reckless abandon却不和以上平行，而且前面三个元素和第四个句子并不平行。正确的应该是：

Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human

life AND property, AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.

我们用个图表更形象的表达所对应的平行结构：

She argues

THAT the agency acts

WITH reckless abandon

WITH disregard for

human life

property

THAT it should therefore be abandoned

逻辑意思上的平行

我们在选项的时候特别要注意有的选项常常出现结构上的完美平行，但逻辑意义上却不平行。特别是些动词，我们来看一个例子：

Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, AND leaving

late every night.

在上面的句子，-ing分词短语arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, and leaving late

every night相互平行。但在主句中applied himself in his new job,却不和后面的元素平行。有问题吗？上面的句子是正确的，主句中的谓语是applied，-ing分词短语则作为一个补充部分说明。而作为GMAT考试中，出题者有时为了结构的平行会故意将其改成：

Wrong: Sal applied himself in his new job, arrived early every day, skipped lunch regularly, AND

left late every night.

上面的错句平行的完美无缺！所以我们不能简单的要求所有的动词在形上全部平行，我们要更注重内涵，关注句子的内在，即句意，由句意来决定句子各部分。

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系动词主体和宾语的平行

英语的动词有很多种，一种是行为动词如：walk, dance, and jump，另一种则是系动词，其表达的意思不是具体做什么而是这种东西是什么，属于什么，最常见的动词是to be，对于这种系动词其本身也有平行的含义，且相当隐晦。下面我们罗列了相关动词：

 TO BE: is / are / was / were / am / been / being

 其它：appear / become / feel / grow / look / remain / represent / resemble / seem / smell /

sound / stay / taste / turn

当使用系动词时，必须注意主体和宾语的平行。

Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.

系动词was 连接了The bouquet和a giving。而这两部分结构上都没有平行，因此我们可以这样改写句子：

Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.

我们在使用系动词时要确保系动词所连接的前后意思上同样平行。

Wrong: Upon being nominated, this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban-rural relations

in this country.

上例中REPRESENTS连接了the politician 和 a step forward。但是句意上出现了问题，变成了this politician代表了a step forward，实际上从句意的合理度上来说应该是nomination和a

step forward的平行。

Right: The nomination of this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban-rural relations in this

country.

要注意to te不仅仅可以做为系动词，同时也可以作为表达时态的词，例如过去式，完成时等。

指代的名词必须存在

首先我们先看下例句：

The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to

IT.

IT指代哪个名词？park？实际上在这例句中park只是The park rangers的形容词，所以这个IT的指代有问题。

一个简单的方法来改正就是直接表述出所指的名词。

Right: The rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to

THE PARK.

我们删除了park,同时要注意，GMAT考试中有时名词有可能作为形容词使用。所以面对代词

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要时刻提醒自己，其指代对象是否合适，是否为名词或名词性短语。

名词及代词有意义

名词及代词必须在逻辑上及句意上有意义，我们再来看一个例子：

Although the term “supercomputer” may sound fanciful or exaggerated, IT is simply an extremely

fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.

我们先到所指代的名词the term “supercomputer”，现在我们更换代词：

... the term “supercomputer” is simply an extremely

这句话在的句意改变是很微妙的，The term 并不是a mainframe，但却指a mainframe，所以这句话可以改为：

Right: Although the term “supercomputer” may sound fanciful or exaggerated, IT simply REFERS

TO an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.

代词所指代的名词

GMAT考试的代词，必须明确是指只有一个指代的词。如果句子中有两个或两个以上的名词则应重新考虑代词的适用性。

Researchers claim to have developed new “nano-papers” incorporating tiny cellulose fibers,

which THEY allege give THEM the strength of cast iron.

上例中they 和them 指代什么？t我们可以假设hey指代researchers 而them指代new

“nano-papers.”，但是事实上they 和them的指代都不是很明确，任何一个都可以指代researchers 或者 “nanopapers.”所以这句我们可以这样改写：

Right: Researchers claim to have developed new “nano-papers” incorporating tiny cellulose fibers,

which allegedly give THESE MATERIALS the strength of cast iron.

代词和名词的数量匹配

GMAT考试中代词及名词前后数量的不相匹配也是比较常见的一个错误：

Confronted by radical changes in production and distribution, modern Hollywood studios are

attempting various experiments in an effort to retain ITS status as the primary arbiter of movie

consumption.

上例中its 指代modern Hollywood studios，但事实上，its 是单数而studios是复数，所以这句可以改成：

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Right: Confronted by radical changes in production and distribution, modern Hollywood studios

are attempting various experiments in an effort to retain THEIR status as the primary arbiters of

movie consumption.

Right: Confronted by radical changes in production and distribution, the modern Hollywood

studio is attempting various experiments in an effort to retain ITS status as the primary arbiter of

movie consumption.

代词的语法

GMAT考试中常见的考查代词语法的方式有以下几种

1.在平行结构中，一个从句的主语有时会同样被引用到另一个从句中充当主语的角：

Right: Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT by synthesizing

heavy chemical elements, explosions, THEY provide the universe with the possibility of

biochemistry-based life as we know it.

Supernovas是第一句的主语，第二句与第一句平行，而THEY是第二句的主语，虽然像environments 和 explosions离之很近，但这并没有让我们产生对THEY指代Supernovas的怀疑。

2.名词所有格要特别注意指代问题

Wrong: The board is investigating several executives’ compensation packages in order to

determine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.

这句话，them应更好指代packages而非executives’但句意上来说指代executives却是更为合理的。根据语法规则，只有物主代词才能指代所有名词所有格。所以更好的句子应该改成：

Better: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to

determine how much THESE EXECUTIVES may have been improperly awarded.

This, That, These, Those

我们来看一个例子：

The money spent by her parents is less than THAT spent by her children.

上面的例子中that spent by her children 意思是the money spent by her children，也就是说这两部分钱是不一样的，一部分钱是由父母花另一部分由小孩花。所以在使用it 和they 时，其所指代的东西是同样的：

The money spent by her parents is more than IT was expected to be.

而that 和those 时必须对其所说明的词进行修饰以示区分。

 The money spent by her parents is less than THAT SPENT by her children.

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 Her company is outperforming THAT OF her competitor.

有一点不同的是，GMAT要求使用that和those时其所指代的内容其数量必须是相同的，如果数量有变化则要使用原先的名词，例如：

 Wrong: Her company is outperforming THOSE OF her competitors.

 Right: Her company is outperforming THE COMPANIES OF her competitors.

最后，GMAT考试中使用it, they,或 them而不使用this、these、that 或者 those来替换名词，除非修饰that 或those：

 Wrong: Her products are unusual; many consider THESE unique.

 Right: Her products are unusual; many consider THEM unique.

形容词和副词

形容词只修改名词或代词，而副词修饰修饰除名词或代词之外的几乎所有词，这包括介词，动词，形容词，短语等。我们看一个简单的例句：

The SMART student works QUICKLY.

这里SMART 修饰student，而QUICKLY修饰works。许多副词就是在形容词后添加-ly。但如果是修饰系动词如smell，则应该用形容词而不是副词，我们来看几个形容词的例子：









Amy is a GOOD person. (Good 是形容词修饰名词 person.)

Amy is feeling GOOD. (Good 是形容词修饰名词Amy.)

Amy is feeling WELL. (Well是形容词修饰名词Amy.)

Amy writes WELL. (Well 是副词修饰 writes.)

经常GMAT考核两种短语：

1) Adjective + Adjective + Noun，其中两个形容词都修饰名词。

 Adverb + Adjective + Noun，其中副词修饰形容词，形容词反过来修饰名词。

我们来看一个例子：

 James Joyce is Max’s SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.

 James Joyce is Max’s SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.

这个例子形容词和副词的使用将导致句意上的不同，第一个句子就变成James Joyce是Max’s

ancestor，只是其是否为Irish不确定，而第二句是James Joyce肯定是Irish，由此可看出形容词及副词的使用不同还会造成句意上的不同。

名词修饰语（不含题）

名词修饰语相当于加长的形容词，可以是短语或从句，在下面的表格中，修饰语及被修饰的名词我们都用了下划线标注：

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类型

形容词

介词

过去分词

位置 举例

名词前

The LAZY cat took a nap.

名词后

The cat, LAZY from overeating, took a nap.

名词前

On the couch, the cat took a nap.

名词后

The cat On the couch took a nap.

名词前

The TIRED cat took a nap.

TIRED from chasing mice, the cat took a nap.

名词后

The cat, TIRED from chasing mice, took a nap.

名词前

The SLEEPING cat took a nap.

名词后

The cat SLEEPING on the rug is named “Sue”.

名词后

The grey cat, WHICH loves tuna, took a nap.

The cat THAT lives next door is noisy.

The person WHO lives next door is noisy.

The city WHERE I live is noisy.

现在分词

关系代词

另一个名词 名词前

A LOVER of mice, my cat hunts night and day.

The cat, a TABBY raised on a farm, took a nap.

一个名词用来修饰另一个名词则被称为同位语。在上面最后一个例子中，同位语tabby被过去分词raised on a farm所修饰，修饰语中还能再包含修饰语。

在上面的表格中，许多修饰语被逗号隔开。特别需要注意的是，SC中常常喜欢用作为修饰的名词打头，而这种写法又容易被考生误认为是错误选项而排除。看一个例子：

TIRED from chasing mice, the cat took a nap.

名词修饰语的位置

当看到一个名词修饰语时，应该习惯性的想想其修饰什么名词，然后检查是否紧跟有这名词。如果名词修饰语紧跟的是不同的名词，就会造成句意上的错误：

Wrong: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods.

在上面的例子中，which cut through the woods 句意上是修饰road ，但这种表达却让人误以为修饰house ，所以正确的应当将修饰语和road 相联：

Right: To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods.

我们再来看两个错误的例子：

 Wrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office.

 Wrong: There was no commotion in the office, resigned to the bad news.

上面的错例中resigned to the bad news 应该修饰某人或某个组织，但是上面的句子中没有出现人，而resigned to the bad news 却像是修饰there 或the office ，所以上例可修改成：

Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion.

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在GMAT考试中还常见用动词＋ing 来作为句子开头，对于这种动名词依然需要一个句词来被其修饰。

 Wrong: Using the latest technology, the problem was identified.

 Wrong: The problem was identified, using the latest technology.

要改正这句就要插入一个实际使用technology的人，例如：

Right: Using the latest technology, the engineer identified the problem.

同时还可以把using 放在名尾：

Right: The engineer identified the problem, using the latest technology.

动名词作修饰语时不必和主语紧挨着，但主语必须有意义。同时我们要注意避免使用过长的修饰语来修饰相同的名词，用两个或以上的长修饰语就有可能显得冗余或句意上出现差错。

Wrong: George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also

struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.

上例中who also struggled publicly with drug abuse应该紧跟着George Carlin而不是nation，而如果简单的把修饰语放在George Carlin的旁边又显得很冗余，所以更好的改法可以是：

Better: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin, who also

struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.

上面的写法虽然语法上正确但结构上有些冗余，我们再看个最好的写法：

Best: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and

inspired a generation of comedians, even as he struggled publicly with drug abuse.

上面的修饰语：Both shocking 很好的连接着主语George Carlin 并解释了how he influenced and inspired

所有格

句子的修饰中对于名词所有格（'s或S'结尾的名词）同样值得注意：

Wrong: Unskilled in complex math, Bill’s score on the exam was poor.

在这里，Unskilled in complex math 应修饰Bill，但此处却是Bill’s，所以句意变成Bill’s score 是Unskilled in complex math ，显然这非作者要表达的意思。要改正：

Right: Unskilled in complex math, Bill did not score well on the exam.

我们再来看一个例子：

Only in the past century has origami’s development, a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago,

into a true art form taken place.

上面的例子中句意变成了the development of origami was a ceremonial activity，所以不要忽视development 或其他抽象的名词。他们遵循相同的规则：邻近的修饰语将修饰这个名词。所以上面的句子改写为：

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Origami—a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago—has developed into a true art form only

in the past century.

我们日常英语有时会看到这种形式的所有格OF X’s，但是在GMAT中这是错误的格式，选择OF X或者X’s

 Wrong: The orca, a relative of the blue whale’s, is found throughout he globe.

 Right: The orca, a relative of the blue whale, is found throughout the globe.

名词修饰语与关系代词

名词修饰常常由关系代词引导：Which That Who Whose Whom Where When

对于这些关系代词的使用有一定限制，例如：who 和whom 要修饰人，而which 则一定修饰物，而在GAMT的语法中,that 也不能修饰人，所以修饰人的词有Who, Whose or Whom ，而That 和 Which 则无法修饰人：

 Wrong: The scientists THAT made the discovery were rewarded.

 Right: The scientists WHO made the discovery were rewarded.

而Which 或whom 可以跟在介词后面:

the canal through which water flows; the senator for whom we worked.

Who 在从句中作主语，而whom 则作动词或介词的宾语：

 Wrong: The security guard WHO we met was nice.

 Right: The security guard WHOM we met was nice.

That 和 whom 从句中作宾语时可以省略：

 Right: The movie THAT we watched last Friday was scary.

 Right: The movie we watched last Friday was scary.

where可以用来修改地方名词，area, site, country or Nevada ，但是无法修饰“隐喻”地方的词如：condition, situation, case, circumstances, or arrangement，而要修饰这些词则应该用in

which ：

 Wrong: We had an arrangement WHERE he cooked and I cleaned.

 Right: We had an arrangement IN WHICH he cooked and I cleaned.

When 可以指代事件或时间，如：period, age, 1987, or decade ，这里in which 也可以替换when.

名词修饰语的必要性

我们先来看一个例子：

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The mansion PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees.

上例中的PAINTED RED 就是一上必要的修饰语，因为如果没有PAINTED RED就会造成很多疑问。

我们再看一个例子：

This mansion, RECENTLY PAINTED RED, is owned by the Lees.

上例中，RECENTLY PAINTED RED就是非必须的修饰。因为我们知道This 已经说明清楚所要讨论的mansion。

可以用标点符号修饰必须名词和非必须名词。对于非必须修饰可以用逗号将其中间隔开，而必须修饰则不用逗号。所以一个比较常见的标志就是which 和that ，当用which+逗号，常常用来进行一上说明，即非必须修饰，而直接用that 则进行必须修饰。我们再来看一个例子：

 This mansion, WHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED, is owned by the Lees.

 The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees.

动词修饰语

动词修饰语主要修饰动词。主要是为了解释动词“how,” “when,” “where,” “why,”，通常这种词都是副词或类似副词的短语。

类型

副词

位置 举例

动词前

FREQUENTLY, I walk to the store.

I FREQUENTLY walk to the store.

动词后

I walk to the store FREQUENTLY.

动词前

On Mondays, I walk to the store.

动词后

I walk to the store On Mondays.

动词前

WHEN my car is broken, I walk to the store.

动词后

I walk to the store WHEN my car is broken.

介词

主从连词

而作为从句一般打头的引导词有：because, although, if, unless, while, so that, while

有些动词修饰语可能适用于动词和动词的主语，在这些情况下，我们必须确保主语及和修饰语同样有意义。

类型

现在分词

介词+动名词

不定式表目的

位置 举例

动词前

WHISTLING “Beat It”, I lifted the weight.

动词后

I lifted the weight, WHISTLING “Beat It”.

动词前

BY CONCENTRATING, I lifted the weight.

动词后

I lift the weight BY CONCENTRATING.

动词前

TO FREE my leg, I lifted the weight.

动词后

I lifted the weight TO FREE my leg.

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动词修饰语和名词修饰语不同的是动词修饰语不必紧贴着动词，距离可以比较远。但为了避免句意上的问题我们还是建议两者距离最好不要太远：

 Wrong: The nameless symphony was at last performed, decades after it was composed,

yesterday.

 Right: The nameless symphony was at last performed yesterday, decades after it was

composed.

Which 与v+ing

我们先看个常见的错句：

Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, WHICH has led to a rise in property

values.

原句想要表达的意思是the recent decrease in crime has led to a rise in property values ，但是使用which 意思则变为which 前面最接近的名词，而不是前面的整个句子。所以正确的可以改为：

Right: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.

而v+ing 的用法非常灵活，可以直接修饰名词（the changing seasons ），也可以修饰动词及其主语（I lifted the weight, whistling）甚至可以修饰整个句子如上例，只要这句子能能转换为名词性句子。之前的两个例子很好的说明了这个变化，我们可以表达：the recent decrease

has led to a rise, 我们也可以这样表达： crime has leading to a

rise，这种以ing 形式作表达主句的结果最为理想，不易让人产生疑问。

一般现在时与进行时

一般时通常用来描述事情的永久状态或常常发生的事。例如：

 SIMPLE PRESENT Sandy PLAYS well with her friends.

 SIMPLE PAST Sandy PLAYED well with her friends yesterday.

 SIMPLE FUTURE Sandy WILL PLAY well with her friends tomorrow.

进行时表示动作正在进行：

 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE Sandy IS PLAYING soccer.

 PAST PROGRESSIVE Sandy WAS PLAYING soccer yesterday.

 FUTURE PROGRESSIVE Sandy WILL BE PLAYING soccer tomorrow.

上面的例子表示说Sandy 正在PLAYING soccer ，而一般现在时：Sandy plays soccer,则是强调Sandy 比较经常或者她知道如何plays soccer 。在一般的定义中我们通常避免使用进行时而使用一般时：

 Wrong: Cherenkov radiation is light that particles ARE EMITTING when they ARE TRAVELING

faster than the effective speed of light in any medium.

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 Right: Cherenkov radiation is light that particles EMIT when they TRAVEL faster than the

effective speed of light in any medium.

表达一般状态的动词一般不用进行时，例如know or signify：

 Wrong: This inscription IS SIGNIFYING the emperor’s birth.

 Right: This inscription SIGNIFIES the emperor’s birth.

让句意决定动词时态

多个动作的句子其动词时态应由句子的意思来决定：

 She WAS PLAYING with her friends when the babysitter ARRIVED.

 She PLAYED with her friends when the babysitter ARRIVED.

第一个句子表示当babysitter 来的时候she 正在play with her friends. 第二个句子表示当babysitter 来了以后 she play with her friends .

现在完成时

现在完成时表示过去的动作在过去开始并持续到现在，所以它的起点一个在过去，而终点在现在。

Right: We HAVE LIVED in a hut for three days.

这个句子表明三天前我们在小屋里而现在我们依然住在小屋里。而如果句子用过去时则是另外一种意思：

Right: We LIVED in a hut for three days.

这个例子意味着，我们已不再生活在小屋，而这三日已经过去了。而通常完成时里会有明显的时间状态表示这个动作发生了多久：

 This country HAS ENFORCED strict immigration laws for thirty years.

 They HAVE KNOWN each other since 1987.

上面的例子的动作都是发生在过去并持续到现在，其时间上用了for thirty years 和 since

1987,进行暗示，表达了这个动作进行了多长时间。而有时候现在完成时也表示动作已经结束，只是他的影响持续到现在：

The child HAS DRAWN a square in the sand.

这个小孩不再画了，其动作已经结束但是其所画的依然存在，而如果所话内容消失了我们则要使用一般过去式。

 Right: The child DREW a square in the sand, but the ocean ERASED it.

 Right: The child DREW a square in the sand, but the ocean HAS ERASED it.

 Awkward: The child HAS DRAWN a square in the sand, but the ocean HAS ERASED it.

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上面的例子中，erase 的时态可以是一般过去时也可以是现在完成时，第一个句子中sand 现在的状态是未知的，而第二句中sand 现在的状态是确定的，因为用现在完成时可以知道其对现在的影响。所以总结一下，现在完成时表示持续的动作或已经结束的动作的持续影响，而since 还有within （如within the past five minutes 或者 within the last ten days），就是现在完成时重要的标志：

 Wrong: Since 1986 no one BROKE that world record.

 Right: Since 1986 no one HAS BROKEN that world record.

如果我们想谈论一个已经特定，已经结束的时期，则应当用一般过去式而非现在完成时：

 Wrong: Veronica HAS TRAVELED all over the world in 2007.

 Right: Veronica TRAVELED all over the world in 2007.

上面的第一个句子中，如果省略n 2007 则也是一个正确的句子，因为就变成了强调其对现在的影响。现在完成时在强调对现的影响时其效果要强于一般现在进和一般过去时和过去完成时。

最后，也可以将一个现在完成时放在一个ing的词前面，不定式或者从句前面表示用来表达动作结束。

She WILL PAY you when you ASK her.

WILL PAY 时间上是和ASK 一致的。

She WILL PAY you when you HAVE TAKEN out the garbage.

WILL PAY 时间上要晚于HAVE TAKEN out

过去完成式

如果两个动作在过去不同的时间发生，我们就用过去完成时表示更早的动作，而用过去式表示稍迟的动作。过去完成时的定义是过去的过去。我们可以用一个图来描述：

不要因为这件事是很久以前发生而没有后来的过去动作就使用过去完成时，如果只是单纯的表达过去的事同样可以使用一般过去式，比如：An asteroid STRUCK the earth millions of years

ago. 从句意上来说，我们不要因为要表示过去更早的动作就选择过去完成时，我们使用过去完成时是为了强调过去的一系列事情。而且如果过去的动作发生顺序相当明显则也无需使用过去完成时，例如：Antonio DROVE to the store and BOUGHT some ice cream.

很明显DROVE 早BOUGHT 之前发生，所以由相同主语发起的先后动作，如果句意上没有强调可以不必使用过去完成时，而直接使用一般过去时即可。我们再看一个例子：

Antonio DROVE to the store, and Cristina BOUGHT some ice cream.

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上面的例子两个主句由and 连接，而我们并没有强调动作的顺序，所以由and 或or 连接的句子并无要求一定要使用过去完成时。同样的词还有after 和before ，因为其已经很明确的表明了动作的先后顺序，所以再用过去完成时就显得多余：

Laura LOCKED the deadbolt before she LEFT for work.

使用过去完成时时并不一定需要在句子中出现过去式，我们可以加入一个日期或一段时间，例如：

By 1945, the United States HAD BEEN at war for several years.

只在必要时使用完成时

GMAT更喜欢简单的句子，一个能用一般时表述的句子就尽量不用完成时来表达：

 Joe LEARNED about an epoch in which dinosaurs HAD WALKED the earth.

 Joe LEARNED about an epoch in which dinosaurs WALKED the earth.

HAD WALKED 的确发生在LEARNED 之前，但是这个动作系列却没必要对其进行强调。如果一个动作发生在过去持续到现在或强调其影响时我们使用现在完成时，如果一个动词比过去的一个动词更早的发生，且强调这个时间的顺序时才用过去完成时。

If Then结构

使用if 的句子一定都是虚拟语气。而if 和then 的结构有多种形式：

 IF you study diligently, [THEN] you will score highly.

 You will score highly IF you study diligently.

Then 在虚拟语气中常常被省略，同是if 也不见得都在首句中出现。下面是常见的if then 的五种结构（在这五种结构中不能在if 引导的句子中出现would ，而且一整句话都不能出现should 在if then 结构中）：

1. 不存在不确定性的情况：

 IF Sophie EATS pizza, THEN she BECOMES ill.

 IF Present, THEN Present.

这种情况比较像whenever ：WHENEVER Sophie EATS pizza, she BECOMES ill.

2. 存在一些不确定性的情况：

 IF Sophie EATS pizza, THEN she MAY BECOME ill.

 IF Present, THEN Can or May.

3. 将来时不存在不确定性

 IF Sophie EATS pizza tomorrow, THEN she WILL BECOME ill.

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 If Sophie HAS EATEN pizza, then she WILL BECOME ill.

 IF Present, THEN Future.

4. 将来时不太可能发生

 IF Sophie ATE pizza tomorrow, THEN she WOULD BECOME ill.

 IF Hypothetical Subjunctive, THEN Conditional.

这里作者认为Sophie 不大可能吃pizza，这里用到了would，这里的would 可以用could 来替代。

5. 从不可能发生

 IF Sophie HAD EATEN pizza yesterday, THEN she WOULD HAVE BECOME ill.

 IF Past Perfect, THEN Conditional Perfect.

命令虚拟语气

GMAT考试中常用到的另一种虚拟语气是命令语气，其意思是命令别人去执行某件事，常常由某些带命令的动词发起，如require 或 propose ：

 The agency REQUIRED that Gary BE ready before noon.

 We PROPOSE that the school board DISBAND.

上面的例子中Be 和 Disband 都是命令虚拟语气，而这种命令虚拟语气等同于直接命令对方：

 BE ready before noon, Gary!

 DISBAND, school board!

在这种虚拟语气中，不定式省略to ，（to be 改为be 而不用is，are，am）第三人称单数动词后不需要加S 。这种命令式的虚拟语气常用的结构为：

动词＋that+主语＋命令虚拟语气

We PROPOSE THAT the school board DISBAND.

在这种结构中that 不能省略并且绝不允许出现should。命令虚拟语气的难点在于不是所有命令动词都需要使用虚拟语气，而大多数的命令语气都不能使用虚拟语气，例如want ，而应该使用不定式：

 Right: The vice-president WANTS her TO GO to the retreat.

 Wrong: The vice-president WANTS THAT she GO to the retreat.

而对于哪些动词是需要使用不定式哪些是要使用虚拟语气，这由英语的习语决定，我们能做的只是把这些词记住。

 只能用虚拟语气的动词：demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend,

request, stipulate, suggest

 只能用不定式的动词：advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want

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 虚拟语气和不定式都可以使用的：ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require

而命令虚拟语气同样试用于由命令动词衍生的名词：

His demand THAT he BE paid full severance was not met.

主动与被动

GMAT考试中被动与主动是常出考点的地方。在被动式中的发起者常用介词by 来引导出，而如果是方式或工具则用through 或because of 。对于这种表达方式如果使用主动则会显得句子过长并且容易造成歧义：

 Wrong: The pizza WAS accidentally EATEN BY a quirk of fate.

 Wrong: A quirk of fate accidentally ate the pizza.

 Right: THROUGH a quirk of fate, the pizza WAS accidentally EATEN.

但是被动的句子不都是错误的句子，只是在意思相同的情况下有时会稍逊于主动表达的句子：

 Passive: It HAS BEEN DECIDED by Jason that he will not attend college.

 Active: Jason HAS DECIDED not to attend college.

但是这并不代表所有被动都不正确，只是说在句意相同的情况下主动更好。我们再看一个例子：

During this operation, new blood vessels are inserted, bypassing blockages.

上面的这句话使用了inserted 这个词，并没有产生任何歧义或者冗余，上面的话强调了blood

vessels inserted 而非谁发起了这个动作。对于被动态出现的标志词是by ，而在句子中并不一定非要被动和主动出现平行，当然如果能平行就更好了。

LIKE与AS

Like 和as 是比较常见的比较词，like 是介词，也就意味着其后面需要加名词，代词或名词短语，不能加句子或介词短语。而对于as 可以当作介词或连词，也就是说其后面可以跟名词性的成分或句子：

 Wrong: LIKE her brother DID, Ava aced the test.

 Right: AS her brother DID, Ava aced the test.

上例中her brother DID 是一个句子，其为谓语动词是did，所以要用as来进行连接。

like 指相似的意思，作为介词后面必须跟名词，用来修饰前面的动词或名词，来形成一种比较。在SC部分，特别要注意在句尾的like :

(1) I want to coach divers LIKE Greg Louganis.

= I want to coach divers WHO ARE LIKE Greg Louganis.

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OR

= I want to coach divers IN THE SAME WAY AS Greg Louganis does.

(2) I want to coach divers, LIKE Greg Louganis. 注意like 前面的逗号。

= LIKE Greg Louganis, I want to coach divers. (他coaches divers而我也想这么做)

unlike 在GMAT考试中很常见，其用法和like 相同，在句尾只要不产生歧义就行：

Most materials under a wide range of conditions resist the flow of electric current to some

degree, UNLIKE superconductors, which demonstrate zero electrical resistance.

注：like 在平时会被人误用作表示列举，但在gmat中只有such as 才有这功能。

而as 可以作为介词也可以作为连词，当as 作为连词的时候通常的用法有这几种：

 表示持续的As: AS I strolled to the store, I smelled the air. (= while, during)

 表示原因的As: I will not tell you, AS you already know. (= since, because)

 表示比较的As: You should walk AS she wants you to. (= in the same way)

而表示比较的as 在GMAT考试中是最重要的一种用法，有时会和just, so, 还有so too 连用。

 JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, the buses are late today.

 JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, SO TOO are they late today.

而作比较用的as 不单单只能边句子，也可以连接短语：

AS in the previous case, the judge took an early break.

当as 作为介词使用时，也基本满足下面三种用法：

 表示作用的As: AS your leader, I am in charge. (= in the role of)

 表示相等的As: I think of you AS my friend. (= you are my friend)

 表示阶段的As: AS a child, I thought I could fly. (= when I was)

而对于当介词用的as 并没有相似的意思：

 I will jump up LIKE a clown. (= in a clownish manner)

 I will jump up AS a clown. (= in a clown suit!)

所以要使用as 来比较就要在句子中使用，最常用的as 的用法是as ... as... 第一个as 后跟形容词或副词，第二个as 后跟名词、短语甚至句子。

保持比较的平行

比较必须是逻辑上平行。也就是说，必须比较同一类的事情。

Frank’s build, LIKE his brother, is broad and muscular.

上面的例句中用Frank’s build 和 his brother 进行比较，这在逻辑意义上不平行。所以正确的应该是：

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 Frank’s build, LIKE his brother’s, is broad and muscular. 或者：

 Frank, LIKE his brother, has a broad and muscular build.

上面的例子中我们可以使用that 来代替build ，而如果是复数的话就要用those 来替换：

Frank’s toes, LIKE THOSE of his brother, are short and hairy.

比较也需要结构上平行，也就是说相似的语法结构：

I like to run through forests more than I enjoy walking through crowds.

上面的例子中run through forests 和walking through crowds 两个比较对象并不平行。To run

作为不定式，而walking 则是作为一个名词来使用，所以正确的可以写成：

I like running through forests MORE THAN walking through crowds.

省略

在上面的例子中我们发现，对于比较常常会将第二部分的比较词进行舍去。常见的省略形式之一是将比较的第二个所有格后的名词省略：











My car is bigger than Brian’s [car].

My car is bigger than Brian’s [car].

My car is bigger than the Smiths’ [car].

My toes are longer than Brian’s [toes].

My toes are longer than the Smiths’ [toes].

对于省略我们也可以将比较第二部分中的动词，词组，甚至一整个句子省略，当然前提是不会造成歧义。

 Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3 [quarts].

 I walk faster than Brian [walks].

 I walk as fast now as [I walked] when I was younger.

而有时为了避免产生歧义我们也会加入助动词，如be ,do 和have 等：

 Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. (Yvette could be subject or object.)

 Right: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (= than Yvette likes cheese)

 Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette)

而在GMAT考试中，有时也容许不需要的助动词的存在：

 Right: Apples are more healthy to eat than caramels.

 Right: Apples are more healthy to eat than caramels ARE.

所以在考试中，我们不要因为多余的助动词而排除了正确的选项。

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连词

一个完整句子通常由短语或从句组成，而句与句之间的连接部分就要使用连词。一个句子至少含有一个主句，所谓主句就是一个句子有主语，谓语，并且能独立存在而不以because、if等引导。一个句子可以有多个主句，但主句间不能用逗号连接而应该用连词进行连接，例如：

Wrong: I need to relax, I have so many things to do!

上面的句子可以修改为：

Right: I need to relax, BUT I have so many things to do!

像and 、but 、or 、for 、yet 、nor 、so 这些都是常见的并列连词。而and 又是最常见的连词，可以用来罗列事物如：apples, grapes, AND pears 也可以用来连接句子如：I like apples,

AND she likes grapes。

从属连词如：because 、although 引导从句，附属于主句。有时可以用逗号＋从句来与主句进行连接，对主句进行说明：

 Right: I need to relax, BECAUSE I have so many things to do!

 Right: ALTHOUGH new data from the Labor Department indicate that producer prices

rose rapidly last month, some analysts contend that the economic slowdown in the euro

zone and in Asia will stem the rise in commodity prices, lessening inflationary pressures in

the United States.

在连词的使用过程中，要注意不要过多的使用连词而丢失了主句：

 Wrong: ALTHOUGH I need to relax, YET I have so many things to do!

 Right: ALTHOUGH I need to relax, I have so many things to do!

 Right: I need to relax, YET I have so many things to do!

而在选择使用哪个名词的时候也要注意所选名词与句中的整体句意是否相符：

Wrong: She is not interested in sports, AND she likes watching them on TV.

上面的前后两个句子在句意上应该是相对的两个部分，所以可以换个连词来表达：

 Right: She is not interested in sports, BUT she likes watching them on TV.

 Right: ALTHOUGH she is not interested in sports, she likes watching them on TV.

下面是一些常见的连词：

Coordinating Conjunctions: For / And / Nor / But / Or / Yet / So

Subordinators: Although / Because / Before / After / Since / When / If / Unless / That / Though /

While

我们再看一个例子：

Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about the environmental damage caused by

the widespread release of greenhouse gases may be impossible to reverse.

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在这个例子中，前半部分Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about the

environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases 非常正确，但是剩下的部分may be impossible to reverse 的主语是谁？句意上来说environmental damage 是其主语，但是environmental damage 不可能既是about 的宾语又是may be 的主语。所以这个句子可以这样将about 改为that ：

Citizens of many countries are expressing concern THAT the environmental damage caused by the

widespread release of greenhouse gases may be impossible to reverse.

另一种改法是在may be impossible to reverse 前面加入名词，这种在GMAT考试中非常常见，特别是一些指代不清的情况下，通常出题者会用逗号加名词来解释说明后面的部分：

Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about the environmental damage caused by

the widespread release of greenhouse gases, DAMAGE THAT may be impossible to reverse.

标点

GMAT的SC部分常会遇到四种标点：

逗号（，）是最常见的标点，也是最难使用正确的标点，不过GMAT考试很少以标点作为考点并通过逗号来判断正确选项。关于逗号记住：

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不要用逗号连接两个句子。

当句子中两个谓语动词发起者是同一个人时，不要在and 前面加上逗号。

Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch.

Right: Earl walked to school AND later ate his lunch.

Right: Earl walked to school, AND HE later ate his lunch.

分号（;）连接两个相关的语句，每个部分都可以独自站立作为一个句子，但是如果句意上前后两者是有从属关系的则不能用分号：

 Right: The dam has created dead zones, WHERE fish have disappeared.

 Wrong: The dam has created dead zones; fish have disappeared.

分号又常常同些连接副词一起使用，如however, therefore, or in addition ，注意这些词和连词and 等又完全不相同，所以对于这些词，常常使用分号进行连接：

 Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, THEREFORE, we never see them apart.

 Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; THEREFORE, we never see them apart.

而另一种比较少用的分号使用方法是将同一类的东西分开，而这些东西之间是用逗号分隔的：

 Wrong: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire, Wow, Owls, and Blood, Sweat & Tears.

 Right: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat & Tears.

冒号（:）为之前的事提供进一步的解释，说明。冒号前的通常是一个句子，可以独立存在，而冒号后则无需是句子，而有时会在冒号后加入namely 或that is。

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I love listening to many kinds of music: namely, classical, rock, rap, and pop.

要说明的部分离冒号越近越好：

 Worse: Three factors affect the rate of a reaction: concentration, surface area, and

temperature.

 Better: The rate of a reaction is affected by three factors: concentration, surface area,

and temperature.

破折号（ - ）是一个灵活的标点符号，GMAT考试中偶尔会用到。有时破折号可以代替逗号来使用：

By January 2, 2000, the so-called “Y2K problem” was already widely considered a joke—although

the reason for the non-event was the huge corporate and governmental investment in prior

countermeasures.

但有时候破折号又是必须的：

My three best friends—Danny, Jimmy, and Joey—and I went skiing.

这句话如果用逗号就会让人误以为有七个人go skiing 。破折号有时用来解释或重复之前句子的某个部分，但不像冒号需要紧跟着需要解释的词前面：

Post-MBA compensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that for management

consultants—by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year.

上面的这个例子中by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year 解释句子前面的far。

可数与不可数名词

英语的数中有可数的也有不可数的，而对于可数名词和不可数名词其所需要修饰的词不一样。下面的图表列出一些不同的修饰词：

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more 、most 、enough 、all 可以修饰可数名词或不可数名词。

对于numbers的比较应该使用greater 而不是more than。

简洁的规则

所谓简洁并不意味着越短越好，同时简洁也是在比较完句意及语法错误后才使用的最后一部，但是对于简洁而言，依然有许多规则。

1. 动词优于形容词或副词，而形容词和副词又优于名词：

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Wordy: The townspeople’s REVOLUTION WAS AGAINST the king.

Better: The townspeople REVOLTED AGAINST the king.

Wordy: The artist WAS INFLUENTIAL TO the movement.

Better: The artist INFLUENCED the movement.

Wordy: THERE IS AN ABUNDANCE OF funds for school construction.

Better: Funds for school construction ARE ABUNDANT.

因为形容词本身就是用来修饰动词，能用形容词表达的肯定好于名词。而对于动词，其也明显优于句子或短语：

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Wordy: They are subject to the applicability of rules.

Better: Rules apply to them.

Wordy: His conception of money was as a goal.

Wordy: His conception of money was as a goal.

Better: He conceived of money as a goal.

Wordy: The cost of storms to the country is billions.

Better: Storms cost the country billions.

Wordy: Her decision was to go.

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Better: She decided to go.

Wordy: His example was an influence on me.

Better: His example influenced me.

Wordy: Her example was an inspiration to me.

Better: Her example inspired me.

Wordy: They made a reference to the strike.

Better: They referred to the strike.

Wordy: The weight of the apples is a pound.

Better: The apples weigh a pound.

2. that +v. 优于其他名词短语：

 Wordy: The hypothesis ABOUT the COMPOSITION OF the universe AS largely dark

energy seems strange.

 Better: The hypothesis THAT the universe IS largely COMPOSED OF dark energy seems

strange.

当我们关注一堆名词短语时不如想想that 打头引导的句子，当然这些句子中都含有动词。动词就好比一个句子的心脏，有了动词句子就能更加准确简洁的表达现其意思。

3. 形容词好于介词短语：

 Wordy: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen TO A

COMPARABLE EXTENT.

 Better: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen

COMPARABLY.

因为介词短语都有名词，形容词肯定优于介词短语：

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Wordy: to a considerable extent

Better: considerably

Wordy: to a significant degree

Better: significantly

4. 形容词好于带有还有BE 动词的形容词子

所以可以发现，对于冗余的结构常常用的是to be 的形式，因为用了to be 就会用到形容词名词等，而不会选择用动词或其他词：

 Wordy: Marcos is a professor WHO IS ADMIRABLE.

 Better: Marcos is an ADMIRABLE professor.

这条规则特别适用于名词修饰其他名词：

 Wordy: Joan, WHO IS a FIREFIGHTER, works in Yosemite Park.

 Better: Joan, a FIREFIGHTER, works in Yosemite Park.

5. 对于it is …that… 在不影响句意的情况下尽量不使用：

 Wordy: IT IS without fear THAT children should play.

 Better: Children should play without fear.

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我们知道对于第一个句子其实是起到强调作用的，但是在GMAT考试中我们并不喜欢用这种表达方式。

总之，对于简洁而言只是最后的一个方法，不要轻易一开始就使用简洁，不要一看到the fact

that, being就把选项删除，现在考试中很多正确的答案都相当冗余但句意和语法上没有太大问题。

简洁，不要让它太短

短的句子固然简洁但其也要注意不要为了追求简洁而造成句意混乱。在GMAT考试中，出题者会故意使用简短的句子作为错误选项来干扰正确选项。

1. 不要为了追求简洁而删除介词短语：

 Too Short: I talked to the BOSTON SOLDIER.

 Better: I talked to the SOLDIER FROM BOSTON.

上面的例子中BOSTON SOLDIER 容易让我误解为一种特殊的士兵。所以对于这种介词短语不要轻易省略。但是对于OF 我们却可以进行转换：

A wall OF stone OR A stone wall

这里我们用到名词修饰的概念。但是对于有时间跨度，数量或有测量意思的词则不能用of 结构进行替换：

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Too Short: Memorial Day week OR Memorial Day’s week

Better: the week OF Memorial Day

Too Short: the merger year

Better: the year OF the merger

Too Short: the oxygen amount

Better: the amount OF oxygen

Too Short: the honeybee population density OR the honeybee population’s density

Better: the density OF the honeybee population

下面我们列举了些在GMAT中认为太短表述不清的词：

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Too Short: Aegean Sea salt

Better: salt FROM the Aegean Sea

Too Short: Ural Mountain ore

Better: ore FROM the Ural Mountains

Too Short: Danube River access

Better: access TO the Danube River

Too Short: population changes of honeybees

Better: changes IN the population of honeybees

此外，你不应该把Of介词短语替换为名词形容词。只要句子第一个词是时间段，数量或其他测量，应该保持介词短语Of。不要使用名词形容词来修改测量。此外，一般应避免使用所有格（'s或S'）修改测量。研究下面的例子：

 Too Short: Memorial Day week OR Memorial Day’s week

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

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Better: the week OF Memorial Day

Too Short: the merger year

Better: the year OF the merger

Too Short: the oxygen amount

Better: the amount OF oxygen

Too Short: the honeybee population density OR the honeybee population’s density

Better: the density OF the honeybee population

2. 不要轻易删除that of 或those of

 Too Short: The face I see in ads every day is a famous actor.

 Better: The face I see in ads every day is THAT OF a famous actor.

第一个句子的意思能理解为：Can a face be an actor?

3. 在报告词后加上that

 Too Short: The study INDICATES the problem has vanished.

 Better: The study INDICATES THAT the problem has vanished.

所谓报告词就是例如：indicate、claim、contend或者report等。这种报告词常常报告一个内容或者包含了某个想法或信念，而其所包含的内容可以单独形成一个句子，如The problem

has vanished.

下面我们罗列了一些报告词：

类似的报告词还有：announce, assert, believe, confess, demonstrate, doubt, expect, hold, know,

mention, observe, proclaim, reason, recognize, repeat, state, think, warn, be convinced, be

certain, be assured,等。

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动名词的平行

我们先来看之前的一个例子：

The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.

很明显，这里的The bouquet of 和a giving of love 在结构上平行但实际上并不平行，虽然giving 在这里是作为句词使用。而作为这种动名词来说，可以被当作名词来使用，但是词性不纯。我们可以把动名词分为两类来讨论：

1．简单的动名词：Tracking satellites accurately is important for the space agency.

上面的例子中Tracking satellites accurately 可以被something 替换，这种动名词际上是将动词放在中间，而整体作为一个名词。

2． 复合动名词：The accurate tracking of satellites is important for the space agency.

这种形式下，动名词被完全包含在名词词组中，通常前面有冦词或形容词，或者of 的结构中，如：the running of marathons ，marathon running 。

对于这两种动句词来说，无法相互平行，而且只有复合动名词才能与名词相平行。

Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions,

significant reductions in overall troop levels, raising the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general

pardon.

Withdrawal, reductions, 和 pardon 都是名词，所以这里不能使用raising ，而且这样使用容易让我误解为是一种修饰。

Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions,

significant reductions in overall troop levels, THE raising OF the rebel flag on holidays, AND a

general pardon.

当然如果存在这种名词我们还是要选择单纯的名词而不是动名词：

 Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed

regions AND releasing certain political prisoners.

 Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed

regions AND THE releasing OF certain political prisoners.

 Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed

regions AND THE RELEASE OF certain political prisoners.

THERE和ONE的代词指代

There常规上来说是一个副词意思是在那地方，但有时也把它当代词使用，其所指代的通常是表示地方的名词：

 Wrong: At current prices, Antarctic oil may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug

THERE and environmental concerns addressed.

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 Right: At current prices, oil in Antarctica may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug

THERE and environmental concerns addressed.

One 通常指的不确定的，非特指的单数词：

After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat ONE.

上例中的chocolate 没有特定指哪一个，而如果用其他代词如it ,they 都有明确特指哪个chocolate ：

After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat THEM.

在这个例子中，Roger 吃了所有的chocolate ，而如果我们特指的是单数就要用it :

After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat ONE. IT was delicious, but

HE could eat only half of IT.

DO SO与DO IT

DO SO 可以指代句子的一整个动词，包括它的宾主，修饰语：

Quinn did not eat dinner quickly, but her brother DID SO.

在这里，do so 起的作用就相当于一个代词，而有时我们也省去so :

Quinn DID NOT eat dinner quickly, but her brother DID.

DO IT 则就要明确指前面的名词：

Quinn failed to do the homework, but her brother did IT.

It 指向了the homework，而这句话可以省略do

形式主语或宾语IT

有时为了句子的简洁我们需要把主语或宾主后置，而需要用it 取代原来的位置，对于这种形式主语或形式宾语，我们不需要去寻它的先行词，这里有几种形式需要使用it ：

1.不定式作主语：

Awkward: TO RESIST temptation is futile.

TO RESIST temptation 作为这个句子的主语，虽然这个句子语法正确但却显得头重脚轻。可以改写为：

Right: IT is futile TO RESIST temptation.

这里的it 指代不定式TO RESIST temptation 。

从句作主语：

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THAT we scored at all gave us encouragement.

That 引导的句子作为这句话的主语，相当于一个名词部分，但是这个句子依然头重脚轻，所以可以改成：

Right: IT gave us encouragement THAT we scored at all.

注意代词的使用

对于代词的问题最简单的方法就是不使用代词，比如在一个长句子最后常出现it 或them

在这种情况下不可避免的总会出现一些指代问题：

Wrong: After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched for a tree to

hang IT from.

这个句子中猎人想要hang the deer而不是fire，但是it 在这里从语法角度上是可以指向fire，而重复是解决这种问题的手段之一：

Right: After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched for a tree to

hang THE DEER from.

而在GMAT考试中常用的另一种手法是使用意思相近的同意词：这种近义词的作用就类似是一代词：

Right: New “nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength.

这里的MATERIALS指new “nano-papers”，因为其也是materials的一种，我们再看一个例子：

Right: After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any SUCH

CONTRACTS to debate in the future.

这里的contracts指the land-use agreement。这里不一定要使用those 或such，使用the就足够：

Right: After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched for a tree to

hang THE MEAT from.

复杂的修饰

在of 结构中of 前面的词被of 后面的词修饰，而另一个相对次要的修饰词紧跟着接着修饰：

Right: He had a way OF DODGING OPPONENTS that impressed the scouts.

上面的例子中，OF DODGING OPPONENTS修饰way而that impressed修饰前面整个名词a way

OF DODGING OPPONENTS，这种情况下不要误解为DODGING OPPONENTS发起的impressed

这个动作。我们再看一个例句：

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An ice sheet covers 80 percent OF THE SURFACE OF GREENLAND, an area roughly the size of

Alaska.

an area roughly the size of Alaska修饰80 percent of the surface of而不是GREENLAND而of the

surface of Greenland需要紧跟在80 percent后。

避免因修饰语太长而导致谓语太迟出现：

Awkward: A new CEO who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to various

division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public scorecards has

been hired.

这句话因为who引导的修饰语而导致动词被放在句尾，而就是因为这个句子过长所以让人读起来相当费力，正确的句子可以改成：

Right: A new CEO has been hired who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to

various division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public

scorecards.

修饰

如果我们要修饰一事物的话可以考虑修饰：

 Right: This model explains all known subatomic particles, SOME OF WHICH WERE only

recently discovered.

 Right: This model explains all known subatomic particles, SOME OF THEM only recently

discovered.

 Right: This model explains all known subatomic particles, SOME only recently

discovered.

值得注意的是这种表达中只有which 后面是跟谓语动词，我们再看一种修饰：

His head held high, Owen walked out of the store.

在上面的这个句子中His head held high修饰后面的动词walked，表示Owen走出的状态，而在His head held high这个短语中，由一个名词His head 和一个名词修饰语held high构成，对于这种修饰方法我们也可以将其放在句尾或者用with的结构来修饰：

 Owen walked out of the store, his head held high.

 Owen walked out of the store with his head held high.

我们再看一个例子：

Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations around the world,

results that suggest the cataclysmic impact of a meteor millions of years ago.

在上面的例子中，results that suggest the cataclysmic impact of a meteor millions of years ago

进一步解释了found high levels，而这个修饰又由名词results及名词修饰语 years

ago ,注意这时不存在就近修饰，语意上不可能修饰world。所以对于表示主句结果的我们可

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以用两种方式，一种是：句尾，V-ing的形式，另一种就是这种名词加名词修饰语。而在GMAT考试中我们常常会见到一种错误的选项：

Wrong: Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations around the

world, AND THIS suggests the cataclysmic impact of a meteor millions of years ago.

GMAT不喜欢用this或that因为这种代词指代对象不明确，因为一般情况下这种代词前面要加个名词。

助动词

常见的助动词有be、have和do，对于助动词，常常可以帮助我们省去句子中一些比较长的部分：

 Wordy: I have never seen an aardvark, but my father has seen an aardvark.

 Better: I have never seen an aardvark, but my father HAS.

对于这种省略肯定需要时态上的一致，如果要转换时态就不能省略：

 Wrong: I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father DID.

 Right: I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father saw one.

我们再看一个例子：

 Wrong: Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they ARE.

 Right: Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they DO.

对于第一句，they are (inspiring ) 因为时态的改变所以inspiring 不应该被省略，而第二句They DO inspire 没有什么问题。对于助动词而言，只能指代肯定的内容而不能指代否定句：

 Right: Some people do not eat soup, but others DO. (= do eat soup)

 Right: Some people do not eat soup as others DO. (= do eat soup)

在我们以前所学的过的英语中，有时会使用be to 来表示责任或义务或者是将来的一个时间，但在在GMAT中，这种表达方式容易让人产生误解，因而采用will 或should ：

 Wrong: We ARE TO receive an invitation.

 Right: We WILL receive an invitation. OR We SHOULD receive an invitation.

最后在GMAT考试中对于表示条件时应用if ，而不用should ：

 Awkward: SHOULD he PASS the test, he will graduate.

 Right: IF he PASSES the test, he will graduate.

不定式

不定式在句子中可以充当很多成分，如名词，形容词或副词：

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 Noun: I love TO SWIM. To swim 作为love 的宾语.

 Adjective: The person TO MEET is here. To meet 修饰名词person .

 Adverb: Sue paused TO EAT lunch. To eat 修饰动词paused .

对于不定式的使用，我们也更应该关注不定式所要表达的目的：

Right: The contractors demolished the building TO KEEP it from falling down accidentally.

demolished 的发起者是contractors ,同时也是不定式to keep的发起者，它描述了demolish 的目的，这里的it 指代building。我们再看一个例子：

Wrong: The building was demolished TO AVOID falling down accidentally.

上面的例子中building 本身不可能AVOID falling down，对于上面例子可以这样修改：

The building was demolished TO KEEP IT from falling down accidentally.

这里的it 指代building ，经过这样修改，building 变成了不定式的宾语。不定式虽然可騨发名词用但还是和名词有许多不同的地方，比如不能作为介词的宾语。

不同表达方式产生的不同句意

我们先来看两个句子：

 Investors sold the stock rapidly, CAUSING panic.

 Investors sold the stock rapidly TO CAUSE panic.

看出意思上的差别了吗？分词表示的是一种结果，但是我们不知道investors 的用意，恐慌是有意识的还是无恴造成的。而对于不定式，investors 的用意就是要造成恐慌，但是对于不定式我们不知道这个动作所造成的后果。我们还要注意其他修饰语所产生的不同句意，如从句：

 A technique ALLEVIATING pain is growing popular.

 A technique THAT ALLEVIATES pain is growing popular.

 A technique TO ALLEVIATE pain is growing popular.

用现在分词和从句表达的意思其实差不多，technique 是alleviate 的发起者，但如果使用不定式则technique 就不是alleviate 的发起者。

数字的比较

如果想表达一个数字比另一个大多少，有很多种表达方式，如果表示倍数的话可以使用times

和as...：

The man is THREE TIMES AS OLD AS his grandson.

我们可以说3 Times As Old As, 但不能写 3 Times Older Than. 同样可以写3 Years Older Than,

但是不能写3 Years As Old As.当然使用times 的时候不一定要用as 或than ：

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 Right: The cost of a ticket is $12, SIX TIMES the cost ten years ago.

 Right: The concert was attended by 300 people, TWICE the previous attendance.

而如果想表示两个数字的加或减则要用more than 或less than ：

 Right: I am TEN years OLDER THAN you.

 Wrong: I am TEN years AS OLD AS you.

More 和less 可以当作名词代词，也可以用作形容词副词等：

 Right: I own MORE THAN I should. (more = noun or pronoun)

 Right: I own MORE SHIRTS THAN I should. (more = adjective)

 Right: I sleep MORE THAN I should. (more = adverb)

而其他表示数比较的词如high 和low 只能做形容词：

 Right: My bills are LOWER than they were last year.

 Wrong: I spend LOWER than I did last year.

 Right: I spend LESS than I did last year.