2021届高考英语复习之高考真题阅读词块精析二十八

2021高考英语复习之高考真题阅读词块精析（二十八）

2020海南卷（C篇）

In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor

traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up.

Instead, as many as 800, 000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge,

engineers noticed something terrible：

the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the

heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to swa（晃动）. The authorities

closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people made their way back to land. A disaster was

avoided.

The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design： Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a

love letter to engineering and a paean

（赞歌）to its breakdowns. Its author, Dr. Henry Petroski, has

long been writing about disasters. In this book, he includes the loss of the space shuttles

（航天 飞机）Challenger and Columbia, and the sinking of the Titanic.

Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up

or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the

larger context in which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed

with low quality materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well it is adopted

elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at

all anymore.

Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving

discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped

to grasp them.

"Success is success but that is all that it is," Dr. Petroski writes. It is failure that brings

improvement.

词块梳理

1：

traffic

n.交通；贸易；运输；通信量

vt.用…作交换；在…通行

vi.交易，买卖

时 态:trafficked, trafficking, traffics

名词:trafficker

近义词：

[n.] collection, aggregation, accumulation, assemblage, commerce, commercialism, mercantilism

[v.] trade, merchandise

解析：

communication:指邮电、无线电、铁路、公路等各种交通方式或媒介。

traffic:指来往的东西的情况，表示一种抽象概念的交通流动量。

transportation:指将乘客或货物从一处运到另一处，也可指交通运输工具。

词组|习惯用语

traffic accident

交通事故

traffic flow交通流量

traffic safety交通安全；行车安全

road traffic道路交通

urban traffic城市交通

traffic control

交通管理

traffic system交通系统；运输系统

traffic jam交通阻塞，塞车

traffic management交通管理；流量管理

air traffic空中交通，航空运输；飞航

traffic congestion通信量拥挤；信号拥挤

traffic condition交通状况，运输情况；有效状况

passenger traffic客运，旅客流量；旅客运输

traffic volume

交通量

traffic light

红绿灯（等于

traffic signals）

heavy traffic车水马龙；拥挤的交通

traffic noise交通噪音，交通噪声

traffic engineering

交通工程

traffic information资料流量资讯

traffic police

交通警察

2：

across

prep.（表示位置）在…对面［另一边］;横在［披在］…上；掠过…；透过

（表示方向）横越，横跨；横穿，穿越；从…的另一面［边］

（表示状态）与…交叉着；触及，波及，影响到

adv.从这一边到另一边；在对面，向对面；跨度；成十字形，成交叉状；传达过来 解析：

across:指“从……的一边到另一边”，强调横过，多与动态动词连用。

along:指沿着一条直线在水平方向上运动。一般表动态，有时也与静态动词连用。

over:常和动态动词连用，指“从……上面越过”或“横越”；表静态时，指“在彼处”。

through:侧重从一端穿到另一端。

3：

crowd

n.人

听众，观众

一，一批；一堆

vt. & vi.集，拥挤

vt.挤满，塞满

催逼

时 态：crowded, crowding, crowds

名词：crowder

近义词：

［n.］ gathering, assemblage

［v.］ move, displace, occupy, fill, meet, gather, assemble

词组|习惯用语

a crowd of

一大；许多的

crowd out vt.挤出；推开

crowd into涌入；挤入

a large crowd of

一大的

follow the crowd

随大流

crowd around围拢，聚集在…周围

crowd behavior

众行为

capacity crowd观众满座；爆满

4：

notice n.通知，布告；注意；公告

vt.注意到；通知；留心

vi.引起注意

时 态：noticed, noticing, notices

近义词：

[n.] announcement, promulgation, attention, attending, request, asking, telling

[v.] sight, note, observe, mention, remark, react, respond

反义词：

[n.] ignore

词组|习惯用语

without notice不预先通知地；没有事先通知

prior notice事先通知；预先通报

take notice

注意

give notice

通知

written notice

书面通知

further notice

另行通知

on notice按事先通知的（地），被关照过的（地）

short notice临时通知

advance notice

预先通知

take notice of注意到；留意

public notice公共启事，公告

at short notice在短时间内；立刻，即刻；一通知到就

until further notice在另行通知以前

at a moment's notice即刻；随时；一经通知就立即

on short notice

忽然；急忙

notice board布告牌；警告牌

copyright notice版权记录；著作权通知

payment notice [经]缴款通知

on such short notice刚约就要见（没有给对方充裕的时间）

take no notice of

不理米…

5：

flat

adj.平坦的；单调的；浅的；扁平的

adv,断然地；平直地

n.平地；平面；公寓

vi.变平

vt.使变平

比较级：flatter, flattest

副词:flatly

名词:flatness

近义词：

[n.] plain, field, champaign, box, musical notation, freight car, pneumatic tire

[adj.] even, planar, two-dimensional, unqualified, unerect, underdeveloped, thin

反义词：

[n.] uneven, cubic, three-dimensional, linear, one-dimensional, qualified, erect

解析：

even:通常指平面上的各点或一条直线的各点处在同一平面或直线上。

flat:指光滑平整的表面，但不一定是水平的。

level:强调没有高低之处，且在同一水平面，可引申指才能相等或与相邻某物平行。

smooth:侧重指表面十分平滑，无任何粗糙的感觉。引申作圆滑解。

6：

disaster

n.不幸；灾难，灾祸

近义词：

[n.] adversity, hardship, hard knocks, misfortune, bad luck, destruction, devastation

解析：

disaster:普通用词，指大破坏、痛苦或伤亡。

calamity:多指个人的不幸，比disaster严重，强调灾难引起的悲痛以及对于损失的感觉。

catastrophe:语气最强，指可怕的灾难，强调最终的结局。

misfortune:普通用词，多批较为严重的不幸，强调不幸多由外界因素所致。

词组I习惯用语

natural disaster自然灾难，自然灾害

disaster relief赈灾；灾难援助

disaster prevention

防灾

disaster area

灾区

earthquake disaster

地震灾害

disaster recovery

灾难复原

disaster management灾难管理； 灾备管理

environmental disaster环境灾难；生态灾害，生态灾难

meteorological disaster

气象灾害

disaster preparedness

防灾准备状态

recipe for disaster

造成灾难的因素

social disaster

社会灾祸

disaster recovery plan

灾难恢复计划

disaster film

灾难片

7：

fail

vt. & vi.在…中失败

vi.衰退，衰弱

破产

不足，短缺，缺乏

vt.辜负

忘记，忽视，未能

n.考试不及格

时 态：failed, failing, fails

近义词：

[v.] disappoint, let down, change, evaluate, pass judgment, judge, worsen

反义词：

[n.] succeed, win, come through, bring home the bacon, deliver the goods, pull off, negociate

词组I习惯用语

fail in失败；缺少

without fail务必；必定，无疑

never fail to

一定会...

fail to do失败；未做成

fail safe故障保护；失效安全

fail to resolve

解决未果

words fail me说不出话来

8：

consider

vt. & vi.考虑

vt.把…看作，认为

关心，体谅，顾及

时 态：considered, considering, considers

近义词：

[v.] think, believe, conceive, chew over, think over, meditate, ponder

解析：

consider:指经过考虑和观察后得出的结论。

think:普通用词，指按照自己的意见提出看法。

believe:通常指根据一定的证据，经思考后而认为属实。

count:指作出判断后而得出的看法等。

deem:正式用词，常用于法律、文学，强调作判断而不是思考。

reckon:指对人或事作全面“权衡”，把各方面意见考虑进去后得出结论。

regard:侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断。多强调观点。

词组|习惯用语

consider as vt.认为（把…看作）

all things considered

从全面考虑

consider doing

考虑做...

consider doing something

考虑做某事

9：

adopt

vt.收养，采用，采纳，采取，正式接受，通过

时 态: adopted, adopting, adopts

形容词：adoptable

名词：adopter

名词：adoption

近义词词典

近义词：

[v.] choose, take, select, pick out, accept, have, take office

词组|习惯用语

adopt various methods

采取不同办法

10：

seemingly

看来似乎，表面上看

近义词：

[adv.] ostensible,

词组|习惯用语

seemingly adv.看来似乎；表面上看来

短语：

Seemingly看似；貌似；表面上地；似乎；

seemingly-看来似乎

Seemingly Insipid

看似很平淡

Seemingly Dull-witted

如痴如呆

Seeming Alarmed似乎感到震惊

Seeming Upset表面上不安

well seeming看上去令人满意的；外表好看；

Seemingly Inadvertently

看似不经意

Seemingly Strong

貌似强壮

These Seemingly这些看似非常

11：

improvement

n.增加或修改，改进，改善，改良

近义词：

[n.] change of state, transformation, transmutation, shift, condition, status

反义词：

[n.] decline, declination

词组I习惯用语

improvement in好转；表示原物有改进

continuous improvement持续改进；进取不懈

quality improvement

质量改进

room for improvement

改进的余地

continual improvement

持续改进

home improvement家居装饰（电视剧）；家庭进步（等于家具装饰）；家庭改建计划environmental improvement环境治理；环境的改善；环境改进