名词解释2

名词解释

tion: it is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of

inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are

attached.

egmental feature： The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments

are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the

syllable, the word, and the sentence. the main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation,

and tone.

variety：It is a term sometimes used instead of language, dialect, sociolect, pidgin,

creole,etc. because it is concered more neutral than such terms. It may also be used for different

varieties if one language, e.g. American English, Australian English, Indian English.

rd language：It is also called standard variety. It is the variety of a language which has the

highest status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of

educated native speakers of the language.

ation：Predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. It is the basic unit in

the semantic analysis of the a sentence. A predication consist of argument and predicate.

structure：It is a central theoretical term in generative grammar, opposed to surface

structure. It is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence--an underlying level of

structural organization which specifies or the facters governing the way the sentence should be

interpreted.

ics：It is the study of meaning communicated through language. The basic task in

semantics is to show how people communicate meanings with pieces of language.

ism：It is a mild, indirect or less offensive words or expression that replace a taboo

word.

morpheme：It is a morpheme which can not stand by itself as a complete utterance. It

must appear with at lest one other morpheme,free or bound , like un-?? in unhappy, past tense

morpheme in worked.

：It refers to casual, very informal speech, using expressive but informal words and

expressions.

tualism：It is the view which holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form

and what it refers to; rather , in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the

medaition of concepts in the mind.

medium of language：the limited range of sounds that are used in human language

communication, i.e. the speech sounds

ge acquisition device (LAD)：A hypothetical innate mechanism every normal human

child is believed to be born with, which allow them to acquire language

sal Grammar：It is the genetically endowed information consisting of principles and

parameters that enable the child to deduce a grammar from the primary linguistic data.

onic linguistics： It is a study of a language through the course of its history; therfore, it

is also called historcial linguistics.

e：It is known as a process in which final vowels may be lost. For example, the Old

English word helpe developed into help in Modern English.

condition：It is the fact that would have to obtain in reality to make a proposition true or

false.

cement：It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events

and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.

g：It is a phonetic feature of some sounds. It is is caused by the viberation of the vocal

cords.

ce meaning：It refers to a sentence and is a grammatical concept, and the meaning of a

sentence is often studied as the abstract , intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of

predication.

21. Registers：language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to

language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary

users. Registers are also called situational dialects

22. Performatives：They are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state and are not

verifiable, in other words, performatives are utterances that prefome an act —"do things".

24. universal grammar：it is system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specific gift

which exists in the mind of a normal humanbeing. It consists of a set of general conditions, or

general principles, that generate phrases and sentences.

26. Morpheme：the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression

and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or

drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.

28. Minimal pair：When two different phonetic forms are identical in every way except in one

sound element that occurs in the same position in the string, the two forms are said two form a

minimal pair.

31. Morpheme：the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression

and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or

drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.

32. Design features： Design features refers to defining properties of human language that

distinguish it from any other animal system of communication. They are arbitrariness,

productivity, duality, displacement, cultural transimission

34. Telegraphic speech：Children's telegraphic speech: Children's early multiword speech that

contains content words and lacks function words and inflectional morphemesthat contains

content words and lacks function words and inflectional morphemes.

35. Semantic shift：It means that the meaning of a word takes a departure from its original

domain as a result of its metaphorical usage. For example, the meaning of teeth has a semantic

shift when it is used in the phrase the teeth of a comb.

36. synonymy：It refers to the samesness or close similarity of relation between

lorry and truck, room and chamber are examples of synonymy.

37. Illocutionary act：It is using a sentence to perform a function. for example, shoot the

snake may be intended as an order or a piece of advice

39. Componential analysis：a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word

meaning., which believe that the meaning of a word can be further divided into smaller units

called semantic features.

40. Voicing：It is a phonetic feature of some sounds. It is is caused by the viberation of the

vocal cords.

41. Diachronic linguistics：It is a study of a language through the course of its history; therfore, it

is also called historcial linguistics.

43. Slang：It refers to casual, very informal speech, using expressive but informal words and

expressions.

44. Narrow transcription：the transcription with help of the diacritics, so that they can faithfully

represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for the purpose of the phonetic research.

45. Inflection：it is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of

inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are

attached.

46. Critical Period Hypothesis：The hypothesis that the time span between early childhood and

puberty is the critical period for language acquisition, during which children can acquire language

without formal instruction successfully and effortlessly.

47. Epenthesis：It is a process in which a vowel or consonant may be inserted to the middle of a

word. For example, by insertion of /p/, Old English word glims changed into glimpse.

48. Move-α：It is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any

costituent movement.

49. Performatives：They are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state and are not

verifiable, in other words, performatives are utterances that prefome an act —"do things".

50. Reference：It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the

relationship between the form and the reality.

ic field:It is an organizational principle which thinks of the lexicon and groups of words

in the lexicon can be semantically related, rather than a listing of words as in a published

dictionary.

nce meaning:It is the meaning a speaker conveys by using a particular utterance in a

particular context situation.

:Words known to speakers but avoided in some contexts of speech for reasons of

religion, politeness etc.

tic category:It is a word or phrase that performs a particular

grammatical function such as the subject or object.

:A vowel is a sound in forming which the air that comes from the

lungs meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or

the mouth.

ment:This a logic relationship between two sentences in which the truth of

the second necessarily follows from the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first

follows from the falsity of the second.

:Pitch is a suprasegmental feature, whose domain of application is the

syllable. Different rates of vibration produce what is known as different

frequencies, and in auditory terms as different pitches. Pitch variations may be

dinstinctive like phoneme, that is, when they may contribute to distinguish between

different words. In this function, pitch variations are called tones.