英语平行结构(parallelism)

英语平行结构(parallelism)

一、平行结构的定义

平行结构指的是相同的语法结构，它要求有同等重要的思想、概念，并列的句子成分要用同类的语法形式来表达，要用并列连词连接。平行结构是一种修辞手法，它可以使句子前后保持平衡和协调，从而增加语言的连贯性。新牛津英语词典将平行结构定义为：“the use of successive verbal constructions in

poetry or prose which correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.”，(“在诗歌或者散文中，连续运用在语法结构、发音、韵律和意义等方面相似的语言结构。”) 它可以很简单，如单个的词和词组，也可以很复杂，如完整的句子；它要求词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子一一对应，例如：

The child was pretty and intelligent.

You can go there on foot, by bus or by train.

It is important to know how to study and to learn how to plan one’s time.

The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too

much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game.

二、使用平行结构的注意点

平行结构常常使用并列连词，如and, but, as well as， or, or else， , ,

but also, but等。

rather than等以及从属连词than可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构。

在使用这些并列连词时要注意它们所连接的应该是名词和名词，副词和副词，分词和分词，不定式和不定式，动词对动词，句子和句子等，而不能其中一个概念用分词结构表达，而另一个概念用不定式或从句来表达。比如下面两个句子就违反了平行结构的准则：

Do some nice things for your parents that they don't expect-like cooking, doing the dishes,

washing clothes, or clean the floors.

“做饭”、“刷碗”、“洗衣服”、“拖地”在本句中应为并列结构，故应用相同的语法形式，都用动名词，所以应将clean改为cleaning。

Mr. Johnson was young, energetic, and having interest in many activities.

这个句子中的三个表语具有相同的语法功能，都是说明主语的，应该放在相同的结构中，都用形容词。因此，应该把having interest in many activities改为interested in many activities。

三、平行结构的主要类型

Parallelism的构成可体现于各个语言层次，如单词、短语、从句、句子、段落等，平行结构按其语言组织形式可分为以下五种：

（一）单词平行

它由单个形容词、名词和动词等词排列而成。

This attitude results in a nation of people committed to research，experimenting and

exploring. 这种态度造就了一个决心投身于研究、实验和探索的民族。

An Englishman thinks seated；a Frenchman，standing；an American，pacing；an Irishman，after-ward. 英国人坐着想，法国人站着想，美国人走着想，爱尔兰人事后想。

1. 名词平行结构

The patient's symptoms were fever, dizziness, and headache. 病人症状是发烧、头晕和头痛。

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Tolerance，good temper，and sympathy are no longer enough in a world which is rent by

religious and racial persecution，in a world where ignorance rules，and science，who ought to have

ruled，plays the subservient pimp．宗教和种族迫害把人们搞得四分五裂，而本该支配一切的科学却让位给愚昧无知，而充当了阿谀奉承的皮条客。在这样一个世界里，单凭容忍，温存和同情心已不再顶事了。

Earlier in her life，Kate had been a waitress，a nurse，and a teacher．凯特早先曾当过侍者，护士和教师。

2. 形容词、副词平行结构

Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、富有、聪明。

The work is handsomely and skillfully done.这项工作做得漂亮，有水平。

The hut was hot in summer and cold in winter．那茅棚夏天炎热，冬天寒冷。

The professor has no doubt that it is wrong to overtax the bright，efficient high salary-earner．

那位教授确信无疑，对于那些聪明能干的高薪者赋以高税的做法是错误的。

Angel Pavement and its kind，too hot and airless in summer，too raw in winter，too wet in

spring，and too smoky and foggy in autumn ．．．had blanched the whole man，．．．

天使街以及类似的地方，夏天闷热难受，冬天寒风刺骨，春天雨水太多，而秋天则烟雾弥漫……所有

这一切把他的身体搞得虚弱无力，十分单薄…

Late for the dance，Ruth dressed hastily and carelessly．鲁思怕赶不上舞会，因此穿得匆忙而又随便地去了。

3. 分词平行结构

The boys were running, shouting and laughing.男孩子们一边跑，一边喊叫着、笑着。

The old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted.

老人回到了家里精疲力竭，非常失望。

Fritz passes his time doing cross-word puzzles and building model airplanes．

费雷茨做填字游戏，做模型飞机来消磨时间。

4. 动名词平行结构

Henry's work is reading books and writing book reviews.亨利的工作是读读书，写写书评。

Alice said she'd prefer swimming to playing tennis in such hot weather.

爱丽斯说在这样热的天她宁愿游泳而不去打网球。

Galileo studied，taught and experimented．伽利略研究，教学并搞试验。

5. 动词不定式平行结构

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and

digested.(Francis Bacon) 有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞食下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。

On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to

pay gardeners and other workers, and to buy plants and young trees.另一方面，40%的同学认为应收门票，他们认为门票费可以作为支付园林工人及其他工作人员的工资和购买新花木的费用。

To support his family and to put himself through college，he worked seven hours a day．

他为了养家糊口，并使自己读完大学，一天工作七小时。

（二）短语平行

它是由介词短语、动词短语、分词短语、不定式短语等词组并列而成

1. 介词短语平行结构

We went to the museum by bike instead of by bus.我们骑自行车而不是坐汽车去博物馆。

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Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.读书使人愉悦，使人高雅，使人聪慧。

Studies serve for delight，for ornament，and for ability.读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。

We can gain knowledge，by reading，by reflection，by observation or by practice.

求知门径很多，或阅读、或回忆、或观察、或实践。

The machine makes easy work of the construction of dams，the digging of water channels，and the pumping of water．该机器使筑坝、挖沟、抽水成为轻活。

2. 谓语动词短语平行结构

May you keep fit, study well and work hard. 祝你身体好，学习好，工作好。

3. 分词短语平行结构

They entered the classroom, talking excitedly and laughing heartily.

They worked every moment they could spare，weighing and boiling and measuring and

calculating and thinking．

他们分秒必争的干着，又是秤呀，又是煮呀，又是算呀，又是思考呀。

4. 动名词短语平行结构

The teacher’s smiling and the students’ laughing amused the visitors.

Knowing how to study and learning how to budget time are important for college students．懂得怎样学习，学会合理支配时间是大学生应予重视的问题。

Politicians today face the difficult tasks of solving the urban problems and finding the money

without raising taxes．

当今政治家们面临着解决城市化问题和不依赖税收筹集资金的艰巨任务。

Dentists advise brushing your teeth after each meal and avoiding too much sugar in your

diet．

牙科医生建议饭后漱口，以及在饮食中不要用糖过量。

5. 动词不定式短语平行结构

I like to be up first in my own camp，to wake the cook myself，to shave while he boils the kettle

and then to call the rest of the company with a warm cup of coffee．我喜欢在自己的营棚里第一个起身，亲自叫醒厨师，并在他烧开水时刮脸，然后叫其余人让他们喝上一杯热咖啡。

（三）句子结构平行

1. 从句平行

它是由相同的从句并列而成

If society were a train，the etiquette would be the rails along which only the train could

rumble forth；if society were a state coach，the etiquette would be the wheels and axis on

which only the coach could roll for-ward.

假定社会是一列火车，礼仪就好比轨道，火车只能沿着它徐徐前进；假定社会是一辆贵宾车，礼仪就好比轮子与轴，马车只有靠它们才能滚滚前进。

If happy when you come and sad when gone； would that you’d never come or never gone!

如果你来了就快乐，去了就悲伤，倒不如压根儿别来也别往。

A father who spends time with his son and who thoughtfully answers his son's questions will

be respected and loved．

一位在儿子身上花精力并仔细周到地回答他问题的父亲会受到尊敬和爱戴。

If you write or if you telephone，wait for two weeks until I return from Singapore．

你如果写信或打电话，请等我两星期从新加坡回来后再说。

2. 整句平行

它是由几个句子并列而成

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The world listens. The world watches. The world waits to see what we will do. 世界在倾听，世界在注视，世界在等待着我们做些什么。

We are caught in war，wanting peace. We are torn by division，wanting unity. 我们被卷入战争，渴望着和平。我们被分隔搞得四分五裂，期望统一。

Should the wallet, found in the street, be put into a pocket or turned over to the

policeman? Should the extra change received at the store be forgotten or returned? Nobody

will know except you.在大街上捡到的钱包是装进自己的口袋里还是应该交给警察？商店多给我们的零钱是被忘掉还是应该被归还？这些除了你自己之外谁也不会知道。

这些句子工整、对称。酷似汉语的对偶句。因此，parallelism又常译为排偶。因为这种英语修辞格相当于汉语的排比和对偶。

四、平行结构的用法

（一）连词连接两个对等的词和对等的结构

并列连词and, but, as well as, or, or else, both … and, neither … nor, either … or, not only … but

(also), rather than等以及从属连词than可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构。

1.所连接的谓语形式必须一致

He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter.

Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two

hundred years later.

2.所连接的词或短语形式必须一致

Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how

you participate in class.

We often go to the countryside as well as to factories.

I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here.

3.连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致

Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading.

He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper.

4.所连接的句子结构必须一致

She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him.

The purpose of the research had a more different meaning for them than it did for us.

（二）某些特定的固定结构

1. 有些词后要用平行结构

prefer A to B

prefer doing A to doing B

prefer to do A rather than do B

2. 有些结构中要用平行结构

would / had rather / sooner do A than do B

would / had as soon do A as do B (宁可……也不……)

五、平行结构使用的修辞效果

平行结构是英语里最常用的修辞格之一。它结构整齐、节奏鲜明，能清晰地表达思想，增强语势，抒发情感，因此广泛用于诗歌、散文、小说、戏剧、演讲中。通过把两个或两个以上结构相同或相似、意义相关、语气一致的词、词组或句子排列成串，形成一个整体。平行结构不仅表现一组句子里字形的建筑美、形式美；表现语音的节奏美、和谐美、音乐美，而且还表现语义的同中有异、异中有同。它是使用部分重复的 4

办法将文字的音、形、义都调动起来以表现句型美的一种修辞格。平行结构不仅表达简练、语义突出，能使语言富有节奏感，产生和谐的音乐美，而且能有效增强语势，表达强烈感情，说明深刻的道理，使思想的表达更加清晰、准确和流畅。增强语言的表现力、感染力，使之易于朗诵、歌唱、记忆、流传， 因而广泛地应用在多种英语写作中文体之中，具有美学效果。

（一）修辞中常用的几种平行结构

概括起来主要有以下几种：

1首语反复

首语反复指一个单词、短语或句子连续出现在数句的开头

“To raise a happy, healthy, and hopeful child, it takes a family; it takes teachers; it takes

clergy; it takes

business people; it takes community leader. It takes those who protect our health and safety.

It takes all of us.”

— Hillary Clinton, 1996, National Democratic Convention Address

培养一个快乐，健康和充满希望的小孩，需要家庭，需要老师，需要牧师，需要商人，需要社区的领

导，需要保护我们健康和安全的人，需要我们大家。

What we need in the United States is not division. What we need in the United States is not

hatred. What we

need in the United States is not violence and lawlessness, but is love and wisdom and

compassion toward one

another, and a feeling of justice toward those who still suffer within our country whether they

be white or whether

they be black.”

美国需要的不是分裂，美国需要的不是仇恨，美国需要的不是暴力和无法治，而是爱心、智慧、同情

心以及公正地对待那些在我们国家还在受苦的人，不论是白人还是黑人。

2尾语反复

尾语反复指一个单词、短语或句子连续出现在数个短语或句子的末尾

I said you are afraid to bleed. As long as the white man sent you to Korea, you bled. He sent

you to Germany, you bled. He sent you to the South Pacific to fight the Japanese, you bled.

You bleed for white people…

我说你们害怕流血。一旦白人把你们派到朝鲜，你们就流血；把你们派到德国，你们就流血；把你们

派到南太平洋和日本人打仗，你们就流血，你们是为白人流血。

3对偶句

平行结构以对句的形式出现，即几个在意义上相互对立的词或句子以平行结构的形式出现，这相当于

汉语里的对偶句。这种平行结构，通过对比，突出了两个事物或两个概念的特点

Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. — Shakespeare, Julius Caesar

不是我对恺撒爱得不够深切，而是我更加热爱罗马。

4谐缀平行结构

这种平行结构的特点是相互平行的词其后缀相同，由此产生优美的韵律

All night long he can hear Nature breathing deeply and freely.

— R. L. Stevenson, Travels with a donkey

他彻夜都能听见大自然深沉而自由的呼吸。

（二）平行结构的艺术表现力

1 名句中的平行结构

由于英语平行结构涵盖了汉语中的排比、对偶、反复等修辞手段，因此极具艺术表现力。欣赏下列

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名人名言，看看语言大师如何运用平行结构表达思想感情。

You can fool all the people some of the time, and some of the people all the time, but you

cannot fool all the people all the time. — Abraham Lincoln

你有时能欺骗所有的人，甚至永远欺骗一些人，但你不能永远欺骗所有的人。

（林肯一连运用了三组平行结构all the people，some of the time；some of the people，all the time；

all the people，all the time，给人整齐美；这些短语两两相对，给人以匀称美；重音的错落有致，给人以节律美；短语与短语对仗工整，给人以机智美。）

Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.

— John F. Kennedy

不要问你的国家能为你做什么，要问你能为你的国家做什么。

（肯尼迪运用了对偶句，使前后两个语言片段所表达的内容相对峙，并通过对比，突出了“问

你能为你的国家做什么”这一意义。）

We are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and

righteousness like a mighty stream.” — Martin Luther King, Jr.

我们现在不满意，将来也不会满意，除非公正如大海，正义如急流势不可挡。

（是美国著名黑人民权运动领袖马丁·路德金的演说辞里的一段话，作者通过运用首语反复平行

结构，表达了对美国社会现状的强烈不满，接着他又运用发人深思的美妙比喻，进一步加强了表达的力度，

演说极具鼓动性。）

The artist is nothing without the gift, but the gift is nothing without work.

— Emile Zola

艺术家没有天赋不行，天赋没有勤奋也不行。

（两个平行的语言片段字数基本相等，而且前一句的尾词“gift”恰好是下一句的首词，这恰好

和汉语的修辞格“顶真”不谋而合。这句话结构严整、语气连贯，突出了天赋和勤奋的辩证关系，读起来

具有强烈的节奏感。）

The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings; the inherent virtue of

socialism is the equal sharing of miseries. — Winston Churchill

资本主义固有的罪恶是幸福不平分；社会主义固有的美德是苦难分享。

（这是对偶平句。“vice”和“virtue”，“capitalism”和“socialism”，“unequal sharing”和“equal

sharing”，“blessings”和“miseries”都是相互对立的概念，把它们放在一起对照、对比，使之相互映衬，从而突出了资本主义和社会主义的不同特征。）

2 名段中的平行结构

将平行结构扩展到段落乃至整篇文章不但能够产生连贯、流畅的段落篇章，而且重点突出，感情凝聚。

下面是两篇选自当代美国著名黑人女诗人尼凯·吉奥范尼的“Pioneers: A View of Home”, 看作者如何运用平行结构表达思想感情。

I submit that just as slavery took away our choice, so also did the over-crowded,

disease-ridden cities of Europe; so also did religious persecution; so also did the abject and

all but unspeakable Inquisition of the Spanish; so also did starvation in Italy; so also did the

black, rotten potatoes lying in the fields of Ireland. They all came to the New World in a cruise

ship. They all came because they had to.

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我认为，奴隶制剥夺了我们的选择权，拥挤不堪、疾病肆掠的欧洲城市亦然；宗教迫害亦然；残酷无比的西班牙宗教法庭亦然；意大利的饥饿亦然；爱尔兰田里腐烂发黑的马铃薯亦然。他们都搭载游船来到

了这个新世界，他们都来了，因为他们别无选择。

（在这首诗中，尼凯一连运用了两组首语反复平行结构so did…; so did…; so did…; so did… They all

came … They all came … 这两组排比句顿挫有力、节奏鲜明、气势盛壮，把作者对黑暗社会的痛恨和对自由世界的向往痛快淋漓地表达了出来。感情的迸发宛如大河流水滚滚而来，又如高山瀑布倾泻而下。）

六、平行结构在商业和正式文件写作中的用法

在商业和正式文件写作中，越来越多用到圆点散句。除了更易读之外，它们更能从视觉上引起人们注意。作者需要决定在圆点之后用什么形式来写，是用名词，动词，形容词，副词，还是介词短语，定语从句甚至完整的句子。应该记住的是它们相互间应该保持一致。平行结构较多用。Examples:

Our recommendations for improving computer-user comfort are as follows:

• Anti-radiation screens should be available for computer monitors.

• Wrist supports should be used to help maintain proper wrist position during computer use

and possibly reduce the risk of carpal tunnel syndrome.

• Employees need adjustable chairs with a stronger back support.

(主谓一致结构)

What makes me different from other job applicants?

• Ability to converse in English, Japanese in addition to my native Mandarin

• Completion of two-month customer satisfaction training

• Impeccable medical report card

• Outgoing personality and eager desire to help

(名词平行结构)

Awkward: At Yi Xin Associates, we have 15 years of combined legal experience in all types

of injury cases one can think of. Other areas we handle are wrongful death, automobile

accidents and medical malpractice. If you slip and fall in a public building, we can represent

you in filing a law suit against the owner. Also, our clients come to seek our help in handicap

discrimination and denial of insurance claim cases.

Better: At Yi Xin Associates, we have 15 years of combined legal experience in:

• All injury cases

• Wrongful death

• Automobile accidents

• Medical malpractice

• Slip and fall

• Handicap discrimination

• Denial of insurance claims

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Incorrect: The duties of the Executive Secretary of the Administrative Committee are:

• To take minutes of all meetings （不定式短语）

• The Executive Secretary answers all the correspondence; and （句子）

• Writing of month reports. （话题）

Correct: The duties of the Executive Secretary of the Administrative Committee are:

 To take minutes of all meetings;

 To answer all the correspondence; and

 To write monthly reports.

经典范例:

Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe1 alike, that the torch has

been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war,

disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness

or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been

committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.

So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness,

and that sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us

never fear to negotiate.

Now the trumpet summons us again - not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need2;

not as a call to battle, though embattled we are3; but a call to bear the burden of a long

twilight struggle, a year in and year out "rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation," a struggle4

against the common enemies of man: 5 tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.

And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you6; ask what you

can do for your country.

--美国前总统John F. Kenne

(1) 划线部分为平行结构

(2) 冒号的用法。

重复是语言交际的重要手段,它既存在于口语语言也存在于书面语言中,是话语结构中一个看似简单,实则重要、却容易忽视的语言组成结构和修辞方法.随着语言学的发展,对于反复在语篇中的运用也有了进一步的研究.平行结构是一种使用广泛的修辞手段,由结构相同、意义相关、语气一致的词、短语、句子甚至段落排列而成,它工整、匀称、畅达,常常用在感情充沛重点表义之处.本文试图从英语重复及平行结构的特征与类型方面进行分析,并通过例证探讨其修辞效应.

七、英语平行结构的翻译方法

英语平行结构是一种很有表现力的修辞方法,在英语中使用十分广泛,但如何将英语平行结构译成贴切的汉语,有时并非是一件易事.英语平行结构常用的翻译方法有七种:

直译法、合并法、重复法、增词法、减词法、转译法和总结归纳法.

八、 判断下列句子是否有正确的并列结构

The school bus skidded, turned sideways, and came to a stop.

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(并列时态)

No: I don't know why I married someone who is miserly, sloppy and a bore.

Yes: I don't know why I married someone who is miserly, sloppy and boring.

(形容词平行结构)

No: In the wreck the circus lost a panda and elephant.

Yes: In the wreck the circus lost a panda and an elephant.

(不定冠词的平行结构)

No: I debated whether I should give the beggar money or to offer him food.

Yes: I debated whether to give the beggar money or to offer him food.

(不定式的平行结构)

No: They would lie on the battlefield for hours and sometimes days.

Yes: They would lie on the battlefield for hours and sometimes for days.

(介词平行结构)

No: Michael's vacuum cleaner squealed loudly, shook violently, and dust filled the air.

Yes: Michael's vacuum cleaner squealed loudly, shook violently, and filled the air with dust.

(并列谓语)

No: The mechanic explained the problem, method, and the tools that he was going to use.

Yes: The mechanic explained the problem, method, and tools that he was going to use.

(并列带有定冠词"the"的名词)

No: He retired respected by his associates, admired by his friends, and his employees loved

him.

Yes: He retired respected by his associates, admired by his friends, and loved by his

employees.

(并列被动语态)

No: As a young man he had been to Shanghai, fighting in the Anti-Japanese War, and

following the Nationalist Party to Chongqing.

Yes: As a young man he had been to Shanghai, had fought in the Anti-Japanese War and had

followed the Nationalist Party to Chongqing.

(并列过去完成时)

No: Jane is pretty, with brown hair, and has a graceful manner.

Yes: Jane is pretty, brown-haired, and graceful.

(形容词平行结构)

No: He left the city because of his lack of success in business, the departure of his friends

and because his health deteriorated rapidly.

Yes: He left the city because of his lack of success in business, the departure of his friends

and his rapidly failing health.

(作宾语的名词平行结构)

No: They bought the house for location and affordability.

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Yes: They bought the house because of its location and its affordability.

(并列名词；注意代词的所有格)

No: Why did you make Xiao Zhang feel useless and as if he was unimportant?

Yes: Why did you make Xiao Zhang feel useless and unimportant?

(形容词的平行结构)

No: This could be a problem for both the winners and for those who lose.

Yes: This could be a problem for both the winners and losers.

(名词平行结构)

No: The prisoner was not only found guilty of bribery but also adultery.

Yes: The prisoner was found guilty not only of bribery but also of adultery.

(并列介词短语)

为使平行结构清楚明了，随时都可重复介词、冠词、助动词、不定词标志，或者长的短语或句子的介绍词。

Awkward: I admire Tennyson for the ideals in his poems but not his style.

Improved: I admire Tennyson for the ideals in his poems but not for his style.

Awkward: The sentences are difficult to understand, not because they are long but they

are obscure.

Improved: The sentences are difficult to understand, not because they are long but

because they are obscure.

Awkward: He explained that the advertising campaign had been successful, business had

increased more than forty per cent, and additional capital was sorely needed.

Improved: He explained that the advertising campaign had been successful, that business

had increased more than forty per cent, and that additional capital was sorely

needed.

Exercises

将下列不符合平行原则的句子中的相等成分改为平行结构。

1．Going to a professional football game is better than to watch one on TV．

2．Men's clothing styles and the clothes that women wear have grown similar in recent years．

3．Listening to records and attendance at live concerts are both enjoyable．

4．You can either read the original novel，or you can see the film based on it．

5．We asked the store manager to show us a gift that was inexpensive，useful，and looked nice．

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6．My uncle spoke with warmth and in a humorous way．

7．The poet wrote not only of Greece but also Asian Minor．

8．The president announced that he would hold a weekly press conference and reporters should

submit questions ahead of time．

9．Come to class prepared to take notes and with some questions to ask．

10．My driving instructor told me to keep both hands on the wheel，to use caution at all time，and

don't take my eyes off the road．

Keys：

1．to watch→watching

2．the clothes that women wear→women's clothing styles

3．attendance at live concerts→attending live concerts

4．you can see the film based on it→see the film based on it

5．looked nice→nice-looking

6．in a humorous way→humor

7．but also Asian Minor→but also of Asian Minor

8．and reporters→and that reporters

9．with some questions to ask→to ask some questions

10．and don't take my eyes off the road →and not to take my eyes off the road

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