英语短语动词的认知语义研究——以Come+Up,Come+Back和Come+At为例_百


2023年12月25日发(作者:灵组词语)

⑨硕士学位论文M人STER’STIIESIS摘要短语动词是由动词和副词、或动词和介词(或动词和副词以及介词)所构成的惯用组合。这类动词在英语中表达精练、使用频繁,因而成为众多学者的研究对象,不时可以见到许多新颖的研究成果。不过,目前关于短语动词与其组成部分之间及短语动词不同义项之间关系如何的研究还不多见。鉴于此,本文试图研究短语动词的整体意义与其组成部分之间有何关系,短语动词的多个意义之间又是如何联系的。本文主要从认知语言学的角度研究英语短语动词的语义构建情况。通过分析小品词及动词的语义扩展模式,发现英语小品词及动词的意义构成均遵循语词发展的一般规律,即,其意义总沿着从中心意义到边缘意义的方式进行延伸,这种语义延伸的理据主要有隐喻、转喻以及意象图式的转换。在此基础上,文章运用概念整合理论分析了短语动词的语义合成过程,发现短语动词的不同意义之问同样密切关联,它们围绕短语动词的基本义形成了一个复杂的语义网。本文从认知的角度对短语动词展丌研究,为外语教学或外语学习提供了一个新的视角,从而有助于提高学习英语小品词、动词以及短语动词的效果。文章在最后就短语动词的研究提出了两点建议:一是进一步探讨两个备选义项在什么情况下能够匹配,从而投射到合成空间中去;二是对由动词+副词+介词构成的短语动词也要给予关注。关键词:短语动词;语义;隐喻;转喻;概念整合

⑧particle硕士学位论文M人STER’ST}IFSlSAbstractAnEnglishphrasalverbisanidiomaticcombinationconsistingofaverbandaor铆opanicles.Duetotheirconcisenessinfomand行equentanoccullrencesinbothspokenandwdttenlanguage,phraSalVerbshaVebeenobjectofmanyscholars行omdifrerentperspectiVesandnewproductscometheseresearchesareoutconstantly.However,maIlyofareconducted行omtraditionalperspective.RelativeIy诧wstlJdiesmadetoaccountforhowtheV撕oussensesofaphraSalVerbarerelatedandhowtheyrelatetoitscomponentpalrts.SothisthesisanemptstorevealthebetweentheoVerallsem柚ticrelationsaSmeaningofaphrasalverbanditscomponentsaS、耽llt11erelatednessbetweentIlepolysemyofaphraSalverb.ThisthesisisconductedonthesemanticsofEnglishphrasalverbs6.omcognitiveperspectiVe.Throughthesemanticanalysisofpaniclesandverbs,weobservethatt王leVariousmeaningsofalexicalitemareextendedf.romthemorepmtot),picaltolessprotot),picalmotiVatedbythemechanismsofmetaphor,metonymyandimageschematransformations,whichisinaccordajlcewiththePrototypeTheory.ThenbaSedontheconceptllaIintegrationtheory,thethesisinvestigatesthesemanticsofplu.asaJverbs.ItisfoundthattheaV撕ousmeaningsofaphraSalverbarealsocloselylilll(ed.Theycanfo册arecomplexsemanticnetworkaroundthebaSicmeanjng.ThesevariousmeaningsmotiVationofconc印tlla“ntegration.afo咖edmroughtheteachingandorTllisthesisproVidesnewangleforthose、VhoareengagedinsecondlanguageofEnglishpanicles,verbsIearlling.Itisexpectedtobehelp如1totheVerbsaS1eamingplu镪alwell.Finally,itissuggestedthat如nherstudiesshouldbemadetofi罂Ireoutwhena11dwhytvmselectingcandidatescallbematched,aIlditisaJsoproposedthatmesemaJlticsofcombinationsofVerbplusadVerbplusprepositionbestlldiedindetail.1(eyWords:phraSaJVerb;semaIltics;metaphor;metonymy;conceptualintegration

⑧硕士学位论文M人S.rER‘ST}IESIS华中师范大学学位论文原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重声明:所呈交的学位论文,是本人在导师指导下,独立进行研究工作所取得的研究成果。除文中已经标明引用的内容外,本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。作者签名:陈笠芳日期:勋咐年万月了日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完伞了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,即:学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权华中师范大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采月j影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。同时授权中国科学技术信息研究所将本学位论文收录到《中国学位论文全文数据库》,并通过网络向社会公众提供信息服务。作者签名:砾生芳日期:h昭年6月了日导师签名:周确耘日期:纱伊易月午日本人已经认真阅读“CALIS高校学位论文全文数据库发布章程",同意将本人的学位论文提交“CALIS高校学位论文全文数据库”中全文发布,并可按“章程"中的规定享受相关权益。圄童途塞握童后进卮!旦堂生;旦二生;旦三生筮查!作者签名:P乐芝芳日期:加呀年‘月3日导师签名:日期:加胗多年∥月争日

硕士学位论文MASTER‘ST}lFSISACKNoWLEDGEMENTSAtthecompletionofthethesis,1wouldliket0expressmydeepgratitudetothosewhohavecontributedtothethesisdirectlyproducedtKstllesis.orindirectly.withoutthem,IcouIdnothaVeFirstly,IaJlleSpeciallygratemltomysupen,isor,AssociatePro诧ssor.ZhouTlongquan,whohaSgiVenmeinvaluableadviceands伍ctinstllJction.Hisinsi出如lcriticismsandValuablesuggestionshaVeeIlli曲tenedmealot.MyCllinasincerethanksalsogotoalltheteachersintheEn91ishDepaJtmentofCentralNo肌alUniVersity.FromtllemIhaVelearntagreatdealduringmythreeyeaursofstlldieRLastbutnotleast,I锄alsoindebtedtomyfanlilymembers,WhohavesupponedmeandgiVenmepreciousloVealltheseyearS.

⑨6肠wz妒a硕士学位论文M人STFR‘ST}IrSlSseparately,leanltseparatelyinone’smind,alongwiththesituationinwhichitismet,arldtIlelexicalcompanyitregulaurlykeeps.AccordingtoMoniner(1972:iV),6肋w印ina6,.f司窑eisoneVerb,6,DⅥ,z伊in6,D¨,z矽日6日,,DD疗issosecondVerb,6,D1矿z垆in6zDw印w砌彻护厂isverbsisfeasibletothethirdone,andon.Maybethismethodofleamingphr2Lsalusn“Vespeakers,butitisdefinitelynote衔cientforwhostudytheEn鲥shV撕oustofindasasecondlanguage.Theref.0re,toknowthesemaJlticarel“onsbeMeen、Vholemeaningofp11rasalVerbanditscomponentsandtherelatednessbetweentheame枷ngsofphrasalVerbisVeryimportant.ThepresentresearchisconductedouttheserelationssoaStomakecontributionstothelearningandteachingofEn91ishphraLSalVerbs.Inthisthesis,themainpaniclesareconcemisonhowtheav撕ousmeaningsofverbsaIldderiVed,howtheentiresenseofphrasalverbisrelatedtotheverbandthep叫icleaJldhowtheaV撕ousmeaningsofthephraSalverbinterrelate.TbachievetheaS90als,makingtraditionalaIlalysissuchorthestudyofthephoneticandStmcturalthischaracteristicsofphraSalVerbstheirspecmcusagesisf打f.romenou曲.0naccolHlt,int11ismesisweadoptcognitiVeapproachtoexploret11eissuesrelevallttothephraSalVerbsinstantiatedbym仃《)ducesomeCOMEanditsattachedp抓icles.111ispaperwillfirStimportanttheodes:Protot)rpeTheory,Metaphor,Metonymy,InlageareSchemaandConceptualBlendingTheory,formeyresearch.CaSestudiesarearethetheoreticalbasisofthisIntuitionandsensealsoanimportantpartofthethesis.logicreaSomngthem旬ordeVicesinanalyzingtheme撕ngextensionandaSfo肌ation.ofthe111ismesiscontamsfiVechaptersintotal,whichiso唱a11izedChapterstudythjsareonefollows:theareistheintroductioninwKchthesigmficallce柚dobjectivedescribed.ThemethodolOgyaIldthelayoutofthethesisalsoincludediIlch印teLCh印ter帆oproVidesaSaliteraturereViewincludingmedefimtionsaIldcharacteriSticsaSanofEnglishphraSalVerbswellintroductionofvariousresearchesonpl玳塔alverbs6.omtraditionalandcognitiVeperspectiVes.Ch印terthreeisconcemedwithtlletlleoreticalfoundationoft址sthesisw量lichincludestlletheoriesofprototype,metaphor,metonymy,imageschemaauldconceptualblendillg.Ch印terfour,chapterfiVeaIldchaptersixconstitutemem洳bodyoft11etllesis.IIl2

ChapterseVenseⅣesasaconclusion.3

⑨硕士学位论文M人STFR‘ST¨FSlSLiteratureRevieWAccordingto叼a耐爿d妇”c耐£P口埘PrjanDfcffD聆乜砂(2004:948),aphraSalVerbarefersto“averbcombinedwithnewmeamng,foradverborapreposition,orsometimesboth,togiVeexanlple,gD加力,.,w历DVP,.andJPP,D”.canAccordingtothisdefinition,pllraS2LlVerbsbesub—claSsifiedint0threetypes:(1)verb+adVerb,e.g.6陀口后D甜f,∥VPo矽.(2)verb+preposition,e.g.c口刀D",肠D后醒力P,..(3)Verb+adVerb+preposition,e.g.矗pmr毋,w缸矗,肠。艮dDw玎。妒。玎.AsforsuchphrasalverbstypeinthattheaS幻幻衄阳Q厂and∥化w缈,D,theyaSabelongtothesecondparticle胁ctionstheanpreposition.VerbstorefertosuchcombinationsconsistingforthosecombinationsaQuirkofaetal(1985)usete瑚phrasalaSorVerbplusaadverb,suchaf口妇够:6zDw印,etc.AsacOnsistingofverbplusnanlesprepositionareVerbplusanadVerbandpreposition,theyhavedifferentw王1ichtennedprepositionalVerbsaIldphraSal—pr印ositionalVerbsrespectiVely-Werefertothelatterbroadafo衄eraSapllraSalVerbinabroadsense,andcalltIleaphrausalverbinanarrowsense.Inthisp印er,wereferto也ephmsalVerbsinsense.ajlAshaSbeenmentionedintheabove,pllraSalverbsplayincre槭nglyimportantroleinEnglishlaJlguageandhavereceivedmuchattentionaccordingly.Ala玛enumberofresearcheshavebeenconductedonpllraSalVerbsfbmdifrerentperspectiVes,w址cho仃Iereda伊eatcontributiontoEnglishtraditionalandInthisle枷ng.Indi虢reIlttllismesismeyares咖撕zedaScogllitiVe印proaches.firstintroduceViewsaboutEnglishphraSalVerbs,chapter,we谢1laIldtllenreviewrelatedstudiesbrieny.2.11’raditionaIapproachtophrasalVerbsAsfortraditionalstlldiesstudybyonEnglishphraLsalVerbs,tllemostrepresentatiVeismetlles由rIlcturalistperspectiVe.Intheirbook么andhisQuirketal(1985)f如mcD啤脚办P门s如P6帕m聊甜旷历ecolleaguesdiVidepaniclesintoE昭,括办三口唧昭P(1985:ll5l一1168),QuirkaStllree铲oups:(A)prepositionsomy,sucha船胁s,,口,,西4

etc;(B)eitherprepositionsorspatialadVerbs,suchaSoVP厂,o”,,印,etc;(C)spatiaJaadverbsoIlJy,suchaS口办P口吐6口c屯口w朗少,etc.Amongthem,gmup(A)requireasafollo晰ngQuirknouIlpkaSeaSprepositionalcomplement;group(C)doarenothaVesuchrequirementandetalforgroup(B),bothconstmctionsacceptable.intothreesub—classes:claSsi匆multi—wordVerbs(phrasalVerbs)mainlythepIlrasal,prepositionalandphraSal·prepositionalVerbs.AndgroupedintoAnfirst似oaremnher1’ypeIandiI’ypeIIrespectiVely.aintransitive(TypeI)p11rausalVerb(inna玎owsense)consistsexemplifiedofaVerbplusaIladverbwllichmaimycomesf硒mparticlegroup(B),aSin:刀彤p肠,2P办傩/淞,坦些£丝建凼型丝;or知mgroup(C),e.g.砌PMDg护西办删P应丝丝立丝T协sitiVe(TypeII)p11ra6alverbsaresocalledbecausetheycaJlcantakeadirectobject.WithmosttmsitiVepllraLsalverbs,thepanicleeimerprecedeorfollowthedirectobject:m丝盟塑f抛Z动f鲤.AprepositionalverbconsistsofalexicalverbfollowedbyaprepositionwithwhichdiVjdeprepositionalitissemanticallyand/orsyntacticallyverbsint0phrasalaSsociated.QuirketalalsoT押eIandTypeIIprepositionalVerbs.Inaccordance、^riththediVisionofprepositionalVerbsareverbs,TypeIthosewithoutdirectadirectobject.Herethenounp11raseaRermeprepositionisnotregardedaLsaobjectbutmecomplementofthenounpreposition.T卯es印aratedobject.TIleIIprepositionalVerbsarefollowedbytwophrases,no肌allycaJlbytllepreposition:mefomertheisthedirectandobject;thelattertheprepositionalbedi廊rencebe觚eenasTypeITypeIIprepositionaJVerbsdemonstratedintheiIlstancesf.ollo、Ⅳs:TypeIprepositionalVerb:月叠i丝!签丝盔边p,妇PP厂纱;Verb:Hef胛vPJfPdmsmoney—边proper吼aresoaT'ypeIIprepositionalP11raSal.prepositionalverbslexicalverb,bomaIlcalledbecausetheycontain,inadditiontotheaSex锄ple:玎名口旭!旦Q堑丝g&型旦型堑弦缈p口砂D疗勋,z出∥胁砌f门肪加c口刀丝£型掣鲨i丛PV明砌魄7.Theseadverbarldprepositionparticles.Forcombinationsare1argelyres伍ctedtoinfomlalEngliSh,ajldtlleiridiomaticsta.tusismeexistenceofone—wordpaur印hfaSe:肠D后加D”2‘Visit’p“fz妒wf,^=‘tolerate’Apart矗。omt:heabove-mentionI甜classificationofmulti-wordaCcordingtosyntacticorgrammaticaJfeatL盯es,QuirketalaJsoanalysesystematica】lymreesem枷icor5

⑧\::。/硕士学位论文M^STFR‘ST}lFSISsyntacticdistinctions:idiomaticVersusno血diomaticstatlls;prepositionalverbsVerb;phrasalVersusversusf.reecombinationsofVerb+prepositionalNonethelessthesedistinctionsprepositionalVerbs.haVebeenfoundtobepmblematic.Forinstance,thestatussemanticc^teriaforidiomaticinclude:(a)replacementbyasingle-wordverb(eg.‘summon’forc口刀印),wllichisleadingt0notalwaysreliable;and(b)pamdigmaticconstruction;substitutionthreeconstructions:f.ree,nollidiomatic‘semi-idiomatic’constructionandSyntactichi曲lyidiomaticconstnlction.forprepositionalverbs:c—teria(a)theprepositionalpaLssive:ttlepossibilit),oftumingtheprepositionalcomplementintothesubjectofapassiveaSonesentencecriterionfaVoringtheSV0analysis(e.g.Itisnaturaltosay砀e出册w绷c口耽dD聆w11ile三“门c办w口sc口Z尾dformationofwh—questionsadVerbiaJquestionq弦e厂soundsodd);(b)thewithaLscriterionofqueStionfonns:thewhatratherthanwiththeprono叽swho(m)andorfo肿ssuchwhere,when,howwhy.CritedafordistinguishingphraSalaIldprepositionalVerbs:(a)thepossibilit),ofp础iclemoVement;(b)theparticle+object;(d)stressQuirketaltrytopossibilityofadVerbialinsertion;(c)topicalizatioinofoft11eparticleandthepositionofnucleartone.amakecomprehensivereseaLrchonphrasalverbs.TheirstudybutitfaiJstorevealtheexertsgreatinjfluencesonthesubsequentstudiesinthisaLspect,natureofthecombinationandcontributeslittletostudents’learningofphrasalVerbs.InadditiontoQuirketal,Sinclairalsomakeagreatcont曲utiontothestudyofonpllraSalVerbs.HemaimystudiestheIIlrelations锄ongphraLsaltlleVerbsfocusingpaJticles.li曲tofllisresearch,phrasalVerbsconstitutedbymeBesides,hes锄eparticlesharesimilaurin}1isbookme枷ngs.Inourdesc曲esme越ngsofpaniclesCD垆弛CD聍cD,沈玎c岛CD,幻c口f幻n.(Sinclair,l999)counnMphraSalVerbshaVealwaysbeentakenanaSabigheadachetoEnglishforteacmngandleanling.SotheyhaVebeenobjectofmaIlyscholars(seeareex锄ple宣国猷l980,来安方&董金伟1995,汪榕培1997).ThesestlldiesmajIllyconcemed、)l,imt11efollowingaSpects:introducingtllehisto巧ofplmlSmverbs,presentingsomebaLsicstructural、phoneticorsemanticfeanlres,orproVidiIlgsomestrategiesofteachingpllraSalVerbs.Tos姗up,thellaveat删iitionalstudypresentsusamllpic劬reofpllraSalVerbs,锄dmal【esusbaSicmlderstarldingoftllem.Somestudiesalsotouchuponmesemantic6

⑨phrasalVerbs硕士学位论文MASTFR‘ST}1FSISfeaturesofparticleVerbs,buttheypayli砌eorattentiontothesem觚ticformationofthesemanticrelationsbet、Ⅳeentheirmeallings,therefIorecontributelittletoourEnglishleaming.2.2CognjtiVeapproachtophrasaIVerbsSincetraditionalstudiesdon’trevealthesemaJlticnatllreofphraSalverbs,theynothelpuscansolVethesemanticproblemsinourstudy.neref.oreanew印proachisneeded,andcognitiVeapproachistakeninthissituation.CogllitivelinguisticshaSmadeagreatbreakth.oughinthestudyofthis6eld.ItputsmuchemphaSisonthesemanticstlldyofpanicleswllichhaSbeenplu.asalverbs.2.2.1CognitiVestudiesForai印oredandprovidesmuchcontributiontot11estudyofonparticlesthedominaJltofpllrasalverbs.10ngtime,verbshaVebeenthoughtofaasDuringthepaLst40years,some1inguistsspentparticles,w11ichledtotheemergenceofAmonga10toftimeandene唱yinmestlldyofgreatdealofliteraturerelevanttoparticles.madedetajJedstudiesonthem,Lindner(1981)andBrugman(1981)haveprepositions.“Linder’sstlldy100kedatmoretllaIl1800verb-panicleconstmctionsusingthet、)l,owords印a11d伽f锄dsurVeyedthecontributionstomeallingmadebytlleanparticles.Bmgman’sstlldyissensesextendedsurveyoftllehiglllycomplexnetworksofcoversoftheEngliShwordDve,..Itnearlyonehundred妯ndsofuses.’’(quotedCogllitiVelinguistslikeDVP,.LakofrtreatsDVe,.aLsinLakoE1987:4】8)onLal(ofr(1987)haSdenotingaalsoconductedaprofoulldresearchaIlspatialrelationbetweenprovideselementinfocussemaJltic(n司ectoDr)andanelementnotinsenses.Byfocus(1andmark).HecontraSt,Tylerandane觚orktllecontaillingatleaSt24Evans(2001)reconsiderpolysemyInne铆orkofDVP,.aJldpmposethatitconsistsoffifteenstudyonondi舵rentsenses.aCmn毛thepaniclesisalsopmsperous.蓝纯(2003)conductscomparatiVestudymespatialmetaphorsof印and面w疗inEnglishaIldmoseofs办口馏aIldx砌inCllinese;高航&严辰松(2006)stlldytllemet印horicalextensionoft11eschemaFRONT.BACK.etc.7

⑨them,aSan硕士学位论文MASTFR‘ST}IFSJSAllthesestudiescontributetoimponfmtpartinaourdeeperu|1derStandingofpanicles.Accordingtop11rasalVerb,particlesexpressthebaSicconceptofhumaIlbeingS_一spatialconcept.Andtheextensionf而mspatialconcepttonon—spatialconceptbringsaboutmultiplemeaningsofaparticle.Thesemultipleasensesoftheparticleaarenotarbitrarybutcloselyrelated.TheyconstituteOthersensessemanticnetworkwitIlprimaD,sense.bymeansofm谵htbedirectlyorindirectlyrelatedtomeprimausenseiIIlage—schemaStransfo舳ationsauldonmetaphors.2.2.2CognitiVestudiesphrasalverbsInaddltlontotheclasslcresearchonparticles,otherstudieshaVebeenconcemed埘thpIlrasalVerbsproper,suchasMorgan(1997),H锄pe(2000)andGries(1999).MorganandHampeonarethe觚orepresentativeswhohaVemadegreatachievementsthestudyofp11rausalVerbsrecently.2.2.2.1Mo唱an’sstudyMo唱an’sstudyisregardedasat抽utetothefirstcogmtiveanalysisbyLindner.Inf.act,Mo曜angetseIlli曲te啪ent尔)m“ndner’sastudies.HeusesmostofLindner’sholdsthatthereareexamplesandgiVesdeeperinte巾retationsinmetaphorical、vay.Heafourpossibilitiesformetaphoricalextensionsofp11rasalphrasalverb.Foraex锄ple,intheVerb幻妇。甜,,thepanicleD“,presupposesmeexistenceoforcontainer,eitherliterally,metaphorically,metonymicallyothenvise.111thesentence,细D七历P聊MgD讲literallyinte印reted.Andinthesentence玎矽f加6似,boththeVerba11dtheparticleaure加J12PdD甜砌P,-咖g/而聊砌P6Dw,,加办ismeaIling.Inthemetaphoric甜lyusedandhaSaD甜fhaSsenseanaliteralsentence玎匆办口聆如dD讲历P6,Dc厅“陀s,,z册dliteralofalldo以h邪ametaphoricalsense.Here办口甩ddenotesthe1itemlthereissuchaSm撕pulationo脏rsobject,butno“literal”container.Manydomaillscanbemetaphoricallyseen嬲containers,eXplaIlationsformesources,sets,bound撕esD“finthea11dinaccessibili坝wKchverbs:dia’eremmeamngsof以follo淅ngpllrausalSOURCESARECONTAINERS:c,yD材,,s枷gD“,,6P口c矗D甜SETSARECONTAINERS:p纪七D讲BOUNDARJESARECoNTAINERS:厂D,,D“f,,砌Pb.c.Dz,f,∥ⅣD“f,Z缈D斫d.INACCESSTBILITYISAsf.ormeCON丑UNER:聊口妇D“,,wD庸D甜,,触旭D斫pfc七ando“,are8sentence≯跆p记后D“,口,z口me/a厂f^P6口匆y,bom

metaphoricallyused.HealsoaIlalysesthephrasalVerb芦g甜馏D“,asmanifoldmetaphorisationwithfoursteps:aninstanceof—曲enoun.derivedverb_,塘甜彤metaphoricallymeans“reachsolutionbythinking”(f.romTHINKINGISCALCULATING)of一thelitemluseD掰me撕ng“notwithinboundariesofcontainer’’isextendedintootherdomains(fromAPROBLEMISALOCKEDCONTAINER)a—-thenewcompoundthjlll(ing”verb像“旭D“f“causemeans‘‘makesolutioncogmtiVelyaccessibleby—theconceptualcontentonsomethjngtobel(110、vnbythinkingaboutit,'isdevelopedbasedSEEING2.2.2.2themetaphorsACCESSIBLB/VISIBLEIS0UT+KNOWINGISH锄pe’s(2000)studydealswithaH锄pefifmcaSeinadditiontoMo唱锄’sfocaSesofm脚horisationinformiIlgp}lraSalVerb.TheptlrasalVerb幻扣ce“pholdswhenthephfaSalverbfigurativeverb:partofanaishissubject.HeafD知cPMp幻isformed,theVerbfo知fPisalreadyperSon(Ⅱlef-ace)standsforthewholeperson.Andthereisalsoholdsextension舶m,D力钟into幻丘cg印fD.HarnpefD向cP印fDp,D6彪ms.Thethat,D知cPcaJlp厂D6彪所5isnotsimplysynonymouswithnon-humanallowsanVerb力cPhaVebothhumanandsubjectsaSin(1如b),wmleaLsthecompositionalmeaningoffD丘cP妒,oonlyagent—driVenconstnJalin(2a):la.Wef.acedseriousproblems.1b.Seriousproblemsf.acedus.2a.Wearefacingupahugeproblem.us.2b.宰AhugeproblemisfacinguptoH锄peFirst,beingclaimsthatthepanicleapin幻/沈Pz妒,DismotiVatedbyseVeralmetaphors.coIlfbnted埘也problemsisconceptualizedintemsofourphysicalexperienceof“f.acing’’tllem.Thenthemeamngoft11ephraSalVerb力cP妒,DistheresultfDhaSt11esenseofthemreemetaphoricalextensionsof/如P,印·andfo.,砀cPiIlfo力cgMplocationnotionof“beingsituatedinf如ntoforoppositesomeentity,’.T11islocationis诵dened“eventintoageneraleXperientialsenseofcoIlf}on僦onbymeaIlsof也ecompleXontot11elocations觚cturemetaphor,’.Bym印pingmeeVentstmcturedomaill£10main,wegetmeme舢I培of力ce:‘‘toconf.rontsomeming”.Thusmesta.tiVelocation9

Verbobtainsadyn啪icactlonsense.Asforthetwocomponents印and,D,theyalsohaVeextensions.Thespatialme肌ingof£伊ismetaphoricallyextendedintomanydif诧rentsenses.0fthesesenses,thenotionsof“activity,controlandcompletion”areincoIporatedintothephraSalFinally;thepreposition,DexpressingthephysicalgoalinVerb/acPz矽,D.isalsospatialdomainaSametaphoricallyusedandimplies“motiontowardsoraanabstractentity”suchproblemdimculty.ThusmecompositionalmeaningoffD弦cPa妒fDisexpressedas“toactiVelycon矗ontanen“tythatposesaproblem,adi硒cultyforone’s如rtheractions”.HoweVer,meisnotconfinedtothecompositionalstructure,foritschematicmeaningoffD扫cP印·,DaJsoincludesthenotionof“energetichuman2.2.2.3Gries’studyagent”锄dthatof“emotionali够”.Gries(1999)conductsverbstofindthefactorsacognitiVeandmnctionalresearchtheword—orderaltemationintheontransitiVephraSalgovemingcaSeofmanyEnglishap王lraLsalVerbs.First,Griesreferstothemo甲hologicallyinVariantwordinverbaSamulti—wordpanicle、砌chtwoisaneutralorderte加.ToeVadetheteminologicalandproblem,GriesConstmction2temmepossiblewordconstmctionsConStmctionlrespectiVely:面乃疗p耙彪dz伊f^P60D幺(ConstmctionI)(Construction2)如砌p七彪d胁P60D尼够Asformetwoorderasinthesentences:T}aditionally,aV撕etyoffactorsgoVernjngthealtemationofpanicleplacementhaVebeenproposed、VhichGriesfoursumm撕zesunderf;lctors:(1)phonological矗lctors;(2)syntacticfactorS;(3)semanticf.actors.Griesproposesconsciousnesshypothesisaasaf.actors;deeper(4)discourse—fhnctionalprincipleu11de订yingaJl也efourormorefactorswMchheexploresinhl11isresearch,GriesalsodiscussesthecaSeco叩us.seesasaoffDpfc七印印ePdwhichhesenseills协ceofmetaphoraJldnotofidiom,sincethefiguratiVeof幻pf以印印PPdisduetotheabstractcharacterofthenoun印PPdHeretheexpressionmeans“increaSeonspeed’’andt11emetaphoricalmeaIlingoft矽whjchisbaSedtheconCeptualmetaphorMOREISUPisalsoatwork.僦es’workactIlally谢densseemstonaITowdo、vntlleresearchscopeofp11raSalVerbresearch,itmehorizoninthatitu11itest11esyntacticandsemanticpropertiesoft11e10

⑥wholeresearchon硕士学位论文M人STFR‘STllFSISconstmction.(D^ven,2001)aApartfromtheaboVe-mentionedstudies,manyotherscholarsalsocontributetotheresearchofphrasalverbs.ForIotaexample,inChina,王朝培(2006)conductsthesemaJlticf.omationofphrasalVerbs舻,oVP,and舻f口,andproposesasemanticfonnationmodelofEnglishtheauthor.Tllestudiesofp11rasalp11I那alVerbs,whichisalsoadoptedinthestudybyVerbs舶mcognitive印proacho能rususdeeperanalysesofmesemaJlticplaysanf.0肌ationofphraSalVerbs,andmake1(110wthatmetapho—calextensionofaimportaJltmleinthesemaJlticf.0啪ationpIlrasalVerb.Buttheydonothowthemultiplesensesexplaincle盯lyhowtheidiomaticmeaningisphraSalVerbarefomled,andofarelated.aInthisthesis,wewillmakethorou曲semanticstudyonEnglishphraLsalVerbs,whichIhopewillcontributetobomteachingandle锄ingofphrasalVerbs.11

3.TheoreticaIFoundation“Cognitivelinguisticsistheanapproachto1anguagethatisbaSedonourexperienceofWorld孤(1atheWayweperceiveandconceptualizeit.,,(Ungerer&Sc№id,2001:F36)aSItoffersusnewwayto也estudyofmeaning.Itssub—theoriessuchimageschemaandconceptualprotot),pet11eo巧、proVidemet印hor&metonymy,integrationmuchcont舶utiontotheunderstandingofp11raSalverbs.IIlt11ischapter’meaboVe—mentionedtheorieswillallbebrienypresented.3.1Proto够petheor),Beforecomingtoproto够petheory,theclaSsicalmodelofintroducedfirst.AccordingtotheclassicalviewofcategorizationthathaSdominatedcategori刎ionhaStobewestematothoughtsincethetimeofAristotle,categorymemberSmpisdefinedaccordingnecessarVsetofaIlaaJldsumcientconditions,w11ichentailsthatcategorymembersllipistaIl—or-notlling’afrair(Evalls&Green,2006:68).IIlcatego珂sharet11ecommonf宅atures;anentitythatdoesat}1isView,anmememberSofnotpossessallt11ef.eanJresisnotmemberofthecategory;allthemembersofarenoacategor),areequallyrepresentatiVealldatheredegreesofmembersllipinacatego巧.Besides,eachcategoD,hasclear.cutbound哪7.However'廿1eclassicalmodelofconceptualcategoriesproVestobeproblematic砌chmotivatesthedevelopmentistlleoneofaltemativetheories.Amongthem,proto够pemeoryont11athashad也emostinnuencecognitiVelinguistics.on‘‘ThepioneeringexperimentaJandtheoretical、vorkoutbyRoschandherprotot),pet11eor)r、^,嬲canledonco.workers,althou曲t11iswaSbuilte2Lrlierinsights,notablyWittgenstein1953andBrowrll1958.’’(quotedinCroR,2004:77)111eireXperimentalresultsinvolvingcolorcategoryandshapecatego巧suggestthatcategones,mgeneral,haVebestexamples(called“protot),pes’’)andthatnanmlprotot),peshaVeacrucialfhnctionint11evariousstagesiIlvolvedinthefomationand1eanlingofcategories.ThecategoUmembersarecoIlIlectedbyaIleMorkofoVerlappingsiIIlil撕tieswhjchare12

⑧called硕士学位论文M人STFR‘STHFSISf.锄ilyresemblanceinsteadcanofcommonproperties.caIlTheaSsumptionsofprototypetheorybesumm撕zedofaaus:(1)Categoriesnotbedefinedinte硼sco玛unctionaofnecessaryaJldsu衢cientf.eatures,butbyconcep删lysalientprototypes,whichplayisacmcialpartinthefomlationofcategories.(2)Catego巧memberslliprepresenta.tiveforam眦erofdegree,andnoteVe巧memberisequallycatego巧;(3)Categoriesf.om砌-oundprotot),pes,andnewmembersaareaddedonthebasisofresemblaJlcetoprototype;norequirementisneededthatbesharedbyallmembersofacatego叫;f.eatllreorsomefanlresmust(4)CategoriescategoriesarehaVenoclear-cutboImd撕es,insteadtheboundanesbetweenf.uz珥Prototypetheo巧istheresultofempiricalstudy.ItprovesthattheclaSsicaltheo科isnotaIluIlquestionable,defimtionaltruth.ItissignificanttoproposethismeorynotonlyhowpeoplecategorizethingsbutaJsoinreVealinghowlinguiSticinexplainingarephenomenacloselyrelated也oughsuperficiallynot.sensesIntheJexicalcategory;themultipleconceptsbutholdsomeofa、vordarenottotallydi仃Ierentrelations.Lakofr(1987)proposesmatwordsrepresentradialwithrespecttoacategories.Thatis,thelexicalconcepts(orsenses)areo—gamzedsense.Themoreprotot),picalsensessensesproto哆picallexicalconceptcentralprototype,whilelessrepresentsorare‘closer’tomepmto咖icalare‘fI枷1erf.rom’theprototypewhichperipheralsenses.3.2MetaphorandmetonymyMe也lphorhasbeenstudiedwitllinthedisciplineknownonaSrhetoricforoVer2,OOOyears.1thaStraditionallybeenbasedtheaJlnotions‘simil撕t)r’or‘comp撕son’bet、veenexpression.@ngerer&Schmid,2001:1l5)at11eliterala11dthefiguratiVemeallingofIn1980,tllepublicationof朋叠印力D坶W名£fV口Z涉openeduSenewpagefortllestudyofmetaphoLInt11isbook,LakofrandJohllsoneVidence矗-omeVerydayconventionaJlinguisticexpressionstoinfermeeXistenceofmetaphoricalrelatioIlsormappingscentralabetweenconceptIlaJdoma抽sintllehuInanmind.Asc№t耐sticCroR(2004:195)goes,“TheofLakofrandJollllson’st11eoryofmetaphoristhatmemetaphorisnot

⑥perv函Vein硕士学位论文M人STFR‘ST¨ESISpropelt),ofindiViduallinguisticexpressionsandtheirmeanings,butof、vholeconceptualdomains”.Theyclaimintheirbook朋叠,印向D糟F纥£fvP缈(1980)thatjustinlanguagebutinmetaphorisoureVerydaylife,notthoughtandandaction,andordinaDrconceptualsystem,inmetapho打calinnatu】℃.temlsofwhichwetllinkact,is如nd锄entallyIthastobenotedthatconceptualmetaphorsormetaphoricalconceptsa11dIinguisticConceptualaSmet印horsormetaphoricalexpressionsaredia'erent.metaphorsormetaphoricalconceptsrefertothoseabstractnotionssuchARGUMENTISorWAR.TIMEISMONEYTHE0ⅪESarcaLsAREBUILD烈GS,etcwmlemetaphorsme毛aphoricaloneexpressionsaIlothersuchactuallinguisticexpressionsthatinstantiatethosenotionsint11ewayorexpressions:肋s盯豇比括m括,.辔办finVolVesD疗历P,口秽0场甜hw筋打馏,,吵time:ThetheoryneedSs啡巾ort.e沁.AconceptualmetaphorsourCeaconceptualmappingbetweentwodomains.T1】edomainsupponingthe1iteralmeaningofthetheta唱etdomain——thedomaintheconceptf.romthedomain—theexpression—isusedtodescribetheconceptinsentenceisactua¨yabout.Ldkoff&Johnson(1980)distinguishthreetypesofconceptualmetaphors:st九Jcturalmetaphor,orientationalmetaphorandontologicalmetaphor.Asthenamesuggeststhesourcedomainforo^entationalmetaphorsisspace.Bymappingaaspatialstlllct_ureontoanon。spatialconcept,spatialmetaphorSgiVetheconceptISUPgiVesspatialorientation,e.g.MoREQUANTITYavenicalorientation.Sowehaveexpressionsuslike胁加cD,打P厂DsP,鲫,J髫日r.Ontologica】met印hOrsaJlowaStoviewevents,activities,emotions,etc.entitiesaIldsubstance,suchaSINFLATIONIScanANENTITY(ibid:25)SpatialmetaphorsaJldontologicalmetaphorsbeelaboratedintostmcturalourmetaphorS.A1loft王1eseme也巾horsnotoIllyare‘‘groundedin“innuenceourphysicalandculturaJexperience’'butalsoexperiencesandactions”.(ibid:68)metaphorhaStIle南llowingAccordingt0f.eatllres·Sae砌(2000:305—307),conc印tual(a)conVentionalit),(b)systematici锣:f.eaturesofthesourceaJldta玛etdomainarejoinedsotllatthemetaphormaybeeXtended,orhaVeitso、Ⅳ11.10西c(c)aSymme仃)r:metaphorsaredirectional14

⑨tohuman硕士学位论文M人STER’STllFSIS(d)abstraction:at),picalabstracttarget.metaphorusesamoreconcretesourCetodescribeamoreInadditiontometaphor’anotherimaginativeconceptllalmechanismisalsocentralthou曲tandlanguage:conceptualmetonymy.Likeasametaphor,metonymyhaStraditionallybeenanalysedJo王1Ilsontrope:apurelylinguisticdevice.However,Lako仃andnature.aspectora玛uethatmetonymy,likemetaphor,isconceptualincoHullonlyuse“PeoplesomethingaIldtakeonewelJ—understoodaSaoreasy.to—percejveofittostandforthethingwh01eorforsomeotheraspectwaitresstousepartofit.,,(Lako噩1987:77)ForeX砌ple,itisordin哪forathen锄eofthetoodacustomerorderedtorefertothecustomer,asinthefamous【)new副tresssaystoanother,“ThecaLse:h锄sandWichjustuse力ceorthespilledbeeralloverhimsel£,,Heret11e1th锄sandwichaJsoqulteisstandingforthepersoneatingthesaJldwich.f.oruslscon姗onton锄eofaperson,aSmtheS稚snnisInnsentences:刀jP陀口陀铆2嘶,励,咖卯sarepersontostandfbrtheo“ff办P厂e砌f加口铂旃e胛cP?pret眵g{ri.panofoufordinary;ever)rday、vayaretact,metonymlcconceptsofthinking.(Lakofr&Jollnsonnot舶itra姒isolatedlnstances·Forex锄ple,tllefollowingsentencesarenotr2uldom,whicharedi舵rent1nstancesofuslngtheparttostandforthe、Vh01e:GP,yo“r6“,rovP,.办e,℃,】白”(如玎7办姚metaphor,metonymieslonghnirs:TheGiQmsneednstrongQrmintheright矗eld.so1980:37)Likemetonymlcconceptsaresystematicwhichallowustoconcep她lizeonethjngbymeansofitsrelationWetosomethjngelse(ibid:39).caIulotsimplysaytodistinguishmatanythingcanstandforanythingelseintherightcontext.w11ichlanguages.Lakofr(1987:78)aIlWneedwhich研nciples、vorkforo雎rsmeprinciples、Ⅳiththefollowingfo肌、Vithjn“GiVenaIlidealizedco咖tivemodel(ICM):locatedinICM埘thsomea“standbackgroundcondition(e,g.institlltionsareplaces),tllereist11atonefor’’rel“onmatmayholdbe“veenelementsAandB,suchelememoft11eICM,B,maystandforanotherelementA.Int11iscaSe,B:t11epJaceandA=t11einstitlltion.WrewillrefertosuchrelatiollSasICMscontajIlingstands.南rmetonymicmodels.’’Lako厅(1987:78)15

WehaVeseenthatbommetaphorandmetonymyareconceptualprocesses.BothcaIlabeexplainedmappingasmappingprocesses.ThemaindiarenceisthatmetaphorSinVolVedia’erentcognitiVedomains,andmetonymyisaaacrossm印pingwithinonedomain.“Metaphorisprincipally2ulditsprimarywayofconceiVingofonethinginte加sofaJlother,f曲ctionisuIlderstanding.Metonymy,onustheotherhand,hauspdm撕lyareferential如nction,thatis,itallowsJohnson,ltouseoneentitytostandforaJlother’’.(Lakofr&980:36)Metaphorandmetonymycanca姗otbeseparated.TheyoReninteractinacenainways.1nf_act,manymetaphorSbesho、vntohaVemetonymicbaSis.3.3Imageschema“Inms(1987)book砌PBD砂加f托^衙门以MarkJohnsonpmposedthatembodiedexperiencegiVesrisetoimageschemaSwithintheconceptual2006:lsystem.”(EVans&Green,a78)Johnsonde6nesimageschemaofourasfollows:“animageschemaisrecul矗n舀coherence2uredyn枷cpattemperceptualinteractionsandmotorprogr锄sthat西Veandstmcturetoourexperiences”.(quotedin李福印,2007)Thatis,“imageschemaSrecurrelatiVelysimplestructuresthatcons切ntlyinoureVe巧daybodilyexpedence:inVariouso^entationsaJldetc.”CONlAINERS,蹦rHS,LINKS,FORCES,BALANCE,and(Lako噩1987:267)IHlageschemasrelations:UP—DOWN,FRONT-BACK,PAR,r-WHOLE,CENTER—PERIPHERY撕sefbmourembodiedexpe—ences.Forex锄ple,theCoNTA烈ER矗。omtakeourschemawllichde6nesthediStinctionbetweenINandoUTisderivedbodilyexperience.FirStofall,weourunders协douro、vnbodiesaScontainers:weourairintoluIlgsaJldbreameitout.Besides,wealsou11derStanddailyexperiencesintemsofcontainers:wewa:keoutofde印sleepsandpeeroutf而mbeneaththecovers;wepullourselvesouta11dclimbintorobes;wepouroutcoffeea11dsetoutdishes,etc.(Lako氲1987:271)Sinceourembodiedexperienceisongoing,imageoneschemaSarecanalsoundergoa住ansf.o锄ations行omchange:intheperceivingaintoanother.Forex锄ple,supposingweaSamoVingto、vardsonherdofcows疗’omfhaway,duringtllemoVingprocesst11eimageschemaisthediSt锄ce,westartperceiVetllecowsmaSs,a11datsomepointweceaSemaSs柚dm出ngoutindiViduals.IIlthisex锄ple,theimageschemaistransforIIledgmduallyf如mmaSsimageschemato16Co衄timageschema.

W宅shouldkeepinmindtllat“animageschemaisnotaSajIlstaIlabstractsemantlcprinciple,butshouldbeunderstoodbothconcretecategoriesa11doRendepictedbymeaJlsofthefigureormentalpicturewhichismoreelementarythaJlisabstract州nciples”.Ⅳngerel’&Sch“d,2001:160)lttr旬ectory(TR)andlandmark(LM).Thet啊ecto巧standsformoStprominentelementinanyrelationalstlllcturc,whereaSlandmarkref.erSatomeotherenti母inrelation.areImageschemasimportantinourabsn.act“n“ng.TheycallserveaLstheconceptualrepresentationthatunde叩insarelexicalitem.(EvaIls&Green,2006:189)TheyorwidelyusedintheanalysisoftllepolysemyofindiVidual、vordsconstnlctions,especiallyinmeallalysisofmevariousmeaningsofspatialprepositions.3.4ConceptualblendingtheoryConceptLKllBlendingTheoWConceptualIntegrationorderiVes舶m铆oMentaltraditionswithincognitivelinguistics:ConceptualMetaphorTheoryaIldSpacesTheory.ItisoriginallydevelopedtoaccountforlinguiSticstmctureaIldfort量leroleoflanguageinofmeamngconstruction,especially‘creatiVe’aLspectsmetaDhorsaJldcounterfactualsandconstruction,conceptualblendingaSsome撕ngconstllJctionlikenoVelspaceon.BasedonmentaJspacesandmentalmainlyanconcemsdyn锄icMentalaspectsofme砒lingconstlⅥction,soitisreferredtocognitivesemanticists.“AmentalspaceislocalunderstandingandextensionofSpaCesTheorybySomea(relativelysmall)conc印tualaction.Mentalspacesorarepacketbuiltupforpu印osesofconstlrLlctedwheneverwethinkandcantalk.’,(Fauconmer,1995)SowhenwetKnkbeshiRedf-romonetalk,wesetupmentalspaceswKchtoaIlother.Thesetemporarymentalspaces,arelim【edinVariousarewavsaIldcontainelementsthatchainsofalsoco衄ected,allowingspeakerstokeeptrackofandTmnerbomobservedreference.(Evalls&Green,2006:396)FauconmercaSesmatinmaJlymeanjngconstructionappearsortoderiVef如mstflJcturet11atisnotaVailableinthelinguisticconceptualstmcture,aIldtoaccountfortllephenomenon,conceptualblendingisthereforeproposed.BlendingprocessesdependcentraJlydevelopeme唱entonproljectionanddynamicsimulationtostmcture,andt0promotenoVelconcep删izations,inVolVingthegenerationofinferences,emotionalreactionsaIldrhetorical17force(Coulson&Oaldey,

⑨2000:blendinginputare硕士学位论文MASTFR‘STIIESISl76).Cen缸湖toconc印tualblendingtheo巧isthenotionofthe∞刀c印胁口,加,Pgr口f国刀胛P,wD,屯anarrayofmentalspacesinwhichtheprocessesofconceptualconsistsofinputsinwhichelementsineachthetwoorunfold(ibid:178).T11ene铆orkconnectedbym叩pings.Apartf.rommoreinputs,thereistobeagenericspacewhichproVidesinputs.111einf0吼ationmatisabstractenoughcommontobothoraHthene撕orkisf.onnedbygenericspace.Ablendedspacemrrther危a眦ofli凼ngaIlthe觚oormoreinputspacesbymeansoftheaintegrationnetworkisthatitconsistsoforfourthnotorblend.Thisspacecontainsneweme碍Pntstmcturematiscontainedineitherofthei11puts.,nleblendinh嘶tsp甜ialstmctureaSf沁mtheinputdomainsbymeallsofthegenericfollows:Space.111jsisillustratedintlleFigureGenericspace111putlI印ut2BlendFigure3-lAbasicintegmtionnetwork(adaptedfhmEVans&Green,2006:405)BlendingTheo巧aIldConceptualLikeareMet印horTheo巧sharesomecommonaf.eatures.met印hor,blendingdiStinctinmanyinVolVesdi您:rentdomaillsandways.ForexarIlple,mappingrelationsmp.ButtheyConceptualB1endingMet印horTheolyTheoD,involvesinvolvesselectiveumdirectionalcrDss—domainmappingswhileprI口IjectionsInofstlllcture疗ominputstotheblend.BlendingTheo巧aJldcaIlsum,Conc印tualConc印tualMet印hor7nleo巧arebeuSedtonotcompetingbutcomplementary,botllofW址chEnglishdeal谢tllthesemanticsofpIm峪a1verbs.18

⑨Inthjs硕士学位论文M人STER‘ST}{FSlS4.TheSemanticAnalysisofParticleschapter,weconcentrateonthesemanticanalysisofpanicles.Attheabegi衄ing,wede诅iledstudywilldiscussthestamsofpaniclesinpIlrasalVerbs.T11enwewillmal(eonthesemanticsofpanicles印,6口c尼auld谢.Ashasbeenmentioned,Quirketal(1985)divideorpalticlesintothreegroups:pr.epositionsonly;eitherpI℃positionsspatialadverbs,andspatialadVerbsonly.SupposingthateVerygroupofparticlesmayintheirdi日hsem锄ticcontributiontop11J邪alareVerbs,weselectonearepanicle行omeachgmup:z妒,口fa11d6口c后.ThesepaIticlesproductive.In删括办尸庇删日,阮厂h(张昌柱,1productivealsochosenbecausethey986:lcommonlyusedand7),theauthorliStinorder20panicles,撇ongwhich^垆aJld6口c尼ram(firStaJldthetenthrespectiVely.彳fiscon瑚onJyusedbyEn91ishnatiVespeakers.4.1ThestatusofpaI.ticIesAshaSbeenmentionedinchapter“Vo,traditlonalstudiespaidmoreanentiontoverbsinsteadofpanicles.TheyclaimthatthesenseofaphrasalVerbisderiVedmainlyf如mtlleVerb,w】虹chleadsfirStexplainatothephenomenonthatinteachingphrasalVerbsteacherSaLsVerbinde诅i1,e.g.6,Dw,thenlistseVeralrelatedphraSalVerbssuchseVeral6肋w印and6,DwQ矿together砸t}lexanlpJesaSifmesensesofap11raSalVerbhavenottlingtodowithitsparticles.Dictiona而esalsogroupphrasalVerbsaccordingtotheirlexicalVerbs.IIllightof、)l,hatisintroducedaboVe,bothVerbsaJldpaniclesindispensabletothesemanticsofcontributetotllecoreareinf.actpl城峪alVerbs.Ofcourse,i11manycaSes,VerbsdomeaIlingofpllrasalVerbs,aSint11ef01lowing:Yotl舶e幽'tteltmet0sellfhehotlse.InWo“ldnl盆醴堡翌羔Qfit.orHe飞stin盘畦{i礁g堡lQ礁g.、vithotllPeopleproperjobnnysenseo彳pllrp0Se.o彳mnrlydi艉rentponticnlviews毡呈!Q礁g{Qcmcialtothecltlb.However,p绷icles,sometimes,areverbs.Forextensionofdi虢rentThedoctorwemthesem锄ticextensionofphaSalaex锄ple,int11efollowingsentencesthepanicleoV盯playssensesoverm旬orroleintlleof.gDDw,.:btltthe蛋rlcnr曼加llycould奔硼nobro妇nbones.19

硕士学位论文M人STFR‘STflESfSijveQskedtkgnrngepeoplelogoovermycnrlhom珏ghzyb内汜jst口rfm【yzongjotlrney.£bn1gooverthelimitcallc巧yourailowance.becombinedwithorBesides,particlesVerbs·TheseVerbsVerbscaIlV撕ousverbstofo册numerousphraSalthebeeithertraJlsitiVeintransitive,staticordyn啪ic.AmongareoccumngmthepI蚰salVerbs,themostfrequentlyusedthosegeneralte珊ssucnasgD,p“,,砌妇,聊口妇,矽f,,.“门,andcomP.TheseVerbsa陀generalinmeaning,andthereforehardtobeexplainedclea订y.Soteachingandle踟【lingphraSalverbsbyf.ocusingonVerbsomyisdefinitelyprejudiceinmethodology.P缸iclescanneverbeignoredaSa11impoItantcomponentofphrasalverbs.4·2ThesemanticanaIysisofparticlesAccordmgt0Qulrketal(1985),p甜iclesactuallybelongtotwodistinctbutoVerlapplngcategones,thatofprepositionsandthatofspatialEngllshpreposltlonsareadverbs.EtymologyshowsoriginallyusedforspatialreferenceindicatingspatiallocationtheandmoVement.(杨莉黎,l997)Sodi虢rentsensesofpaniclesDvP,canarede—vedgoodmainlvtromthebaslcspatlalmeanings.Thesemanticnetworkforbeaexample.Amongtnethene觚ork,mespatialsensesareju始edtobemoreprototypical,amongwhich1mageschemacombinjngeJementsofbothABoVEandACRoSSistheprototypicalSo1nsense·thefollowing,we、villanalyset量leandextensiVesem锄ticsofparticles行omtheperSpectlVesotthespatialoverlapinsomeway.4.2.1Caseme枷ngsme枷ngsinspiteofthefIaCtthatt量levl:【勿a‘I11espatialprepositionz妒haS2L1waysbeenfocusofscholars.LakofrandJohnson(1980)makeadetailedstudyslnceontheme切phorsof印and咖wn6的mcomeoutinlargeco鲫tivenumbers.isofourbotllperspectlVe-AmdAnlongthem,thethencognitiVestlldiesa11alysisOn印havebysem锄icof印conductedaIlalysemeLee(2001:36—38)ref宅rencehere·Inthefollo埘ng,we谢llsemticsof印includingSpatialaJldmetaphoncalmeallings.4.2.1.1111espatial111eme耐ngsspati出me枷ngsof妒canbe啪derstoodthrou曲itS20imageschemaS.The

cent脚imageschemacanbeillustratedinthefigure:Figure4.1Centralschemafor—uP-(adaptedfromUngerer&Schmid2001:163)Herethetrajector(tr)denotedbymecirclekeepsmoVinginaVerticaldirection·Thelandmark(1m)denotedbymeverticallineisonlyreleValltasf打aStheourltsVerncalw“lisnotextensionisconcemed.Inthesentence,thetKcknessofmeweoIllvcareinterestandthevenicaldis切ncethatisinvolved.111isdyn锄icuseOf-UP—caIlbef.oundinsomeothersentences:,s,DDd£矽fD日s七口g甜PJ,面门i户”fz垆.),0“厂乃口,zd,theApanfromthecentmlschemawhichrepresentsusedtodyn锄icnotion,MpcaIlalsobeexpress‘‘似ic’’notion,asmtheex锄ple:floors印.beexplainedascaIlShelivedth地eThesentencefigure:tllef.malstageofmepat也asrepresentedm也e21

硕士学位论文MASTER‘ST"ESJSFigure4-2SchematjcrepresentationofstaticInthjsschema,theuseasalandm酞caIlbeof—UP—schema(ibid:1661venicalconceiVedpatll,柚dathetraiectorjsatthefinals也撂eofthepath.Itrepresentsthestativesenseof妒:“inllj曲erplaceorpos’tlon”·jhlsschemaisTheb口lloon10also印pro研atesevernlhours.beusedforsentences:D渺砌淞P括印加,施力f胁andorastQyea印如rs啪up,妒canadyn锄icallystatically,indicating“舶malowerposltioⅢ,placeto11igherorposition/place’’or‘‘in11igherplace”.Thenotionofup、vardVenlc出moVement4.2·1.2neme卸ho打ca】me捌ngspositionconstitutest11eprototypicalmeallingofzp.Apart缸’ommespatialmeanings,z妒hasmaIlyothermeaIlingsw糙chexplalnedbyreferencetotheschemaaJone.SottlesecaLses·’I11IIoughcannott0beme姊horandmetonymyof印canarecalledforinme切lphorandmetonymy,tllenotionmeamngs.beextended行omSpatialme砌ngstoormet印horicalan(一少1saLssoclated、^,lthVertlc副positionextensiVesemanticnetwork.WhenthenotionofuDwardontomoVementthatconstitutesmebaSicmeaningofMpismappedotnerdomalns,1thaSsomedistinctbutrelatedmcreaSe1nnot啪otiV删·‰reslze,e·g·黝P6胞w叩历P6砒。行.nleisallmetaphorica】meanings.E勿canuseinV0lveof印toexpressincreaSeinsizeisobViouSco皿ectionbe眦ent11eup眦dinsizeandupw硼

⑨也ese硕士学位论文M人STFR’STllESISmoVement.NonIlallywhenweaddmoreup,soMOItEISobjectstoacontainerorapile,the1evelgoesUP.己少istllereforealwaysrelatedtoincreaSeinnumber,aSinthesentence:乃P门“聊6P,.Q厂6DD脑p,.砌,PdP口c办弦甜乜9筇go魄f妒.InincreaseinsizeisconceptuallyrelatedtoincreaLseinscale,so列pcanmaJlydomains,beusedtoexpressbloodme蕊ngs:Prices甜e印:Herte"lpernlureshot印:Thec卯speeded印:Mycanp比船甜阳缸z妒,etc.IIlcreaLseinscalephysicallysociaJscale,aSinthebemnherextendedintoincreaSeinexpressions:觑?厅娜啪厂拓d印,胁册c肠,hZ晚厂j砀a,向聊咖办傩Itcan卯,.幻砌耖cD聊P£p历f加wD厂,dactiVit)r)inV撕ousphysicalc}leerlIp.Itlsalsobeextendedtoexpressactivity(orheightenedandmentaldomains:sf甜,妒,pf幽妒,胞琊P印,6,瑶咖纪门印,VeI。ycoImnontousezptoexpressmenotionof“approach,’,e.g.,竹D1l,Pz妒,5玎P口七isalsocorulectedtoourour叩,M肌印,,“刀印,etc.Thisphysicalexperience:asanobjectt11emoVestowardsus,itsimageineyes、Vi¨enl鹕e,andthereforeincreaSeinVerticaldimension.T11isbndofexperiencesmayalsobethephysicalbaSisofthemetaphorFORESEEABLEFUTUREEVENTSAI之EUPwhichmotivatesanothermetaphoricaJnotionofup“approachintime,’,e.g.聊刎叠∞胁魄?印砌括wPP船臃甜iof“compl“on2垆,etc.Thesea印?Tbafhrmerextension,印isaIsoIinkedtothenotionofaprocess”,e.g.JP,f昆z垆口6fⅣ,czffaz矽f办P,,2P口,,PVe,z。够6口肠”ce。妒,甜JPaSacasesinvolveprocessWhjchisconceptualizedinspatialtennsTherearemovementtowardsgoal.maIlyexpressjonsinw垴chz矽expressthenotionof“comeintoexistenceofallentity,’,e.g.m口勋印口s幻∥,∥mf印sD小P胁vf砌,勋瑚,w办勿印口聊P口,,etc,orinmeperceptualfieldofaIl“印pe越anceobserver,,.For肠班w川妫P即印刀谢?三D础5D所PD,zPm厅甜肼妒口咖彤船易etc.Theseareex锄ple:砌P以旃d加s办Dw“p7usesaSof印alsoconnectedtotllenotionof‘‘approach”,especiallyinexpressionssuchs办Dw印锄dp叩印.(1998)lists心妇心蛇eX蜮el2itemsaSmean试gsot印,ChnmbersE砼g{ishDicnonn秒西Phrnsnl娩而sfollows:(!)increaSmg;(2)impr0Ving;(3)finishing锄db枷er;(5)Spoilingsqueezing.aIldcompleting;(4)佻tellingandfomlingad锄aging;(6)pr印撕ng;(7)gath甜ng;(8)approachjng,reachingandand白ouclling;(9)giVing;(10)inVentingproducing;(11)dividing;(12)cmsllingand

⑨Weff}>.硕士学位论文MASTFR‘STlIFSTScanseethattheitemsgiVenbythedictionarytendtobemorespecific.Forex锄ple,z妒inof印aredistinguishitems.theexpressionc讲印’砌e肌P口fmeans“diViding”whileinouranalysisitsensesinvolVesthenotionof‘‘completion’,.Thisisparnyduetothefactthatthedistinctbutrelated,theyhaVeonenoV撕ouscIe褂cutbounda嘎somaygiVeitisdi硒culttofromanother.Evendi虢rentdiction撕esdi疏rentsemantic4.2.2Case2:曰口c露ThespatialrelationFRONT-BACKisbeings.Studiesoft11ebaSicimageschemasofhumanoneconcemingFRONT-BACKhaVebeenmadebymanyscholars.Amongt】hemetaphoricalextensionofschemathem,Gao&Y抽’sresearch(2006)inVolVes‘矗ont-back’,andthereforeisrefemdtointhispan.4.2.2.1ThespatialmeaIlingsThe‘nlont—back’imageschemaisalsostI_IJcturedbased上渤c七originallyreferstotIlerearonourbodilyexperience.partofmehumanbodyf-romthenecktothebuttocks.Intheycall’tseeno姗alcaSes,peoplelookfonⅣardhorizontally,andorthingsbehindthemselVes.Sotheycalltheplacepositionbehindthem6口c七whichisbeyondtheirsightwhentheykeeperect,e.g.】7白“,.办口加括,DDZD,Z∥7诒疗6口c七6P^f玎dJ,o“,.P口,苫.Intmscase,/%,2fand6口以aretermedrelatiVetothehumanontobeing.Whenthisspatialconceptisof6口c七aremapped行omhumanbeingsbroadened.aIlimals,plantsoro巧ects,etc,theme枷ngsLike印,6口以callbeinte印retedaLsbot王1dyn锄icandstaticⅥ恤chinVolVesthenotionofbackwardmoVementandthatof“att11eo—ginalstaningplace”.Inaddition,6口c七canalsodepictthestaleofbeingattherear.aSoinspatialdomain,6口c七caIlbeusedt0indicate“int11eresultofapositiontotherear’’,showofbackwardretumtoapreViouspositionandexpresst11enotionmovementaswell.asinthesentences:Thehouseliesbnck旁omtheroQd.wnhn罾Qrdenin旁om.Is^打SmnhbQckyet?Rideyowbicycled0Wnth{shill,nndyo谢motherwillpuShitback印ngQin-Lal(o厅&4.2.2.2Themetaphoric2LlmeaIliIlgsT0beginwitll,6口以canbemappedontotenlporaldomain.Accordingto24

⑨硕士学位论文M人STFR‘STlTFSlSJohnson(1980:42—43),timeinEnglishisstmcturedinte加sus:ofmeTIMEISAMOVING0BJECTmet印hor’withthe如turemoVingto、vardsThetimeWmcome…jijhettmejornction}lnsc盯rtved…Orthereisanotherwayin、vhichweconceptualizethepassingoftime:TIMEISS1:ATIONAYANDⅥ,EMOVETHROUGHIT:ASwegothlPoughtheyenrs…AsweInthego如rtherintothcj980s一.6口c七expresses‘‘toafo册ercaSe,tlle如turemovestowardsus,sonlatertime”,e.g.J0hn,Sleavehasbeenptttbnckmonth.sohewonlbegettingherenll。沁ne.aSInthelattercase,tllepaStisregardedmean“ago”,as、^)erenobehindus,andtherefore,6口c七isusedtoseve,2fPe门f办cP门,“,Ⅳf,iP,.Pin:7张口,w口s口/吝’缈.)伦n,:,6口c颤B口c七f以f办PortrninS.bllseSmotorcnrs.Inquantit)rdomain,/而刀,isrelatedto也enotionof“increase’’and6口如alwaysexpressesthenotionof“reduction”.Tbjsisalsobasedonourphysicalexperience:peopleinf幻ntofothersalwayscovermoredistaIlceaJldifwemovebackwaLrd,thedistancearef.romthedepar山retotheplacewherewegovernmenlhnsclltbnckonisactuaIlydecreaSed.Sowesay:刃zedt知nsespending.Intermsofthedegreeofimpon;a11ce,6口如isconnectedtotheconceptoflessimpo咖t,Wtlichmayberelatedintothephenomenon:peoplealwaysputimportantthingsinthe6.0nta11dlessimporrtalltintheback.Ino伍cialoccaSions,topomcialsalwayswalkt11e舶nta11dsitinthe舶ntoftheplatfom.InspoIrtsscene,weoRenmoVefonvard,forthedestinationisalwaysin行ontofus.SomoVingfon】\,ardisalwaysrelatedtoadVancingtowardsthegoal.AndtokeepusbackistopreVentf.rommoVingforwaurd“underormakingprogress,so6口c七gainst11enotionofcontrol,’,e.g.砌epD,配P脚e疗li甲,6口c后砌P(?,.Dw出w办以台历P.力比mP行p“ff办P.,b℃boy,btlf“Vo西his旁iendSheldhimbnck.ont0otherabstractou戈HetriedtohittheWhencanthenotionof“retum”ofbeusedtoindicatememe枷ngof“re删ngonce6口以ism印peddomains,6口c后totlleoriginalconditionorstage”,e.g.Becnusehelsin加rsolong。JohnisncI、 ̄'bnckwherehewnssixmonthsngoinnrithmetic:CnnIcomebncktothecorneqtle鲥on可poncingQgnin?Co凇e凇uspoiiticscouzde∞iiyb8ckimo缸Shion.

Or施如indicatesaIlentityretumstotheoriginalo、vner:幽P厅册如d历P砌咖6口c厄Butintemlsofsomeabstractactivity,itisoRenanothertllingthatis“back”totheperSon,e.臣.DonItnnSwerbQck!IheywrotebnckInafomednat01dmethntldtdn!lhnvetod0it.word,6口c足canbeextendedf而mspatialdomaintootherdifI’erentdomains.ThesensesaSdi脏relltof6叩七arenotrandomlyscatteredbutrelated.Thesemeaningsaresummarizedstalrtingthefouritemsinthisanmesis:①at,to,ortowardtherear,ororano^ginalplace;②in,at,ortowardoriginalstaningtime,conditionstage;@)undercontrol:④inretl】m.4.2.3Case3:爿fAsforthemeamngsof口f,Quirketal(1985)summarizeaSfollo、vS:space/timeseepositioⅣgoaltaurget/stimulus/s伽1CIard/reaction,f.romwhichwec锄notanyrelations.Lee(2001:23.24)o丘.ers然(2007)conductsausacleardesc“ptionconcemingthespatialconceptonof口f.王勃researchmespatialandmet印horicalcogllitiononprepositionalspatialmetaphorsinwhichthesemanticeXtensionof谢一D,2一切isanalyzedindetajl.In“spart,wewilldiscuSsthesemanticsof口f,、)vitht王leaboVe。mentionedstudiesaSourref.erence.4.2.3.1ThespatialmeaJlingsThenotionofpIIeposition口fislesscomplicatedinVolVingthecodingofspa.tialrelationship.“The如nctionof讲isspacea11dtolocatetwoentitiesatpreciselythes锄epointiIlconstmethem2LsgeometricpointS.’’(quotedinLee,2001:23)7111isdescriptionprovidesusaJlelegantdescriptionofmecharacteristicsof口,.usTbmakeitclearer,letlookata11example:如办,2括口f砌Ps印P厂m口,.施f.juStThissentencewouldbecompletelynaturalifMarywereathometellingsomeonewhereJohnwasatmattimenomatterwhetherJolulisinthesupennarketororeVenoutsideit.ButifMaD,isintllesupennarketisnotisclosetoit,meutteranceoft11esentenceappro埘ate.Underasat11issituation,itisdi壤cultforustoconcepmalizemeasasupe册破et饿endsgeometricpointinspace.Itismorcnaturaltothjnl(ofitcontainerwithourinstead,aSint}lefollo州ngsenteIlce:如砌括觑f加s印P,,”口厂妇f.If、Ⅳethelibra叫”,itwillorcausean彻getomeet“atdi舔cultiestofindtheaCcuratemeetingplace.Ⅵ,lletheritisinsidet:helibraryisconstruedoutsidethebuildingisnotclear.Thedistinctionislostwhenpoint.111English,itwouldbenaturaltouttert11esentence:aSa

⑨7汤P硕士学位论文M^STER‘STI{ESISfc乒括讲砌P啦舯w毋,.nseemsconflictwiththeclaimthat口,involvesthetwoaSelementsinVolVedinthereIationshipwhensomeoneismoVingalongwherethepathageome埘cpoints.Butinfactthecontextisthatp础,andholddsaysthattheca琵islocatedattheplaceare:intersects州ththehighwayatsomepoint.OtherexamplesofttlisbndThebombexplodedntjSoooo扣et:W-e’llal啦bontdrillnttheequntor.f毡、vecandrawconclusionliket11is:口,caIlbeusedtoadesc曲ethespatialrelationbetweenaTRaIldplacewhentherelationisnotpreciselyexpressed.The‘spatial’lexicalconceptsencodedbyprepositionsincludethefollowing:刀P口c匆弦D协f绣姗c抬,.,aJlofwhjchattimes,canbeexpressedby口f.Thuswehaveexpressionslikethese:youw谢Seehimqtthecorner西thestreef:溉’nmeetdownntthebus.stop:HeSpe眦nenrthreemomhSntthesen:Imethim谢nlmtevilln晷ebythertver.4.2.3.2ThemetaphoricalmeaningsCnmbridge:Heisqlthe0ldfreeThebaSic血nctionof讲istoindicateco一10cation.Themappingofthespatialnotionontootherdomainswillalsobringaboutsomemetaphoricalmeanings.When讲isainVolVedintemporaldomain,itindicatesViewedasapointintime,Wheretheperiodoftimeisf厅乜f,f,行P,口ff向以f,,zD,押P门cetc.point,e.g.订Ⅳ口,D门c只‘玎砌Pc延甲Q,≯v口fComparedwjththetimeexpressedby扔orD刀,theperiodoftimedenotedby口,isrelatiVelyshoner,e.g.o门胁e办D彬Dn口,.口啦),撕D以办D,嗣巩觑砌e所DM啦g历历Pcan以,甜心伽砌PcD“厢P西etc.TmsactiVitiesasalsoaCcountforwhyitisaussociatedwitllsuchin:讲历P砌D“幽f西讲历P所P,z“D以研讲/沁,s极办f.Spatialnotionof讲ismappedontootherabstractdomains,itonacaJlWhenmebeusedtoindicate“alocationorpositionscale,amount,degreeorvalue”,aSinsuchexpressions:讲6PJ∥a,历Pp,.缸PQ∥口f口彬,c傩f/讲口,1少6肠sf.SincemebaSicmeallingof口rinv01vesstativeco.10cation,itcanbemet印horicallyOrextendedt0expressthenotion0f“state”.Firstofall,口fmayinvolvethestateconditionofexistence,asmutualrelationssuchisaLs:讲w批,.砌疗cB幺驴{励锐塔酽,.;咖口w,2/,09班砌P口幽.Finally,口,expressstatesrelatingtoin:口f,℃5,/pP口c巴亿口s绷6P,.纱.Itcanalsoexpressstatesrelatingsometimesusedtoextemalcirc啪stance.aSiIl:讲peri协{sbhaznr国expense/阴advnntQge/adisndv勰tnge.@强s,拍oqManyexpressionsinVolVing口fareassociatedwiththenotionof“goal’’or‘‰lrget”,ne.g.ThemissileswereShotntthedircrq.fij}omship:ShegQzedntmewhenindiSbeli吃f-I27

ntmyesScl)}alld‘黟·toldherehenewS:D0yollti}汜beingstcH.edQt?J’vebeenworbngHere讲canalsobemetaphoricallyinte印reted0therexamplesofthiskindthrowQcanaSapointwhereenergygettogeuler.beo髓redhere:砌P衄,.螂厅Pd口,所eM船嗽触胁刀iJex锄ple:肫successissmiling(nT,le!、nStonenttheaog:Heshoutedntme.butIcotltdnlheQr:Shemanvcases,讲islinkedtothenotionof‘‘response’’or“reaction”.Fornttendthedinnernffhechnirman's{yIvitntion:Herq“neex睁口ondin6LB7:Hewnsjoyatthen£WSQfhisWaSntjrilledw{them≯ntthestlccesSo彳his痧iend:1仇j材}印ed历Pc矗口,zcPconsideredD雁彤d螂幻v括ff砌Pp,如以沱矽,|施玎.InaSatheaboVesentences,也elookatthesentences:causelspointwhichcausestheresponse.Letus1wnsshockednthisctppenrnnce,jwQsobsessedWithhtSc!ppenrance.Sinceboths矗Dc托da11dD6sPssPdindicateemotions,whydif】℃rentprepositions?Thisconcemsthewhilewf砌impliesessencearetheyfollo、Ⅳedbyaofthesetwowords:a,denotespoIntsom甜1ingcontinuing.Theemotiondenotedbys庇Dc妇dismomentary聃milethatbyD6sP船ediscontinuing.Thatiswhywesay:I’mnn露啷枷rious/锄noyed/cross7{rrtt曲leW{thT0m.theWclyhetrentedme.j’m口n霹rv/mrious/nnnOye谢cross/irritnblenl

⑧Verbs彳::、、硕士学位论文M人STER‘STHESISTheSemanticAnalysisofVerbsarcthemostimportantp碰ofEnglishgrammar.neycanbesaidtobetheskeletonofaJlEnglishsentence.AccordingtothedifrerentmlesplayedinthefonnationofVerbp11raSes,VerbscallbediVidedintot、Vom旬orclaSses:mainverbsandauxiliaryverbs.AuxiliaryVerbs,suchaS如aIld^鲫,arealwaysusedwitllmainverbstoshowtotense,mood,etc.Mainverbs,alsocalledlexicalverbswhich,accordingmeirlexicalmeaulings,canbesubclaSsi6edintoactionVerbsandstateVerbs.Asthenamesuggests,astateVerbisusedtoexpressastate,suchaLsmestateofexistenceorpossession,etc.Asfor此aCtionphysicaJVerbs,meyconstitutet11emainpanofEn91ishVerbs.VerbsdenotingactiVitiessuchas,姗,扣,印,胞口幽,e口f,etcallbelongtothisaJldmentalactivitiessuchaS6P眈vP,陀聊em6P,.,砌Dw,thjnk,etccategoⅨrestrictedtothosethatIn蚰schapter,we晰llVerbswhatweareastudythesemanticsofverbs.ItshouldbenotedthatthearecanoccurgoingtotalkaboutinEnglishpllraLsalVerbs.Asstart,、vcwillpresentsomefeaturesofverbsinphrasalverbs.5.1ThefeaturesofverbsAshaSbeenmentioned,aparticles.InEnglishpl玳Ls甜VerbVerbscaniscomposedofaVerbandaparticleortwon啪erousbecombinedwitharep缸icle(s)tofo加idiomaticthecombinations.AmongtheseVerbs,somec2u1moreproductiVethanotllerS.Inpllrasalverbswillbefollowing,somefeaturesofVerbsmatphoneticandsemanticperSpectiVes.5.1.1Phoneticfeatllresfomsumm撕zedf而mWhetheraVerbcanf.0rHlaphlSalVerb,tosomecanoccurdegree,d印endsuponinp11rasalverbsareitsphoneticfeatlJres.AsisfbuIldmostoftheverbsttlatmonosyllabic.张昌柱(1986:l6)listshaVeonlysyUableone100Verbsthatare行equentlyusedinphrasalverbs,allof、v11ichonsyllable.Sometimes,somedisyllabicverbswithstressasthesecondoncanalsobeusedinph.asalverbs.ButareforthosewhosestressistIlefirstsyllableaIldmosepolysyllabicVerbs,t11eypllraS以verbs.Forseldomusfound(谢thafewexceptions)inW11ileex锄ple,itisquitecommonfortouttersentencesalaIldbl

⑨硕士学位论文M^STFR‘STHESJSsentenceslikea2andb2soundodd.钆.one如1lltwithhiSreadinga2.one加ultisfhQthestill缝畦巡印‘b’n硼‘d’.sliHwithhisrendingisthnfhecomb{ned1lp‘b’and‘d:.btAyoungwomnng‘l监oHtle呸fletston!lthosewhoenteredthehnll.b2彳yD“,曙wD,行口甩鲤!苎f【i鱼型£曼建D“,,eqfletslonllthosewhoenteredthehnll.IntheaboVesentences,m眈aIldg如PreSpectiVelywhiletheirco玎espondingcanfo姗ap}H粥alverbwith印aIldnot.D甜synonyms∞朋6f刀口and如伊汤甜fPcaIloneInaddition,monosyllabicVerbstendtobemoreproductiVe.AsmonosyllabicVerbscaninstaulce,mallyphraSalbeintegratedwithmallypaniclestobringaboutcaIldi髓rentVerbswhjlemostdisylIabicVerbsnot.Forsomedisyllabicaverbs(sa弘拧口册w,门材m6e,.,/塘“形,etc)theycand6w疗,D咒,etc.oIllybecombinedwithfewpajticleslike印I,o“,,Q历awa吵,What’smore,phraSalVerbscomposedofmonosyllabicverbsandpanicle(s)aremorelikelytohaVeabundantmeanings.Forexample,phraSalVerbssuchp“fo,z,accordingtoaLsm口娩印aIldC蜘,订彳(加口门ced魄,括厅£P(”’疗e厂叠D纪,fD,z乜,),(1997),havemorew11ile旭c幻唧加and馏,2d盯z缈haveoIllyonesense.manl0difrerentsenses5.1.2LexicalfeanlresVbrbs,accordingtothemgeoftheirlexicalme砌ngs,canalsobedividedintogeneralVerbsaIldspeci疗cVerbs.GeneralVerbs,aSmenamesuggests,arethoseverbswhosemeamngsVerbswhosearebroad,suchareas舻,,幻娩,p“,,r“疗,etc.SpecificaSverbsre诧rtotlloseme枷ngsspecific,suchg堙∥P,删,以毋st口gg它,.,sfm盯,etc.Generallyspealdng,generalVerbstendtobemoreproductiVetIlanspecificVerbs.Forex锄ple,ofmefiVeVerbs幻彪,伊j的p,J疗口舌幽,sP忍PaIld矿口6wmchdenotettlenotionof“get”,oIdy砌妇caIlbeusedotherSaretoexplainalltheotherVerbs.Sohere砌妇isageneralverbandtl:lebespecificverbs.(张昌柱,1986:51)nlegenemlverb胁眈caJltocombined谢thmanydifrerentpaniclesS¨gnrfo姗pllraSalverbs,asintllefollowingsentences:勋妇砌Pt吐fhisglnssesbacj【,w£don,tneedit:ThereportertookdowntheSpeech:Hetook口门d肠。妇dL妒j爿alikefD肘矗括绷西,口以f,D砌妇Dve,.加,.,z加l,efc.Asal℃seldomorarefortllespeci6cverbsgr以点p,5”口纪办,JPf2名and暑阳6,theyOft11eVerbsoccasionallyusedwitllpaIrticles.actionverbsthatdenoteaocc删nginEn91ishpllI邪aJverbs,mostbndofmotion,suchaS办加岛P口‘陀口厦M,厂打B胁魄^以Qpe绣etc.Bycombining埘t1130

⑨c舢lot盆醢遮tIpetc硕士学位论文MASTER+S下IlFSISdifrerentparticles,tIlesemotionverbscaIlbeusedtoexpressmoreconcepts、vhichareberealizedbyVerbsalone.ThefollowinghistroublehnsseVeralex锄ples:胁w傩,∥西曙,Dtheirinvolvemenl诫aWay:T讯governmenl弧f砂ingto丕哇蛙doWnpoem.S乞ateNerbSsuchaSthe咖{r=Shehil研nbe.h鲫e,托e1.ex{st.deSire。think,exceptions).Inausuallydonotcombinewithp硪icles(withseveralword,actionbeusedinVerbs,especiallythosemotionVerbs,constitutethemainpartofverbstIlatEnglishcanplmsalverbs.5.2ThesenlanticanaIysisofverbsItseemstllatcognitiVelinguistsaremailllyconcemedwithparticles,especiallymeSpatialprepositions.Asforverbs,fIewschol甜shavesho、vntheirinterestsinspiteofthef.actthatVerbsoccupythefjrstimportantpositionareinverbalcommuIlication.,This,howeVer,doesnotmeanmattheyignored.Thesemanticanalysisofthemotionverbone/砂bybyEVallsa11dGreen(2006:35l一352)isex锄ple.BaSedonthfeecriteriaproposedEVans,theydistinguishfourdistinctsensesof.7纱whichare①self二propelledaerodyn锄icmotion(nocontact、Vimthegroulld);②叩erationbyagentofentit),capableofaerodyn锄icmotion;⑧controlofli曲觚eightentitybyagent(sothatitremainsairbome);④suspension∞聊P.Theofli曲撕ei曲tobject.tlleana】ysisofaSacaSeoneInthjschapter,thefocusisputre2LsonontypeofverbsinstantiatedbycD掰PisawhyitisselectedstudyisthattheverbofamonosyllabicactionVerb、V:11ichexpressesthesensedirectionalmotionwhosemeanjngislessSpecific,a11dthereforerepresentst11eVerbs盘.equentlyoccurringinplu.asalverbsF01low洫gtheclueoft|1eabovestudiessuchtlleoriesaSonparticles,t11ischapterisalsobaSedtoexploreonprotot)rpemeoⅨimageschema,metaphorandmetonymymesemanticissuesrelevallttomeverbcD朋P..aAshaSbeenmentioned,cD聊PismeanjngscaIlgeneralVerbwhosemeaningsarebroad.ItsbaSicbeullderStoodtllrou曲tlleSOURCE。PATH—GOALschema:3l

⑧\/硕士学位论文MAS丁FR‘STIIFSlS0lm111ebusc锄etothestop.Figure5-1CentralIrIlageSchemafor—CoMB—for—℃oME-一.ItaFigure5—1representsthecentralimageschemaaconsistsofat喇ectormoVingf.romSOURCE(sta】rtingpoint)alongpathtotlleDESTINATION(endpoint).WhenastIlemoVingprocessisfocused,thenotionofongoingmovementispickedout,intheexpression砌Pc册纪5肋w耖口,D,曙历Pm口ZInthissentence,theonconceptofstep_by—stepmoVementissaljent.Andwhenthefocusistheendpoint’也eresultofthemoVementisemphaSized.Atthistime,cD聊已mealls“ar五ve”,aSintheexpression月叠c口聊e,,z化P聊D胛,,坫口gro.Insentence,绝’wpaldnottotheprocesscD,竹eorcD脚P胁脚站酷s加cP,姗c忽tIleoneactentionistheresult,buttothepaththeatr勾ectoIy(we)hascovered,andhereinvolvesthenotionof“covercertajndistance',.speci6cdirection.canOfcourSe,themotionVerbcD朋PisnotconfinedtotheInstead,thetr句ectorcanmoVeindi矗’erentdirectionsindifrerentsituations,wIlichc口所Pbedemonstratedint11enndwn|chtheSunexpressions:.铴Ps,0w砂面w"f办Ps砌施i,,腑Poutfo罟它f“pP口,咖cometlp;W龟meteQchoth£rcomingsenseofthehnll,e_吣.of∞所P,whichareThedirectionaJmotionconstitutesttlebaSicmeallingextended,throughmetaphoraIldmetonymy’tosomeothermeaIlings.ForexpressionsBf刀c口mP砌,Dztg厅向括(妒e,.口f面刀口Jex锄ple,inthec口,竹PovP,c办PP咖,asPvP,.and7乃Ps』i}y咖七w矗以,w鲫wDr砌够theconceptofmovementprocessism印ped丘.omspatialdomaintomedicaldom2IinaIld、veatllerdomainrespectively.(10聊P奢Spatialmealling“coVerdomainsHeretheinthjsaSacertajndistance’’ism印pedontoothernon.spatialwell.Forex锄ple:砀括co掣缈乃甜cD所P口,o增w缈砌历P伽f∥ve弘口船.acen_aindis伽ceisnotspatiaJbutrel酏edtoacllievementSmecompaIlyhaSmade.Co聊ecaSecaIlbeinte叩retedas‘‘experience”.distance’’isalsocloselyrelatedto“occupyaBesides,itsIlotionof‘‘coVer32

⑨Occupied.conditionstagenotor硕士学位论丈M^STER‘ST}{ESIScertaintime”.Inordertomovef.romoneplacetoanother,acertaintimehaStobeCD所P’sanotherme枷ng“硎Veataplace’’canbeextendedinmany、vays.FirStofall,whenthedestinationwheretheorat删ector硎VesissomethingabstractsuchoraSastate,co,”Pisbeusedtosenseindicate‘‘to硎veatbebroughtintoaspecificarecondition”.Heretheof“枷Ve’’ismappedontostatedomain,sowesu叩risedatthef.ollowingexpressions:7讫Pw口,.c口厅zP五D口门日6,.印,向口厅i鼢P办耐orcD坍P,DsPP砌Pp阳6彪聊扔口咒Pw,辔厅f.BaSicaJly,cD聊PinvoIvesthemovementofanarrivalas:enti吼butsometimesitisnotan踟zP,cD朋PJP甜砂砌括妒钟,砀e“a商Ne§4:Her旭s增"口ddenthcQmensnentitybutacenaintimethat“a玎ives”,suchinsomenSncaSesf砌P向嬲∞mP幻钟,.OrsomethingterribleshocktoMs:ItcnmesurpriSewhensheInthesecaSes,cD所Pdenotesthenotion‘‘tooccur,tohappen”.(1D所eisalsorelatedtothenotionof“beingavailabIe’’:whensomeonea玎ivesattheplacewhereweare,hetlleorsheiswitIlinoursight,orevenwitllinourreach.Ifitisanobjectthata11rives,c口憎c幻疗7o场ectisinf.actaVailable.Soweasay砌括c加P船co聊Ps加砌馏Ps觇sjⅣPw∞mPc而PapThereiscD,押Pconceptualrelationbetween“to州veatac11Jcialpoint’’and“tobecome,’.SoisoRenf.oundinsuchexpressions:』坯pJ向DPs肠ces厅aveco,以e“疗(扬”P,跏erything、Villcomerightintheend.analysis,weobservetllatorThrou曲thesensev撕oussensesorofco优Pareextended行omtheof“moVetowards,tointotheplace’’directlyindirectlythroughmetaphorandmetonymy.33

⑨knowthatas硕士学位论文M人STER’ST}1FSlS6.TheSemanticAnalysisofPhrasaIVerbsW-ehaveanalyzedthesem卸ticsofpaniclesandverbsjnthepreviousfortheVarioussenseschapters.、阮sensesareofalexicalitem,t11elessproto哆picalbycogIlitivemechaIlismssuchaLsderiVedf-romthemoreproto咖icalsensesmetaphor,metonymyandimageschematraJlsfomations.Ho、vever’ourV撕oussensesaLsataSkhaLsnotbeenfinishedyet.Ws伽haVetherea11yquestionsunaJlswered:HowaboutthesemanticsofphraSalverbs?Arebetweentheofarelati彻sphrasalverb?Whataretherelationsbe觚eenthesemanticsofthephrasalverbwholeandthatofitScomponents?AshaSbeencombinationofmeanings,aamenti蚰edVerbajldVerb’sajntheprecedingpan,aorph淞a1verbisanidjomaticpafticlepanicles.HoweVer,apartf硒mtheidiomaticorphrasalmeaJling(verb+adverbverb+preposition)canbederived舶mcaIlthatofitscomponentsoccaSionaJly.Forbecombinedtoex锄ple,thecOmbinationof^D肘aIldz加conVeytheliteralme越ng“toraisesomethingtokeepsometbjngorI越se苛:Hold印yourrig琢hQ帕nndmeaningof办D^dandz妒.AsfortheidiomaticrepeatthesewOrds面erme:聊删holdstherDof印?Inthesesentences,themeaningsofthecombinationsareeasilyguessedfromtheliteralme砌ng(s),wecangiveanex锄plehere:砀epllrasalc厂砌砌口西庇P肘印历P抛加口玎ds,D如口Ⅳ砌ep鲫P馏口雕’聊D刀缈HerethethemeaIlingsofverborverb乃D肠印expressest11enotionof‘‘tostopbyf.orceinordertodosometlling’’、)I,11ichisnotpredictable舶morpanicleinisolation.SothecombinationofverbplusparticlepaniclesmayhaVebothliteralandidiomaticl(indareme撕ngs.nleitssemanticfeaturesof“sreferredtoaScompositionalit),andnon—compositionality.Strictly,oIllytheanon’compositioinalp11raSaJverb.Intlliscombination(ofVerb谢tIlp删cle(S))canofp11raSalberegardedasach印ter,we、】l,iUaIlalyzethes锄anticsverbs.Duetot11elimitationsofspacea11denergy,、ve、椭nnottouchupont110sepllraSal-prepositionalverbs.W-e011lyfocusonthese矗a11ticsofcombinationsofverb+adverbaIldverb+preposition,诚m∞聊P印,∞聊P6口出alldcD肌P讲aSourcaSestudies.

⑨verbsthesenses硕士学位论文M人STFR‘STIlFSIS6.1ConceptualbIendingtheoryandtheseman“cformationofphrasalIthasbeenl(1lo、vnthatthemeaningsofoftheirphrasalverbsdonotjusteqllalthesumofonpans.MoI苫an(1997)andH锄pe(2000)mall(eme明ingdeepanalysesthesemanticsofphI邵alverbs,buttheydonotrevealhowaIldinwhatwaysthesemanticaccouIltforhowtheoverallainte黟ationisachieVed.Tbofapllrasalverbisf0珊ed,王朝培(2006)proposesInputl:VERBsemanticformationmodelofEnglishphrasalverbswhichprovidesmorespecificprocessesoftheintegration:IIlpuc2:PARTICLEBlend:PHRASALVERBFigure6_1ConceptualBlendingofPhrasaIVbrbs(adaptedf.romWang,2006)Inthjsapaniclefigure,MloandM20representthecen加lmeaJlingofaverbaIldthatofrespectiVely.M1a、M1b、Mlc…aresourcestheextensivemeaningsoftheverb,wtlichconstitutetheselectingofInputl.M2a、M2b、M2c…representthemetaphoricalsourceseXtensionsofthepanicle,w11jchprovidetheselectingofInput2.Andtheblendatthebottomistheresultofconceptualblend.TheblendingprocessisaSfollows:atfirst,theverba11dt11eparticlederivetheirdistinctivemeaningsrespectivelyfromt11eirliteral(ofphysical)sense,whichserveaSareselectivesources.ThenthedistinctiVeme撕ngsofbotll恤VerbaIldtllepanicleputtomatching.nlatis,Mlo、M1a、Mlb、M1c…fbm35

⑧、、—/Inputlare硕士学位论文M人STFR‘STJIESIStobematched、】 ̄,itllcanM20、M2a、M2b、M2c…f而mInput2respectively.IfMlxfromlnput1bematched诵mM2x舶m111put2,bothM1xa11dM2xareselectedandprojectedareintotheblend.Finally,theaprojected撕omeaningsinteract州theachotherajldonjnteractedintheblend.Andnewdomainisrepresentedthe“nglJisticlevel.ThuseachotherandⅥ,hentheblendingisaccomplished.IfMloaIldtheyareM20c觚bematched谢thareselectedintheprojectingprocessandtllenaSpr巧ectedinmeblend,theverbthepluspanicleconstructionisa仔eecombination,suchgettlpcD所P印insentence,,f妇幻enrlyQndseethesuncomeup.6.2ThesemanticanaIysisofphrasalverbsInthepreViouschapter,ⅥrehaVestudiedthesemanticsofthoseoftheverbcD聊P.FortheconVenienceofrespectiVemeaningsasourparticles。妒,6口c屯口randaJlalysis,herewesummarizetheirf.ollows:Figure6—2PossibleMeaningsof印36

⑧\<:::/硕士学位论文M^STFR‘STHFSISFigure6—3PossibleMeaningsofB口c尼FiguI.e6—4PossibleMeaningsof彳,Figure6—5PossibleMeanings37of(b,"已

硕士学位论文MASTER‘STHESIS6.2.1ThesemanticsofcDmP‘驴Beforeouranalysis,letuslookatsomesentenceswitllphI.asalverb‘comeup’:theblls。nmancnmetlpbehindme.U、)W.hile1wnswaifing加rC酗j:l!letyouhow玎Q砂thingcomes印.mePff,z吕£』DD(3)】白”rg“es,fD”c口,行ez妒口,砌P(4)J’勿矿门材,咒6口,.c乜mPz缈口,zd,1缈D胆④This蛳cercnme印加mthelowest‘qDidyoujustr硼kthrollghhisoWnnbili够come印如rfhemeeting?thepossiblemeaIlingsofcomPand‘pcaJlareInthematchingprocessofcD聊P印,allselectedandgointomematchingprocessunconsciously.Thetwomeaningsthatmatchedarebeprojectedandinteractedintheblend.Forsenseex锄ple,inneaurersentence(1),the1iteralmeaningofcD肌P“moVe"andmetaphoricalof印“appmacmng’’areselected,matchedandinteracted,thuswegettheideaof‘‘tomovemoVenearerandnearer".Theidea“toouraIldnearer’’istheninteractedwithtllecontextandl(Ilowledge,theoVeraUmeanjng“moVenear"iseaLsilyguessed.Insentence(2),co聊P印mealls“occur,happen”.Heret11emetaphoricalmeallingofcDmP“occur:’combineswimtheextensivenotionof妒“印pe黜lceintheperC印tualfieldofanobserver,’,andwegettheconceptfieldofanof‘‘somethinghappensaIldappearsintheperc印tualobsen,er,,.Thisconceptinteractswimtllespecificcontext,aIldthenthelinguisticrepresentation“occur’’comesout.IIlsentence(3),cD垅Pz妒correspondstot11enotion‘‘bediscussed’’whichismailllyafbmthemealling“bebroughtintoperceptuaJfieldofanspecificstage’’andthemeaning“appe绷aJlceintheintoaobserVer”.Insentence(4),meconcept“bebrou曲tspecifica11condition”ofcD朋Pandthemetaphoricalsense‘‘appearanceiIlthepero印tualfieldofobserver”Of妒arebe“be挑,谢n,'.CD,,zP印inseenaSmatched.111t11econtext,mesenseof∞坍P印callbeexpressedbycansentence(5)means‘‘toriseinsocietyoror砌呔’’whichmainlyinVolvingt11enotion“枷veatalsoregarditaspecificstatecondition’’a11dmeconcept“洒creaSeinscale”.WcanaLsamappingofcD聊e。p矗.omspatialdomaintothedomajnofsocialdegree.Insentence(6),mea11meaIling“枷veataplace’’觚dt王1esense“印pearanceinmeperceptualfieldofobseⅣer’’arematched.AndtheiIltegraJmeaIlingin觚scontextcanbeexpressedaS‘‘toamve”.38

硕士学位论文M^STFR‘STHFSISFmmtheaboVeanalysis,weobserVethatthedistinctidiomaticareinterrelated·Theselevel’’directlysensesareextended疔omthebaSicsensessenses。f∞聊妒me砌ng“riseormovetoaahi曲erorindirectly.Tllesevariousconstitutesensescansemanticnet、Vork啪undthebasicme枷ng“rise”.ThereIations锄ongfollo、vingnetworkthebeillustratedintheFigure6-6PossibleSem卸ticNe铆orkof∞肌P印6.2.2Thesemanticsofc口,”P加f次usTomaketheanalysis,let100kattheexpressioIlsfIrst:01Longskirtsnr£expectedtocomebac;cnextye仅r.peopleare㈣some6口c危h叩洒gthattheotdsystem西punishmenfbyde口lhwillcome媸)jdid扮,lhenryD“.couidyotlcomeb口cic?c6哺哺eQ∞“Butlnyotl:rejustnsguilly!’’L}nnecaIlbncksentence(7),co聊e6口ckbeinte叩retedaLs‘‘tobepopularagain,,wllichresultsorn.omtheInteractlonoftllemeaning‘‘become’’wimthemeaIling‘‘toinanearliercondltlonorstage”togetherwiththebroughtIntoaspecificconditionors姆’’andtheme枷ng‘‘inbyspec浓ccontext.IIlsentence(8),memealling·cbeano矗ginalcondition',arearematchedmmecontext·Andfinallywegetmeideaoft11esentence··Somepeoplehoplngtllatttleoldsystemofp疵s王ullentdeam埘lluSedagain”.Sentence(9)caIl39

⑨“to秭Veatmainly舶m硕士学位论文M人STER‘STHFSISalsobeexpressedlikethis:“Ididn’theauryou,couldyousayagain?’’Herethemeaningacertainconditionorstage"andthemeanjng“inanoriginalconditionorstage"areconcemed.Inthenotionsentence(10),the、VholemeaningaofcD,行e6ack“reply’’isof“to秭veatceIrtainconditionorstage,’aIldthemeaningofsenses“inretum”.AccordingtowhathaSbeendiscussed,werelationsofcD聊PcaJlroughlydescribethe6口出aSt11efollowingfigure:Figure6—7PossibleSemanticNetworkofC白坍P肋矗ThedistinctsensesofcDmP6口c七alsosensesf.0mareasemamicnetworkaroundthebasicmealling“retum”.Alltheidiomatic6口c七“inanrelatedtothemetapho“calmeaningofareoriginalconditionororstage’’or“inrenml’,,bothofw11ichinvolvedindirectioninone、Vayanomer.6.2.3ThesemanticsofcD肌PnfThefollows:me砌ngsofcD聊P讲arelesscomplex.TheyareoRenusedinexpressionsasQ¨Plllthe加odWherethecntcan’lcomenlil.comeQt什uth.U∞It’Snlw掣sd游ctll“0Q∞IhlscnVthebigdogcomingnfme.semence(11),meme砌ng“秭Veataplace’’aIldtllenotionof‘‘ta玛et’’are

㈤淼篇瓢involVedintheintegralwherethecatcan’tfind彳:-冷.me砌ngorofthepllraSalVerb.Thesentencemeans‘‘putmefoodreach”.Insentence(12),theme砌ng“toar五Veatacertaincondition”andthenotionof“goal,’areconcemed.ThephraSalVerbhereislinguisticallyrepresentedaS“toreachanddiscover”.IntowardsTheasentence(13),theliteralmeaning“moVeplaceorposition”andthenotiOnof“ta唱et”arematched.relationsofcD研e讲canbedemonstratedinthefigure:sem觚ticFigure6—8PossibIeSemanticNetworkof(为me4fAscaIlbeseenthemeaningsofcD聊e町areinterrelatedaSwell,whichformasem锄ticnetworkwiththebaLsicmeaning“moVetowards”aStheprototype.Theparticle讲mainlyconl五butesthedirectionalnotion“t弘get,’totllewh01emeaJling.41

⑨硕士学位论文M人STFR‘STlIESJS7.ConclusionPt玳峪alVerbsareextremelyasdi衢cultforEnglishleamerstomaSter.Theirsemanticsourusedtobeconsideredunpredictable.IntllisthesisfocusisputonthesemaJlticanalysisofEnglishphmsalVerbs.ByanalyzingthesemanticsofparticlesandtllatoftheverbcDmP,wefindthatmemeaJlingsofparticlesalldverbsz伊,6口c屯口fareextended舶mmoreprototypicalsensestolessprototypicalsensesma湖ymotivatedbymetaphor,metonymyaIldimageschemat啪sfo姗ations.BaSedontheanalysisintheprecedingchapters,thist量lesisinvestigatesthesemanticsofthecorrespondingphrasalverbs:cD聊P印,cD肌口6口以aIldbymeaJlsofcD脚P鲥.Itisfoundthattheme砌ngsareofthephraSalverbsarefonnedmet印hor,metonymyaandconceptualintegrationofitscomponents.Asfordjstinctbutrelated,whichfonnatbedifrerentmeaningsofphraLsalverb,theysemanticnet、VorkaroundthebaSicmeaning.PhraSalVerbsconStituteanimportantpanofEnglishlanguage.nleyarewidelyusedinbomspokenaJldwrittenEnglishespeciallyinthefonner.1’raditionally,difrerentme撕ngsofaphraLsalverb、veretreatedaSseparateverbsaSiftheyheldnorelationswithitscomponents.Studentswererequiredtomemorizethesemeaningsseparately.111istmditionalmethodofn.eatingptlraLsalverbsaSnon-decomposableisinemcientinefrect.InViewofⅡlis,thjsthesisisconductedtoexploret11esemanticsofphasalverbs厅omcogllitiVeperspectiVe,w址chproVidesteacllingoranewangletothosewhoareengagedinEnglishleanlLiIlg.areAsiskno、Ⅳn,memeallingsofaphrasalverbcomponents.PIm弱alverbsarenott11es哪ofthebe铆eensensesofitsidiomaticinnature.ButtllisdoesnotdenvmecloseorrelationsbetweenthephraSalverbanditscomponentsmeanjngsofthereVealorthelinkt11edi仃IerentpIu邪alVerb.SoinexplaillingphraSalverbs,ateaChershouldt巧toe11lightenstudentstofigureoutthereIationsbetweenitsliteralmeaningandidiomaticme砌ngsinsteadofjustlistingthems印arately.0ntIlepanofstudents,inaordertouIlderstalldt11erelationsbetweentheme锄ingsareofphraLsalaverbanditscompositionalpartsandhowmeseVariousmeamngsshouldtrytothinkinarelatedinsystematicway,tlleymetaphoricalwaysoaStoimprovet11eirAltllou曲t11etllesisproVidessomeco枷butionsto42le锄ingefrects.Englishteachingand1e锄ing,it

hassomelimitationsineVitably.Firstofa11,、Ve011lyconsidert11ecombinatloIlSotVerbplusadverbandverbpluspreposition.CombinationsofVerbplusadVerbpluspreposltlonarenotincludedinthepaper.Besides,therearestillproblemsu11aJlswered:whythetw’oselectingcandidatesfbminput1andinput2canbematched?Howaretheymatched‘,maddition.mesemaIlticanalysisofthecaSestudiesismademailllybytheauthor,a11dthereforeisincompleteandsubjectiVetoacertaindegree·Onthjsaccount,mysuggestionisthatmrtherstudiesshouldbemadetoexplainthewholeblendingprocessclearlv’andthesemanticsofcombinationsofVerbplusadVerbpluspr印osltlonafealsoproposedtobestudiedindetail.43

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