private space雅思阅读答案

private space雅思阅读答案

雅思剑12阅读真题Test6Passage1原文及答案!雅思剑12阅读真题Test6第一篇文章为The risks agriculture faces in developing countries，考生可以多积累相关阅读背景知识。下面是雅思剑12阅读真题Test6Passage1练习题和解析，供大家练习。

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on

Reading Passage 1 below.

The risks agriculture faces in developing countries

Synthesis of an online debate

A Two things distinguish food production from all other productive

activities: first, every single person needs food each day and has a right to

it; and second, it is hugely dependent on nature. These two unique aspects,

one political, the other natural, make food production highly vulnerable and

different from any other business. At the same time, cultural values are

highly entrenched in food and agricultural systems worldwide.

B Farmers everywhere face major risks, including extreme weather, long-term climate change, and price volatility in input and product markets.

However, smallholder farmers in developing countries must in addition deal

with adverse environments, both natural, in terms of soil quality, rainfall,

etc., and human, in terms of infrastructure, financial systems, markets,

knowledge and technology. Counter-intuitively, hunger is prevalent among many

smallholder farmers in the developing world.

C Participants in the online debate argued that our biggest challenge is

to address the underlying causes of the agricultural system’s inability to

ensure sufficient food for all, and they identified as drivers of this problem

our dependency on fossil fuels and unsupportive government policies.

D On the question of mitigating the risks farmers face, most essayists

called for greater state intervention. In his essay, Kanayo F. Nwanze,

President of the International Fund for Agricultural Development, argued that

governments can significantly reduce risks for farmers by providing basic

services like roads to get produce more efficiently to markets, or water and

food storage facilities to reduce losses. Sophia Murphy, senior advisor to the

Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, suggested that the procurement and

holding of stocks by governments can also help mitigate wild swings in food

prices by alleviating uncertainties about market supply.

_he personal names in the text refer to the authors of written

contributions to the online debate.

E Shenggen Fan, Director General of the International Food Policy Research

Institute, held up social safety nets and public welfare programmes in

Ethiopia, Brazil and Mexico as valuable ways to address poverty among farming

families and reduce their vulnerability to agriculture shocks. However, some

commentators responded that cash transfers to poor families do not necessarily

translate into increased food security, as these programmes do not always

strengthen food production or raise incomes. Regarding state subsidies for

agriculture, Rokeya Kabir, Executive Director of Bangladesh Nari Progati

Sangha, commented in her essay that these ‘have not compensated for the

stranglehold exercised by private traders. In fact, studies show that sixty

percent of beneficiaries of subsidies are not poor, but rich landowners and

non-farmer traders.’

F Nwanze, Murphy and Fan argued that private risk management tools, like

private insurance, commodity futures markets, and rural finance can help

small-scale producers mitigate risk and allow for investment in improvements.

Kabir warned that financial support schemes often encourage the adoption of

high-input agricultural practices, which in the medium term may raise

production costs beyond the value of their harvests. Murphy noted that when

futures markets become excessively financialised they can contribute to short-term price volatility, which increases farmers’ food insecurity. Many

participants and commentators emphasised that greater transparency in markets

is needed to mitigate the impact of volatility, and make evident whether

adequate stocks and supplies are available. Others contended that agribusiness

companies should be held responsible for paying for negative side effects.

G Many essayists mentioned climate change and its consequences for small-scale agriculture. Fan explained that ‘in addition to reducing crop yields,

climate change increases the magnitude and the frequency of extreme weather

events, which increase smallholder vulnerability.’ The growing

unpredictability of weather patterns increases farmers’ difficulty in

managing weather-related risks. According to this author, one solution would

be to develop crop varieties that are more resilient to new climate trends and

extreme weather patterns. Accordingly, Pat Mooney, co-founder and executive

director of the ETC Group, suggested that ‘if we are to survive climate

change, we must adopt policies that let peasants diversify the plant and

animal species and varieties/breeds that make up our menus.’

H Some participating authors and commentators argued in favour of

community- based and autonomous risk management strategies through collective

action groups, co-operatives or producers’ groups. Such groups enhance market

opportunities for small-scale producers, reduce marketing costs and

synchronise buying and selling with seasonal price conditions. According to

Murphy, ‘collective action offers an important way for farmers to strengthen

their political and economic bargaining power, and to reduce their business

risks.’ One commentator, Giel Ton, warned that collective action does not

come as a free good. It takes time, effort and money to organise, build trust

and to experiment. Others, like Marcel Vernooij and Marcel Beukeboom,

suggested that in order to ‘apply what we already know’, all stakeholders,

including business, government, scientists and civil society, must work

together, starting at the beginning of the value chain.

I Some participants explained that market price volatility is often

worsened by the presence of intermediary purchasers who, taking advantage of

farmers’ vulnerability, dictate prices. One commentator suggested farmers can

gain greater control over prices and minimise price volatility by selling

directly to consumers. Similarly, Sonali Bisht, founder and advisor to the

Institute of Himalayan Environmental Research and Education (INHERE), India,

wrote that community-supported agriculture, where consumers invest in local

farmers by subscription and guarantee producers a fair price, is a risk-sharing model worth more attention. Direct food distribution systems not only

encourage small-scale agriculture but also give consumers more control over

the food they consume, she wrote.

List of People

A Kanayo F. Nwanze

B Sophia Murphy

C Shenggen Fan

D Rokeya Kabir

E Pat Mooney

F Giel Ton

G Sonali Bisht

Questions 10 and 11

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Write the correct letters in boxes 10 and 11 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO problems are mentioned which affect farmers with small farms in

developing countries?

A lack of demand for locally produced food

B lack of irrigation programmes

C being unable to get insurance

D the effects of changing weather patterns

E having to sell their goods to intermediary buyers

Questions 12 and 13

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Write the correct letters in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO actions are recommended for improving conditions for farmers?

A reducing the size of food stocks

B attempting to ensure that prices rise at certain times of the year

C organising co-operation between a wide range of interested parties

D encouraging consumers to take a financial stake in farming

E making customers aware of the reasons for changing food prices

Question 1

答案：A

关键词：food production

定位原文：A段第一行：“Two things distinguish food production from all

other productive activities: first…”

解题思路：A段提到了食品生产与其他生产活动有两点不同，第一每个人每天都需要食物并且有权享有食物，第二食品生产很大程度上依靠自然。所以A段提到了仅适用于食品生产的特征。

Question 2

答案：B

关键词：farmers in certain parts of the world

定位原文：B段前两句：“Farmers everywhere face major risks… However,

smallholder farmers in developing countries must in addition deal with adverse

environments, both natural… ”

解题思路：B段一结尾就提及全球的农民都会碰到极端天气、长期气候变化及价格波动这些问题，后面又提及发展中国家的小农又必须额外处置一些问题，包含自然问题及人为问题。题目中的certain parts of the world对应文中的developing countries。

Question 12&13

答案：CD

关键词：improving conditions for farmers

定位原文：H段第一句：“… in favour of community-based and autonomous risk

management strategies through collective action groups, co-operatives or

producers’ groups…” H段第三句：“collective action offers an important way

for farmers to strengthen their political and economic bargaining power, and

to reduce their business risks.”I段第三句：“community-supported agriculture,

where consumers invest in local farmers by subscription and guarantee

producers a fair price, is a risk-sharing model worth more attention”

解题思路：H段第一句提到很多作者及评论员都支持集体形式的自治风险管理策略，建立集体行动小组、合作企业或者生产商小组，H段第三句提到Murphy的观点，即这种集体行动能让农民增强他们在政治和经济上的交涉能力，并且削减他们的市场风险，与C选项对应。I段第三句提到在社区支持的农业中，顾客通过认购的方式投资当地农民，能保证比较合理的价格，这种形式分散了风险，值得更多关注，对应D选项。

雅思写作常用八大题型搞题技巧

1、identify the writer’s overall purpose, target audience, sources etc.

识别作者的文学创作目的，目标读者，和文章来源这种写作技能须要学生从文章的结构、内容、用词通篇考量。往往对应的就是文章最后的一道选择题。一般说来，雅思阅读

文章的文学创作目的通常就是了解某个社会现象，目标读者通常都就是普通的具备一定心智能力的非专业性读者，文章都源自一些略偏学术化的杂志和书籍。但具体内容的文学创作目的目标读者和文章来源必须具体分析了。那么同学们平时念一些文章的时候就不由自主地问问自己作者为什么写下这篇文章，作者期望什么样的人拼读这样的文章等等这样的问题，其实问这些问题既就是记住一篇文章的手段也就是目的。如果读了一篇文章还无法提问这样的问题证明可能将有些地方的确没有记住。

2、identify and follow key arguments in a text

辨识并记住文章中的主要阐释观点这种写作技能就是所指从整体回去把握住一篇文章的结构，并对适当的关键的文章观点展开萃取认知的能力。雅思的阅读文章比较学术性，所以相对与其他的文体而言结构其实就是比较难把握住的。但还是须要经过真题文章的仔细分析体会回去自学英文议论说明性文字的结构特点，尤其特别注意体会区别出来作者自己的观点和别人的观点，以及先负后正的读法。

3、identify opinions and attitudes as opposed to facts

区分事实与观点态度能区分文章中的内容就是观点态度或者就是事实就是一个阅读者必须具有的基本技能。如果写作的时候不分青红皂白都指出就是事实，我们就缺位了对文章信息的判断能力，写作将可能将就是极其纷乱的。人们不只在写作外语文章的时候会犯这种错误。那么在文章中如果发生一些相似则表示观点态度的词(比如说maintain, argue)必须特别注意，这些词后面发生的必须就是观点和态度。观点和态度就是主观的，无法被证明的。但如果就是这样的抒发：evidence show, experiment suggest后面跟的就必须就是事实，可以被证明的。

4、locate specific information

定位细节信息雅思写作存有一种比较容易的题型which paragraph contains the

following information实地考察的就是定位细节信息的能力。这种能力就是实地考察学生能够无法在海量的信息里出你最想要打听的信息然后展开写作的能力。这反应了国外大学写作量非常大的建议。学生不可能将每个字都念，得具有这种出最有价值的一点然后再展开有关写作的能力。平时训练这种scanning的写作技能。当然如果对全文结构不搞一个skimming也就是大致介绍文章结构而大致晓得在哪几段中寻，这种任务基本上就是不可能将顺利完成的。这也反应了读书的一个基本步骤，领到一本书我们必须先看看目录，晓得书的大致结构再由此在最为有关的段落中寻写作兴趣点。因此这种题型须要skimming+scanning两种写作技能的融合就可以精确快速地解题。

5、extract relevant information

摘有关信息当定位至最有关的句子之后，雅思写作考试就是期望学生能够精细写作并摘出来有关的信息答案的。而不是像是那种不须要念原文就能够求出答案。那么平时大家也必须展开适当的四书训练，把一些平时难以记住的句子认真通过各种方法真正记住其意

思。当然写作的时候必须带着问题回去存有针对性的写作，追踪我们想要通过写作得出结论的最为有关的信息。这些写作技能对应的就是雅思绝大部分的细节题：包含填空题，表格题，句子顺利完成题。

6、recognise key points for a summary

识别概述里面的关键点这两种写作技能在一定程度上都建议同学们能够在写作的时候区分出来主旨和细节，以及主旨里面最核心的关键点。这两种写作技能往往对应的就是heading题和summary题。必须晓得往往一篇文章其实都可以用几句话甚至就是几个词去归纳，那么平时同学们在写作时一定必须随时问自己一个问题：这段话可以用哪一句话归纳，这一句话中最重要的一个单词就是什么?其他的信息和这个核心句或核心词之间的关系就是怎样的?细节和主旨，关键点和其他细节点之间的联系和区别在哪里?如果能够提问这几个问题，这个写作技能你也必须掌控了。但其实掌控了某种写作技能就意味著你在写作时必须随时采用这种技能，技能不当作应用领域又存有什么意义呢?

7、group pieces of information in a text in accordance with salient

criteria

根据显著的标准对文章中的信息展开归类这种写作技能充分反映在题型上就是分类题或者就是接合题。作者在阐释过程中的很多信息其实就是存有内在关联的，文章之所以就是一个整体就是因为这种关联性。在写作过程当中必须随时问问自己句子之间的关系就是什么，信息和信息之间的关系就是什么，作者就是按照一个什么样的逻辑顺序去进行他的文章的。只有这样你就可以真正窥见那么多纷繁复杂的信息之间的关系并为它们展开归类。其实这和上时文中提及的很多写作技能一样，既就是有效率写作的手段，也就是检验你与否有效率写作的工具。

8、extract information from a prose text to put into a diagrammatic

representation

从文章中摘有关的信息插入图表图表在雅思听力，写作，文学创作中都会发生。而采用图表去一幕所志地抒发有关的文字信息或者用文字信息简约地则表示出来图表也就是一种非常关键的工作自学技能。因此同学们平时在写作时候遇到具有图表的文字必须留心图表和文字之间的对应关系。

雅思阅读应试技巧及方法

技巧互动

首先考生要明白，雅思阅读考试考察的阅读理解能力和阅读技巧，而不是你能否看懂文章。建议考生多做阅读速读训练，也就是学会扫读和略读。扫读就是根据关键词，定位到相关语段，迅速寻答案，略读适合应用在雅思阅读题型中的段落标记题，略读能更好的抓住文章的中心句段及关键信息。

文章难易度预判

雅思阅读文章是有难易度的，考生要根据文章难易度合理安排做题时间，本身时间就很紧张，第一篇文章预留10-12分钟，第二篇和第三篇文章难度大预留20分钟，留下5分钟检查答案，基本就差不多了。建议考生在模考时进行计时，精确到每一篇文章的做题时间，先易后难提升做题效率，难题后做，难度大的文章后做。

具体步骤如下：

阅读文章前先扫读题目，根据题型及关键词进行扫读和略读。特征性强的题目先做，遇到需要同义替换或细节题，可放到最后做。按照题目顺序做题，如遇到信息匹配题等乱序题，则考虑放到最后做。

审题重要性

审题是最为关键的，做好审题包括：题型分析、关键词划分、题目意图分析等。根据题型分析，考生可选择做题顺序;而划分关键词则能帮助考生尽快定位文章答案范围;做好题目意图分析也就是掌握文章大意。

雅思写作临场经验之适度权衡

考试过程中难免会遇到难题，生词和不确定的答案，考生不要过度纠结在题目上，遵循一个原则，能拿到的分一个不能少，难拿的分数尽量拿。不要在个别题目上停留太久，捡了芝麻丢了西瓜。