自考英语二(新版)原文 Unit 10 Ode to Public Transportation

Unit 10 Ode to Public Transportation

A Famous Quote:

Plain living and high thinking.

— William Wordsworth

生活要朴素，情操要高尚。

——威廉.华兹华斯

William Wordsworth (1770-1850), one of the greatest English poets. He was a leader

of the romantic movements in England and one of the greatest lyric poets in the history of

English literature.

Pre-reading Questions:

1. Do you find it important to use public transportation? What are some of the reasons?

你认为使用公共交通方式是至关重要的吗？理由是什么？

2. What suggestions do you give to others on using public transportation?

你能给那些使用公共交通方式的人提出一些什么建议呢？

New Words

proclaim

n. to publicly and officially tell people about something important 宣布；宣告；声明

sector

n. a part of an area of activity, especially of a country's economy （尤指一国经济的）部门，领域，行业

necessity

n. a thing that you must have and cannot manage without 必需的事物；必需品

arrangement

n. a plan or preparation that you make so that something can happen 安排；筹备

territory

that is under the control of a particular country or ruler 领土；版图；领地

upfront

you pay money upfront, you pay it before any work has been done or

before any goods are supplied 预付地；预交地

sunburn

condition of having painful red skin because you have spent too much

time in the sun 晒斑；晒伤

groceries

n.[pl.] food and other goods sold by a grocer or at a supermarket 食品杂货

radius

n.a straight line between the centre of a circle and any point on its outer

edge；the length of this line 半径（长度）

expense

n. the money that you spend on something 费用；价钱

annually

a year 一年一次地

household

n. all the people living together in a house 一家人；家庭

commute

journey that a person makes when they travel regularly by bus, train,

car, n their place of work and their home 上下班路程

switch

v. to change or make something change from one thing to another （使）改变，转变

transport

n.a vehicle or method of travel 交通车辆；运输工具；旅行方式

carbon

n. a chemical element 碳

majority

n. the largest part of a group of people or things 大部分；大多数

wean

make somebody gradually stop doing or using something 使逐渐戒除恶习（或避免依赖…）

dependence

state of needing the help and support of somebody/something in order

to survive or be successful （生存或成功必需的）依靠，依赖，依存

approximately

adv. used to show that something is almost, but not completely, accurate

or correct 大概；大约；约莫

petroleum

l oil that is found under the ground or the sea and is used to produce

petrol/gas, paraffin, diesel oil, etc.石油；原油

exception

n. a thing that does not follow a rule 规则的例外；例外的事物

electrical

ted with electricity；using or producing electricity 电的；用电的；发电的

economic

ted with the trade, industry and development of wealth of a country,

an area or a society 经济的；经济上的；经济学的

electricity

n. a form of energy from charged elementary particles, usually supplied

as electric current through cables, wires, lighting, heating, driving machines,

etc.电；电能

stable

fixed；not likely to move, change or fail 稳定的；稳固的；牢固的

strengthen

become stronger；to make somebody/something stronger 加强；增强；巩固

consequently

a result；therefore 因此；所以

lessen

become or make something become smaller, weaker, less important, etc.（使）变小，变少，减弱，减轻

resource

n.a supply of something that a country, an organization or a person has and

can use, especially to increase their wealth 资源；财力

ease

state of feeling relaxed or comfortable without worries, problems or pain

舒适；安逸；自在

make something easier 减轻；放松；缓和

inhabitant

n.a person or an animal that lives in a particular place （某地的）居民，栖息动物

limited

very great in amount or extent 有限的

Phrases and Expressions

bask in to enjoy sitting or lying in the heat or light of something, especially the

sun 晒太阳；取暖

account for to be a particular amount or part of something （数量上、比例上）占

be reliant upon to need somebody/something in order to survive, be successful, etc.依赖；依靠

be attributed to to say or believe that something is the result of a particular thing

把…归因于；认为…是由于

重点词汇

proclaim

publicly and officially tell people about something important 宣布；宣告；声明

eg: After its independence India was proclaimed a republic.印度独立之后宣布成立共和国。

proclamation

that is proclaimed 公告；布告；声明

eg: issue/make a proclamation 发布公告

构词： 前缀pro- （向前）+词根claim （喊叫）

词根claim, clam 喊叫

claim v.声称，宣称

acclaim v.欢呼

acclamation n.欢呼，喝彩

declaim v.抨击，雄辩

declamation n.朗诵；慷慨陈词

exclaim v.惊叫，呼喊

exclamation n.惊叹；惊叹词

expense

money that you spend on something 费用；价钱

eg: Who's meeting the expenses of your trip? 谁为你支付旅费呢?

at sb's expense with 由某人付费

eg: We were entertained at the editor's expense.由编辑付钱招待我们。

衍生

expensive

g a lot （of money）费用大的；昂贵的

eg: Houses are very expensive in this area.这地区房价很高。

It's too expensive for me to buy.太贵了，我买不起。

commute

v. the journey that a person makes when they travel regularly by bus, train,

car, n their place of work and their home 上下班路程

eg: She commutes from Oxford to London every day.她每天通勤于牛津和伦敦之间。

commuter

n. person who commutes 通勤者

eg: The five o'clock train is always packed with commuters.五点钟那趟车总是挤满了通勤者。

switch

change or make something change from one thing to another （使）改变，转变

eg: Tim could switch easily from French to 可以很容易地从法语转到英语。

其他词义

switch （sth.）on connect （electricity, an appliance）接通（电流等）；开（用电器）

eg: Don't switch the radio on yet.暂时不要打开收音机。

switch （sth.）off disconnect （electricity, etc）切断（电流等）

eg: Switch off the gas, power, the mains 切断煤气源﹑ 电源等

transport

n. a vehicle or method of travel 交通车辆；运输工具；旅行方式

eg: I normally travel by public transport.我出门通常乘坐公共交通工具。

其他词义

transporting or being transported 运送；运输；流放

eg: road and rail transport 公路及铁路运输

其他词性

sth./ one place to another in a vehicle 运送，运输（某物[某人]）

eg: The products were ~ed from the factory to the station.产品从工厂被运到车站。

majority

n. the largest part of a group of people or things 大部分；大多数

eg: The majority of people seem to prefer TV to radio.大部分人似乎喜欢看电视而不喜欢听收音。

反义词 minority 少数

strengthen

become stronger; to make somebody/something stronger 加强；增强；巩固

eg: Our friendship has steadily strengthened over the years.这些年我们之间的友谊逐渐加强。

反义词 weaken

lessen

v. to become or make something become smaller, weaker, less important, etc.（使）变小，变少，减弱，减轻

eg: The pain was already lessening.疼痛正在减轻。

resource

n.a supply of something that a country, an organization or a person has and

can use, especially to increase their wealth 资源；财力

eg: rich in natural, mineral, agricultural, ces 自然的﹑矿产的﹑农业的...资源丰富

Text A: The Importance of Public Transportation

公共交通的重要性

A US Congressman once proclaimed that, “There can be no doubt that the transportation

sector is the most critical sector of our economy.” I know exactly what he means. In this day

and age, access to transportation is considered a necessity.

一位美国国会议员曾经说过，“毋庸置疑，交通业是我们经济中的支柱行业。”我很清楚他的意思。在如今这个时代，交通出行已是生活中必不可少的部分。

Public transportation is defined as a service that is available for use by the general public.

It is a cheaper and environmentally friendly alternative. It is not a transportation service that

you can arrange privately to suit your own personal convenience (although you may, to a

certain extent, such as paying for cabin or suite on a train or ship) since you have to consider

other passengers who are riding and making similar arrangements with you.

公共交通被定义为能为大众所使用的一种服务。它是一种相对便宜并且对环境有利的出行方式。公共交通不是那种根据个人需求而随意安排的交通服务(虽然在某种程度上也可以这样做，比如说你可以付钱包下火车或船上的一个包厢)，因为你需要考虑那些和你一起并和你做相似安排的其他乘客们。

I have experienced first-hand how important public transportation is.

公共交通有多重要，我亲自经历过，所以深有体会。

I live in Saipan, a US territory and the closest things we have to public transportation are

tourist and school buses. You have to have your own car or bike, rent a car, or pay upfront for

a taxi to go from point A to point B. Otherwise you end up basked in a sweat and sunburn

traveling to work every day. When I first came here, I walked. I walked going to and from

work. I walked to the store and lugged my heavy groceries back to the house. I walked to

church and I barely got to places farther than a twenty-mile radius from my house since I did

not own a car then, and I considered renting a car and riding a taxi such an expense for a

starting single mother like I was at that time.

我住在美国塞班，在那里只有游客公交和学生公交这种公共交通工具。你不得不拥有自己的私家车或者自行车，或者租一辆汽车，或者付费搭乘的士从一个地方到另一个地方，否则你就只能每天走去工作，太阳当空，大汗淋漓。当我刚来这里的时候，去哪儿我都步行，我步行上下班，步行去商店，然后徒步拖着大包小包的东西回家。我步行去教堂，由于没有小汽车，而且租辆小车或者打的对于当时我这样一个年轻的单身妈妈来说是笔不小的开支，所以我很少去离家超过20英里远的地方。

For me, public transportation is very important because of the following reasons:

于我而言，公共交通非常重要，主要是因为以下几个原因：

1. It saves money.

1．节约开支

According to research done by American Public Transportation Association, individuals

can save up to $9,515 annually by parking their cars at home and using public transportation

instead. In this economy, saving money become a main concern in most households. With the

rising prices of fuel and other vehicle-related expenses, doing the public commute to work

and school certainly saves money.

根据美国公共交通协会的一项研究，如果把车停在家里而使用公共交通工具，每个人每年可以节省9515美元。在如今的经济形势下，如何攒钱已成为大部分家庭关注的主要问题。随着油费的不断上涨和其他与车辆相关的开销日益增大，使用公共交通上下班和去学校毫无疑问能节省很多钱。

2. It helps the environment.

2．有利于环境

When you switch from driving your car to taking public transport, you are reducing your

carbon footprint and making a great step forward in saving the environment. The

environmental costs of individuals using their cars every day has done massive damage to the

environment and if the majority or all individuals like you and me use public transport

instead, think of what good we could do for the environment.

当放弃开小车而改乘公共交通工具时，你正在减少二氧化碳的排放量并为拯救地球环境而贡献自己的力量。开私家车出行对环境造成极大的破坏，如果大多数人都能像你我这样使用公共交通工具的话，那么我们的环境就会好多了。

3. It will wean us out of energy dependence.

3．逐步减少对能源的依赖

According to a paper made by Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue and Dr. Claude comtois,

transportation accounts for approximately 25% of world energy demand and for more than

62%of all the oil used each year. Ninety-five percent of transportation is almost completely

reliant upon petroleum products with the exception of railways using electrical power. While

the use of petroleum for other economic sectors, such as industrial and electricity generation,

has remained relatively stable, the growth in oil demand attributed to the growth in

transportation demand.

根据Jean．Paul Rodrigue和claude comtois博士所写的一篇文章，交通所耗费的能源大概占世界能源需求的25％，每年的耗油量超过62％。除了铁路使用电力外，95％的交通基本上完全依赖于石油产品。而其他使用石油的经济领域，诸如工业和电力行业都保持相对稳定，石油的需求日益增加主要归因于交通需求的增长。

When we strengthen our public transportation services, we are consequently lessening

this oil demand and dependence. It will also motivate us to consider alternative energy and

fuel resources.

当我们加强公共交通服务时，相应地也在减少对石油的需求和依赖，这同时也激励我们考虑可替代的能源和燃料资源。

4. It provides ease and convenience.

4．为人们提供舒适感和便利

Having public transportation definitely eases some of the burdens of people who do not

have cars or prefer no to own one. They are provided with choices to use public transport.

Public transportation also provides valuable services not just to local inhabitants in the area

but to tourists as well. When a tourist visits a place, which does not have public transportation,

their choices are limited and the experience they get is limited, too.

使用公共交通毫无疑问会减轻那些没有车或者不打算买车的人们的压力。他们可以选择使用公共交通工具。公共交通不仅为当地的居民而且也为游客提供服务。当游客来访一个没有公共交通工具的地方，他们的选择就会受限，他们的旅游经历也会受到相应的限制。

All in all, public transportation improves our way of life, strengthens the community,

provides new jobs for the public and gives us a cleaner environment.

总而言之，公共交通改善我们的生活，加强社区之间的联系，为公众提供新工作，并且还给予我们一个更加清洁美好的环境。

课后习题参考答案

Text A

I .1.A 2. B 3. D 4.D 5.C

II . Section A

1. economic 2. arrangement 3 . dependent 4. valuable 5 . exception 6. ease

Section B

l. necessities 2. strengthen 3. lessening 4. limited 5. proclaimed 6. commutes

Section C

1. for 2. on/upon 3. to 4. up 5. to 6. in

III. 1. limited 2. running out of 3. refers to 4. low 5. require 6. another 7. compared to

8 . personal 9. positive 10. economic

Ⅳ. Section A

1. basking in the warm sunlight

2. accounts for 35% of the corporate revenue

3. attributed her success to her hard work

4. up to more than 500 guests

5. end up in prison

Section B

公共交通是比自己开车更理想的选择吗？这取决于个人的偏好或者个人所处的环境。有些人更喜欢自己开车，但是这并不意味着对于许多人来说，公共交通不是更合适的方式。综合考虑，公共交通可能比较便宜，不用为支付汽车贷款或者保险费而担心，不需要支付保养或者燃料费用。从环保的角度来看，好多人一起外出旅游的话，乘坐公共交通更有效。

V.2 4 3 5 6 l

Ⅵ.公共交通在中国已经成为人们迫切的需要了。在像北京、上海这样的大都市里，拥挤的道路上，车辆越来越多了。越来越多的汽车就意味着消耗越来越多的能量，造成越来越严重的空气污染。在某种程度上，公共交通可以缓解车辆增多带来的越来越大的压力。作为有责任心的公民，你能针对促进公共交通的发展，呼吁绿出行，为当地或者中央政府想出一些合理可行的建议吗？

Pre-reading Questions:

1. Do you prefer public transportation or driving?

你喜欢选择公共交通出行还是自己开车？

2. What advantages do you expect the author will give for taking public transportation?

你希望作者提出选择公共交通方式的哪些优点呢？

New Words

advantage

n.a thing that helps you to be better or more successful than other people

有利条件；有利因素；优势

authentic

adj. true and accurate 真实的；真正的

assurance

n.a statement that something will certainly be true or will certainly happen,

particularly when there has been doubt about it 保证；担保

intentionally

intention；in an intentional manner 有意地；故意地

harsh

, severe and unkind 残酷的；严酷的；严厉的

respectfully

a respectful manner 恭敬地

able-bodied

adj. physically healthy, fit and strong in contrast to somebody who is

weak and disabled 健康的；健壮的

warmth

state or quality of being enthusiastic and/or friendly 热情；友情

guts

n.[pl.] the courage and determination that it takes to do something difficult

or unpleasant 勇气；胆量；决心；毅力

particularly ally; more than usual or more than others 特别；尤其

ferry

n.a boat or ship that carries people, vehicles and goods across a river or across

a narrow part of the sea 渡船

destination

n.a place to which somebody/ something is going or being sent 目的地；终点

maintenance

act of keeping something in good condition by checking or repairing

it regularly 维护；保养

economical

no more of something than is necessary 节俭的；节约的；简洁的

untoward

l and unexpected, and usually unpleasant 异常的；意外的；棘手的；不幸的

incident

ing that happens, especially something unusual or unpleasant 发生的事情（尤指不寻常的或讨厌的）

transit

process of being moved or carried from one place to another 运输；运送；搬运；载运

aggravate

make an illness or a bad or unpleasant situation worse 使严重；使恶化

push

n.a determined effort to achieve something 矢志的追求；坚定的努力

sustain

make something continue for some time without becoming less 使保持；使稳定持续

accumulate

gradually get more and more of something over a period of time 积累；积聚

heed

pay careful attention to somebody's advice or warning 留心；注意；听从（劝

告或警告）

habitat

place where a particular type of animal or plant is normally found

（动植物的）生活环境，栖息地

stand

n.a place where taxis, buses, while they are waiting for passengers

停车处；站

Phrases and Expressions

pick up to allow somebody to get into your vehicle and take them somewhere 让人乘车；搭载

by and large used when you are saying something that is generally, but not completely,

true 大体上；总体上

conduct oneself to behave in a particular way 举止；表现

in public when other people, especially people you do not know, are present 公开地；在别人（尤指生人）面前

to hand something over to somebody else 把…交给（或让与）…

save on to avoid wasting something or using more than necessary 节省；节约

keep tabs on to watch somebody/something carefully in order to know what is happening

so that you can control a particular situation 监视；密切注视

God/Heaven/Lord forbid（that…）used to say that you hope that something will not

happen 但愿这事不发生

重点词汇

advantage

n.a thing that helps you to be better or more successful than other people

有利条件；有利因素；优势

eg: gain an advantage over an opponent 获得超越对手的优势

反义词disadvantage

authentic

adj. true and accurate 真实的；真正的

eg: an authentic document, signature, painting 正式文件﹑亲笔签字﹑原作绘画

其他词义

done or made in the traditional or original way 原汁原味的

eg: authentic French food 地道法国菜

同义词 genuine

衍生

authenticity

n. quality of being authentic 真实性；可靠性；确实性

eg: The authenticity of the manuscript is beyond doubt.手稿的真实性是毋庸置疑的。

intentionally

intention；in an intentional manner 有意地；故意地

eg: I have never intentionally hurt anyone.我从没故意伤害过任何人。

intention

which one proposes or plans to do 意图；意向；目的；打算

eg: I have no intention of coming to this terrible place again! 我再也不想到这个糟糕的地方来了。

intentional

on purpose; not accidental; intended 存心的；故意的；蓄意的

eg: If I hurt your feelings, it was not intentional.我若伤了你的感情, 那并不是有意的。

maintenance

act of keeping something in good condition by checking or repairing

it regularly 维护；保养

eg: The caretaker is responsible for the maintenance of the school buildings.看门人负责校舍的维修。

maintain

v.

1）keep （sth.）in good condition or working order 保养，维修（某物）

eg: maintain the roads, a house, a car, etc.保养道路﹑房子﹑汽车等

2）cause continue; keep existence at the same level, standard, etc.保持或维持某事物

eg: Maintain your speed at 60 mph.你要保持每小时60英里的速度。

transit

process of being moved or carried from one place to another 运输；运送；搬运；载运

eg: His luggage was lost in transit.他的行李在运送中丢失了。

aggravate

make an illness or a bad or unpleasant situation worse 使严重；使恶化

eg: He aggravated his condition by leaving hospital too soon.他因过早出院而使病情恶化。

构词：前缀ag-（加强）+词根grav （重）

词根grav, griev, grief=heavy 重

grave adj.庄重的

aggravate v.加重

gravity n.地心引力

grieve v.使悲伤

grief n.悲伤

accumulate

gradually get more and more of something over a period of time 积累；积聚

eg: He accumulated a fortune by hard work.他靠努力工作积蓄了一笔财富。

Text B: Personal Advantages of Taking Public Transportation

个人搭乘公共交通的优点

When I take public transport, I always end up seeing a balanced view of regular folks,

which is different from how they’re usually depicted in the profit-driven media. I meet real,

authentic people who may have the same concerns as mine. Whenever I’m on a bus, or the

train, or even at times in a taxi that I share with other passengers, whom the driver picks up

along the way, I get assurances that most folks mean well to me, i.e., they don’s mean to harm

me intentionally, despite a few terrible, harsh experiences I’ve had with some bad people

before.

与被利益驱动的媒体所描绘的不同，当搭乘公共交通工具的时候，我总是能用一种公允客观的眼光看待普通人。我遇到的人都是实实在在的，他们与我有相同的情感和顾虑。无论是在公共汽车上、火车上，还是在沿途载客与我拼车的出租车上，除了有几次与几个坏人坐在一起有过恐怖、糟糕的经历外，我确信大部分遇到的人对我都很友好，他们不会故意伤害人。

The meaningful experience of receiving respect from and giving respect to others

被他人尊重及尊重他人的体验

People generally behave as politely and respectfully as they can whenever they take

public transportation. That’s how all of us were taught, by and large, by our parents, our

elders and the generations before. We always need to conduct our best selves when in public.

It’s a great experience seeing able-bodied men giving up seats for the elderly, disabled, or

pregnant women. I even see women give up seats to others. I see people smiling and talking

with each other. I feel more warmth among people when on a bus or the train. I see people

behaving genuinely pleasant toward co-passengers, and I realize it takes a lot of guts to do

this especially during there difficult times.

人们在乘坐公共交通工具时普遍都会表现得礼貌、恭敬。这从总体上来说也正是我们的父母、长辈以及上一代所教育希望的那样。在公共场合我们需要展现自己最好的一面。我看到身强力壮的男士给老人、残疾人和孕妇让座，甚至看到女士给其他人让座，也看到人们挪动一点位置仅仅是为了给需要座位的人一些空间，看到人们微笑着相互交谈。当在公交车和火车上看到这些时，我感受到人与人之间更多的温暖。当看到人们对同行的乘客显示出真诚时，我意识到在现在这种困难时期这样做需要很大的勇气。

Save cash or other purposes

可以节省不少开支

I always get the opportunity to save money, and am actually gaining pennies these days.

This is particularly true when you live in a city, like New York, where subways and buses are

in place. I’ve done the math: it’s far cheaper to take the subway and then bus, plus the ferry if

you live in Staten Island like me, than to keep a car and drive yourself to your usual

destination. You save on the parking fees, the toll fees, the insurance cost, the repair and

maintenance costs, and the perceived costs of aggravation from motorists on the road, the fuel,

among other costs. On public transportation, you simply just pay the fare.

我总是有很多机会省钱，而且实际上近期的确攒了不少钱。尤其是生活在像纽约这种地铁和公共汽车网络发达的城市时，省钱是很容易的。我曾经做过计算：如果你跟我一样住在斯塔腾岛的话，搭乘地铁、公共汽车或是轮渡会比你买一辆小汽车然后开车上下班要便宜得多。你节省了停车费、通行费、保险费、维修保养费、机动车辆对道路的破费、燃油费，以及其他费用。而如果搭乘公共交通工具的话，你只需要买张车票就行了。

Light baggage to bring with you

随身携带轻便的行李

I just carry myself and my tiny baggage. I occupy the least space, which is actually

wherever I happened to be standing or sitting, which contributes to my baggage being very

economical and lighter to carry. If ever there would be untoward incidents while in transit, I’d

always be assured that I only have myself to worry about, which is unlike when you’re in

your car. If an accident happens while you are in your car, you will be doubly aggravated

because you will have to keep tabs on things other than yourself (who, by then, may be

extremely anxious or even, may the Lord-forbid, in a worst situation).

我只随身携带轻便的行李，占据最小的空间，也就是我站着或者坐着所占据的那么大空间，这样我的行李就很简单、轻便、易于携带。即使在少数情况下，在搬运过程中出现了一些意外事故，我只需要担心我自己就可以了，这与自己开车是不一样的。如果事故发生时你待在车里，状况就会

更加糟糕了，因为你要密切注意的不是你自己，而是别的事情（到那时候，谁可能非常：焦虑，或者谁的处境最糟糕，当然了，但愿这种事情不会发生）。

Strong push for long-term environmental projects

对长期环保项目的执着追求

I am confident that I contribute more to efforts in sustaining and keeping a much cleaner

environment. Motorists always have to consider that they actually are contributing more to

accumulated environmental damage when they use fossil-sourced fuel for their cars. Those

who are concerned about the environment, especially policymakers, leaders and managers,

might as well heed this by taking the chance to take public transportation if time allows them.

Their followers will eventually get the message: You’ll be contributing more to saving what’s

left of our habitat by keeping away from using less of the natural resources.

我坚信自己为维持环境更清洁方面做出了更大的贡献。开车人要意识到，他们的汽车使用化石燃料，这实际上是加大了对环境的破坏程度。在时间允许的情况下，那些关心环境的人，尤其是决策者、领导和经理，最好乘坐公共交通，借机关注一下这个问题。他们的追随者们最终会获得这样的启示：大量使用自然资源给我们的生活环境留下的仅有的东西，你为挽救这些东西而做出了超乎常人的贡献。

Movement and exercise

运动和锻炼

I get the chance to do my exercises waling from my place to the bus stand (or the

subway station, or the ferry station). I actually feel a much healthier me whenever I take

public transportation.

我有机会进行体育锻炼，从家里步行到车站（或者地铁站，或者轮渡站），每次乘坐公共交通出行，我都会感觉自·己身体更健康了。

Come, join me and everyone else taking public transportation.

快点加入吧，像我和其他人一样乘坐公共交通吧。

Text B

I . Section A

1.Y 2.N 3.N 4.N 5.Y 6.Y

Section B

1. end up seeing

2. behave as politely and respectfully as they can

3 conduct ourselves best

4. takes a lot of guts

5. for other purposes

6. efforts in sustaining and keeping .

II . Section A

1. maintenance 2. Considerable 3. economical 4. accumulation 5. warmth 6. assurance

Section B

1. pushing 2. disadvantage 3. incidents 4. intention 5. sustained 6. aggravated

Section C

l. up 2. in 3. to 4. on 5. on 6. in

III. Section A

1. how they conduct themselves at work

2. despite of the government's assurance of expanding employment

3. consider other people before you take actions

4. they have never quarreled with each other in public

5. very confident that everything would go as planned

Section B

提到个人理财，我们都在寻各种方式来省更多的钱。我们的家庭预算包括大大小小的开销，我们想象着可以开源节流，节省现金的压力，或者至少把钱花在更有用的地方。你肯定能想到的一件事就是乘坐公共交通出行。

人们很轻易地就会认为公共交通便宜，因为公交车投币比加油便宜多了，但是那些并不是唯一的需要考虑的开销。可以退回到中学的经济学课堂上，试着回忆下有关机会成本的内容。如果你当时在课堂上是清醒的话，就能回想起来，这些都是你在做出选择时所放弃的东西。虽然不是用美元和美分来衡量的，但是每次你做出财政决策时就必须考虑到这一点。

IV. Section A

1. at this point in our country, the amount of violence seems to be increasing every day.

2.I called to the children repeatedly to get ion, but failed.

3. from June,1 will be working at the store on a full-time basis.

4. because his car refused to start up, Chen had to take public transportation to his place of work.

5. as a little boy,Ialready knew that my goal was to be a stockbroker in the future。

Section B

1. much as 2. for example 3. Also 4. Similarly 5. Even 6. In conclusion 7. but