2010年考研英语二真题汇总+阅读中文翻译

The outbreak of swine flu that was first deteccted in Mexico was declared a global

epidemic on june 11,2009. It is the first wotldwide cpidemic__1__by the World Health

Organization in41years.

The heightened alert __2__an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that

assembled after a sharp pise in cases in rising __3__in

Britain ,japan,Chile and elsewhere.

Bur the epiemic is “__4__”in severity. According to Margaret Chan. The

organization’s director general,__5__the overwhelming majorty of patients

experiencing only mild symptoms and full recovery. Often in the__6__of any medical

treatment.

The ourbreak came to gobal__7__in lafe Mexican authorities noted

an unusually latge number of hospitalizations and deaths__8__ healthy adults. As

much ofMexico City Shut down at the height of a panic,cases began to__9__in New York

southwestem United States and atound the world.

In the United States, new cases seemed to fade__10__warmer weather

in late September 2009,officials reported there was__11__flu activity in almost

every state and that virtually all the__12__tested are the new swine flu. Also known

as(A)H1N1,not seasonal the U.S.,It has__13__more than one million people,and

caused mone than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.

Federal health officials ___14___ Tamiflu for children from the national

stockpile and began __15__ orders from the atates for the new swine flu

new vaccine,which is different from the annual flu vaccine,is__16__ ahead of

than three million doses were to be made available in early October

2009,though most of those __17__doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type,which

is not __18__ for pregnant women,people over 50 or those with breathing

difficulties,heart disease or several other__19__.But it was still possible to

vaccinate people in other high-risk groups;health care workers,people __20__infants

and healthy young people.

1.[A]criticized[B]appointed[C]commented[D]designated

2.[A]proceeded[B]activated[C]followed[D]prompted

3.[A]digits [B]numbers [C]amounts [D]sums

4.[A]Moderatre [B]normal [C]unusual [D]extreme

5.[A]With [B]in [C]from [D]by

6.[A]Progress [B]absence [C]presence [D]favor

7.[A]Reality [B]phenomenon [C]cincept [D]notice

8.[A]Over [B]for [C]among [D]to

9.[A]stay up [B]crop up [C]fill up [D]cover up

10.[A]as [B]if [C]unless [D]until

11.[A]excessive [B]enormous [C]significant [D]magnificent

12.[A]categories [B]examples [C]patterns [D]samples

13.[A]imparted [B]immersed [C]injected [D]infected

14.[A]released [B]relayed [C]relieved[D]remained

15.[A]placing [B]delivering [C]taking [D]giving

16.[A]feasible [B]available [C]reliable [D]applicable

17.[A]prevalent [B]principal [C]innovative [D]initial

18.[A]presented [B]restricted [C]recommended [D]introduced

19.[A]problems [B]issues [C]agonies [D]sufferings

20.[A]involved in [B]caring for [C]concerned with[D]warding off

Text1

The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note

with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”, at

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Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008 (see picture). All but two pieces sold,

fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last hurrah.

As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,

Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.

The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising

vertiginously since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons

Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm-double the figure five

years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market

generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,

enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other

industries.

In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort

became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks

coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many

art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from

galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the

most overheated sector-for Chinese contemporary art-they were down by nearly 90%

in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses,

Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients

who had placed works for sale with them.

The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped

buying Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious

contraction in the market since the second world war. This time experts reckon that

prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more

volatile. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty

confident we’re at the bottom.”

What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still

buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high,

there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues

in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost

everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem

at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three

Ds-death, debt and divorce-still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who

does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.

the first paragraph,Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last

victory”because ____.

art market hadwitnessed a succession of victoryies

auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids

ful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces

was successfully made just before the world financial crisis

saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line

1-2,Para.3),the author suggests that_____ .

A . collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions

B .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries

collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent

D .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying

of the following statements is NOT ture?

A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007to 2008.

art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.

market generally went downward in various ways.

art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.

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three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____

n houses ' favorites

porary trends

s promoting artwork circulation

representing impressionists

most appropriate title for this text could be ___

ation of Art Prices

-to-date Art Auctions

Market in Decline

d Interest in Arts

Text2

I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room -- a women's

group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been

particularly talkative frequently offering ideas and anecdotes while his wife sat

silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that

women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly

concurred. He gestured toward his wife and said "She's the talker in our family."

The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true" he

explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep

the conversation going we'd spend the whole evening in silence."

This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more

than women in public situations they often talk less at home. And this pattern is

wreaking havoc with marriage.

The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late '70s.

Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that

most of the women she interviewed -- but only a few of the men -- gave lack of

communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of

nearly 50 percent that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year

-- a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.

In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused

not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to

accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support

work like cleaning cooking social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused

on communication: "He doesn't listen to me" "He doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker

observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost

conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.

In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical

cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in

front of his face while a woman glares at the back of it wanting to talk.

is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?

g to them.

ng them.

ting their careers.

D. Shsring housework.

g from the context ,the phrase “wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most

probably means ___ .

A generating motivation.

ng influence

g damage

Dcreating pressure

of the following are true EXCEPT_______

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tend to talk more in public tan women

50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation

attach much importance to communication between couples

Da female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse

of the following can best summarize the mian idea of this text ?

moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists .

ge break_up stems from sex inequalities.

d and wofe have different expectations from their marriage.

sational patterns between man and wife are different.

the following part immediately after this text,the author will most

probably focus

on ______

A.a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk

B.a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon

possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.

D a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker

Txet3

over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic

behaviors - habits - among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn

billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost

without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.

“There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap,

that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,”

Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new

behaviors that happen automatically.”

The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to - Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive

and Unilever - had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues

in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.

If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every

day - chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water

purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric

softeners, vitamins - are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people

regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny

advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly

whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of

the other brands.

A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage

companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers

unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by

adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth

cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning

beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.

“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said

Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble,

the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year.

“Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and

it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”

Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have

learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through

relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have

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erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or

unhealthy foods.

ing to ,habits like hand washing with soap________.

[A] should be further cultivated

[B] should be changed gradually

[C] are deepiy rooted in history

[D] are basically private concerns

d water,chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph

5 so as to____

[A] reveal their impact on people’habits

[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities

[C]indicate their effect on people’buying power

[D]manifest the significant role of good habits

of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?

[A]Tide

[B]Crest

[C]Colgate

[D]Unilver

the text wekonw that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to

_____

[A]perfected art of products

[B]automatic behavior creation

[C]commercial promotions

[D]scientific experiments

author’sattitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s

habits is____

[A]indifferent

[B]negative

[C]positive

[D]biased

Text4

Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial

democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal

qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that

jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the

community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account

of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial

by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community

and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving

example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy,

citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to

govern for them.

But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these

democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons

of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the

Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination

in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of strauder v. West Virginia,the practice

of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around

this and other antidiscrimination laws.

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The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th

century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898,it was not until

the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then

several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personlly

asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified

by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative

of women through the 1960s.

In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service

Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the law abolished

special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected

at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision

Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be

representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision

also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and

ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.

the principles of theUS jury system,welearn that ______

[A]both litcrate and illiterate people can serve on juries

[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers

[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service

[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public

practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____

[A]the inadcquavy of antidiscrimination laws

[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races

[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures

in the 1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states

because_____

[A]they were automatically banned by state laws

[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications

[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties

[D]they tended to evade public engagement

the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___

[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be

abolished

[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors

[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community

[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system

discussing the US jury system,the text centers on_______

[A]its nature and problems

[B]its characteristics and tradition

[C]its problems and their solutions

[D]its tradition and development

新题型Copying Birds May Save Aircraft Fuel

Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft.

The 787 and 350 respectively . Their clever designs and lightweight composites

certainly make a difference . But a group of researchers at Stanford University ,

led by Ilan Kroo , has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach

to cutting jet-fuel use and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.

The answer, says Dr Kroo , lies with birds . Since 1914, scientists have known

that birds flying in formation-a V-shape-expend less energy. The air flowing over

a bird’s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips . a phenomenon known as upwash.

Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy

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propelling themselves . Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at

Caltech and the University of Southern California ,has suggested that a formation

of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.

When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different . Dr

Kroo and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from

Los Angeles, San Francisco and I as Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an

inverted V-formation occasionally change places so all could have a turn in the most

favourable positions , and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed

as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output).

Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around

a quarter.

There are , of course , knots to be worked out . One consideration is safety ,

or at least the perception of it . Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in

companion? Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several

nautical miles , and would not be in the intimate groupings favoured by display teams

like the Red Arrows , A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the

other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy

air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the

International Civil Aviation Organisation has included the possibility of formation

flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.

It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make

formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes’ wakes

will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one of

the areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to

co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that

would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might

be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flight.

As it happens, America’s armed forces are on the on case already. Earlier this

year the country’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to

pay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin .

There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low

on fuel during the Second World War ,but Dr Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated.

“My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over

Berlin,”he adds. So he should know.

判正误：41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the

sales of new Boeing and Airbus aircraft.

42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing

resistance.

43. Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other

plans.

44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly

defined.

45. It has been documented that during World War Ⅱ, America’s armed forces

once tried formation flight to save fuel.

翻译：“Suatainability” has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the

concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of

unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented

values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.

Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a

Boulder agency.

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It didin’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,”

says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales.

“I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the

night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said,

‘Just wait, you’ll trun the corner, give it some time.’”

Text1

一个世纪的艺术市场历史上持续时间最长的牛市结束了上一个戏剧性的出售56达明•赫斯特的作品《我脑海中的永恒美丽》,2008年9月15日在伦敦苏富比(见图)。除了两块出售,获取超过￡70,由一个艺术家的销售记录。这是一个最后的努力。随着拍卖商大声地喊出报价,在纽约华尔街最古老的银行之一,雷曼兄弟(Lehman Brothers)申请破产。

世界艺术品市场已经失去动力从2003年的快速发展之后。在它鼎盛时在2007年价值650亿美元,艺术经济学的创始人Clare McAndrew估计,研究firm-double图五年前。自那以后,可能会下降到500亿美元。但市场产生兴趣远远超出它的大小,因为它汇集了大量财富,巨大的自负、贪婪、激情和争议的方式,一些其他行业。

在接下来的几周和几个月,赫斯特先生的销售,任何形式的开销都显得非常冷门,特别是在纽约,银行的纾困恰逢数以千计的工作岗位的损失许多艺术投资者和金融的灭亡。在艺术世界中这意味着收藏家远离了画廊和销售店。当代艺术的销售下降了三分之二,在最过热的中国当代art-they下降了近90%,2008年11月。在几周内,世界最大的两家拍卖行苏富比和佳士得,不得不支付近200美元担保客户曾与他们进行销售。

当前低迷的艺术品市场是日本停止购买印象派作品以来最严重的1989年底,此举开始以来最严重的萎缩的市场第二次世界大战。专家认为,这次价格约40%平均峰值,虽然有些已经更不稳定。但爱德华•杜尔曼佳士得首席执行官,说:“我很有信心我们底部。”

这个衰退与过去不同,他说,市场仍有买家,而在1990年代早期,当利率很高,没有需求尽管许多收藏家想卖掉。佳士得在2009年上半年的收入仍高于2006年上半年。几乎每个人都接受了这个特别报道说,目前最大的问题不是缺乏需求,而是缺乏良好的销售工作。三维技术的死亡,债务和分离提供艺术品市场。但是谁没有出售远离着,等待返回的信心。

Text2

我解决一个小型聚会在弗吉尼亚郊区的一个客厅,一个妇女组织,邀请男性加入他们的行列。经常在晚上一个人一直特别健谈提供想法和轶事,而他的妻子在沙发上静静地坐他旁边。到年底时,晚上我评论说,女人经常抱怨丈夫不说话。这个人很快也同意他的说法。他指了指他的妻子说:“她在我们家的说话。“房间里哄堂大笑,男人看上去很困惑和伤害。“这是真的”他解释道。“当我下班回家我没什么可说的。如果她不让对话我们花整个晚上沉默。”

这一集结晶具有讽刺意味的,尽管美国男性比女性更倾向于谈论在公开场合他们经常在家少说。这种模式是对婚姻造成破坏。

政治学家安德鲁所观察到的模式是在70年代末的黑客。社会学家凯瑟琳科勒Riessman报道她的新书“离婚”,大多数的女性她采访,但只有少数的男人——给缺乏沟通作为他们离婚的原因。鉴于目前离婚率近50%,相当于每年数以百万计的情况下在美国——一个虚拟流行病失败的对话。

在我自己的研究女性对丈夫的抱怨通常不关注有形的不公平现象,如有放弃职业生涯的机会陪丈夫去他或做远远超过他们分享日常生命维持的工作如清洁烹饪社会安排和差事。相反,他们专注于交流:“他不听我的”“他不跟我说话。“我发现黑客发现几年前,大多数妻子希望她们的丈夫首先对话伙伴但很少丈夫分享这期望他们的妻子。

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简而言之的形象最能代表当前危机的典型卡通场景一个男人坐在早餐桌上的报纸举起在他面前一个女人瞪着它想要说话。

Txet3

在过去的十年中,许多公司有完善的艺术创造自动行为——习惯——消费者。这些习惯帮助公司赚取数十亿美元当顾客吃零食,应用乳液和擦柜台几乎没有思考,经常以应对日常线索的一套精心设计的。

“有基本的公共卫生问题,喜欢用肥皂洗手,保持杀手只因为我们不能出如何改变人们的习惯,”柯蒂斯博士说。“我们想从私营企业如何创建新的自动发生的行为。”

柯蒂斯博士的公司转向宝洁,高露洁和联合利华——投资数亿美元到微妙的线索在消费者的生活中,企业可以利用引入新例程。

如果你足够努力的话,你会发现许多我们每天使用的产品,嚼口香糖,皮肤保湿霜,消毒湿巾,空气清新剂,净水器,健康零食,止汗剂、古龙水、牙齿美白产品,柔顺剂、维生素——制造习惯的结果。一个世纪以前,一些人经常刷牙一天多次。今天,因为精明的广告和公共卫生活动,许多美国人习惯性地给他们的珍珠,cavity-preventing擦洗一天两次,经常与高露洁、佳洁士或其他品牌之一。

几十年前,许多人不喝水以外的一顿饭。然后饮料公司开始装瓶生产的遥远的泉水,现在上班族不假思索地整天喝瓶装水。口香糖,一旦主要由青春期男孩买了,现在出现在商业广告作为呼吸清新剂和牙齿清洁剂饭后使用。皮肤保湿霜广告作为早晨的美容仪式的一部分,滑倒在头发刷牙和化妆。

“我们的产品成功当他们成为每日或每周的模式的一部分,”卡罗尔伯宁说,消费者心理学家从宝洁(Procter & Gamble)最近退休的,潮流的公司出售760亿美元,去年峰值和其他产品。“创建积极的习惯是一个巨大的一部分,提高消费者的生活,要让新产品在商业上可行。”

通过实验和观察,社会科学家像伯宁博士已经得知有权力把某些行为和习惯性的线索通过无情的广告。这个习惯的新的科学已经出现,争议爆发时的策略被用来出售可疑美容面霜或者不健康的食物。

Text4

许多美国人认为陪审团制度是一个具体的表达至关重要的民主价值观,包括所有公民的原则满足最低资格的年龄和文化也同样主管陪审团服务;陪审员应该选择随机从社区的代表截面;,不应该剥夺公民权利在担任陪审员的种族、宗教、性别、或国籍,同龄人,被告有权审判;,判决应该不仅仅代表社会的良心和法律条文。陪审团也被认为是最好的生存直接而不是代议制民主的例子。在一个直接民主,公民轮流管理自己,而不是为他们选出一名代表来管理。

但早在1986年,陪审团选择程序与这些民主理念冲突。在一些州,例如,陪审员的义务仅限于人的所谓优越的智力,教育和品德。虽然美国的最高法院禁止种族歧视故意挑选陪审团成员早在1880 strauder诉西弗吉尼亚州,选择所谓的精英或第一流的陪审团的实践提供了一个方便的方式解决这个问题和其他反歧视法。

系统也未能经常包括女性陪审团,直到20世纪中叶。尽管女性在1898年第一次在犹他州州陪审团,直到1940年代,大多数州女性陪审员资格。即使是这样几个州自动免除女性陪审员的义务,除非他们personlly要求他们的名字列入陪审团列表。这种做法是合理的要求,女性需要在家里,和它使陪审团不具备代表性的女性通过1960年代。

资料

1968年,美国国会通过了陪审团的选择和服务行为,引领一个新时代的民主改革陪审团。该法废除联邦陪审员和特殊教育要求要求他们随机选择从整个社区的横截面。泰勒在1975年具有里程碑意义的决定诉路易斯安那州最高法院延长的要求陪审团代表社区的所有部分国家的水平。泰勒决定也宣布在挑选陪审团成员性别歧视违宪,命令国家使用相同的程序选择男性和女性陪审员。

新题型：波音和空客都在吹嘘他们的最新的飞机的效率。787年和350年分别。巧妙的设计和轻质的材料肯定有所不同。但是斯坦福大学的一个研究小组,由伊兰▪克鲁领导提出,飞机的飞行路线可以改用更具仿生效应的路径来节省燃油,它并不需要购买新的飞机。

克鲁教授说,答案在于鸟。自1914年以来,科学家们从中得知,鸟类在飞行的时候排成V-shape-expend能量。空气流动对一只鸟的翅膀后面弯曲向上。这种现象称为升流。其他鸟类飞翔在升流经验减少阻力,和花费更少的能源推动自己。航空专家彼得•Lissaman曾在加州理工学院和南加州大学的,认为由25只鸟组成的队伍会将飞行距离增加71%。

当应用于飞机,原理也相差无几。克鲁教授和他的团队建模将会发生什么如果三客机离开洛杉矶,旧金山和我在拉斯维加斯是组装在犹他州,采用反v字形状偶尔改变一下位置以便所有飞机轮流利用最有利位置,最后飞到伦敦。他们发现飞机减少燃料消耗高达15%(加上一个的二氧化碳排放。氮氧化合物的排放量在巡航飞行的部分下降了四分之一。

当然,结了。要考虑安全问题,或至少是它的感知。在同伴旅行乘客感觉舒适吗?克鲁教授指出,这架飞机可能是相隔几海里,和亲密的分组不会像红的箭头,一名乘客凝视窗外甚至可能不会看到其他飞机。分离距离是否满足空中交通管制法规是另一回事,尽管国际民航组织的一个工作组包括编队飞行的可能性在一个新的操作指南的蓝图。

还有待观察天气状况如何对气流的影响,这会关系到编队飞行的效率。在增加湍流区,飞机尾部的气流会消失更快,效果就会消失。克鲁教授说,这是他的团队区域之一将进一步调查。航空公司也有可能难以协调的客机起飞时间和目的地的方式会让他们获得编队飞行。货运飞机,相比之下,可能更容易安排,因为可能常规军事飞行。

凑巧的是,美国的武装力量已经在上例。今年早些时候,美国国防部高级研究计划局宣布计划支付波音调查编队飞行,虽然该项目尚未开始。有报道称,一些军用飞机飞行时形成低燃料第二次世界大战期间,但是Lissaman博士说他们是未经证实的。“我父亲是皇家空军飞行员,我的堂兄船长在柏林坠毁的兰喀斯特式飞机,”他补充道。所以他应该知道。

翻译：“Suatainability”已经成为热门的词,但对Ted Ning,总有个人意义的概念。apainful时期经历了不可持续性的自己的生命让他itclear,sustainability-oriented值必须表示虽然每天的行动和选择。

宁回忆aconfusing年支出在1990年代末销售保险。他虽然和破裂,互联网泡沫破裂的时候,渴望ajob,博尔德机构签约。

它既不顺利。“这是一个真正有举措,因为那不是我的激情,“宁说的困境的翻译工作,可以预见的是,缺乏销售。“当时我很痛苦,我有那么多的焦虑,我会在半夜醒来,盯着天花板。我没有钱,需要这份工作。每个人都说,‘等等,你将紫角落,给它一些时间。”

资料

考研专业课：论述题答题技巧

▶解析

论述题在考研专业课中属于中等偏上难度的题目，考察对学科整体的把握和对知识点的灵活运用，进而运用理论知识来解决现实的问题。但是，如果我们能够洞悉论述题的本质，其实回答起来还是非常简单的。

论述题，从本质上看，是考察队多个知识点的综合运用能力。因此，这就要求我们必须对课本的整体框架和参考书的作者的写书的内部逻辑。这一点是我们育明考研专业课讲授的重点，特别是对于跨专业的考生来说，要做到这一点，难度非常大。

▶答题攻略：论述题三步走答题法

是什么--为什么--怎么样

1.论述题中重要的核心概念，要阐释清楚;论述题中重要的理论要点要罗列到位。这些是可以在书本上直接到的，是得分点，也是进一步分析的理论基点。

2.要分析目前所存在问题出现的原因。这个部分，基本可以通过对课本中所涉及的问题进行总结而成。

3.提出自己合理化的建议。

▶答题示范

例如：结合治理理论，谈谈我们政府改革。

1.阐释"治理"的定义，然后分段阐释"治理理论的核心主张，包括理论主张和政策主张"。

2.分析目前"政府改革"中存在的问题及其原因。

资料

3.结合治理理论的理论和政策主张，并结合相关的一些理论提出自己的改革措施。我们育明考研经过长期摸索，总结了一套考研专业课答题模板。

▶危机应对

万一遇到自己没有碰到的问题，特别是没有关注到的热点问题怎么办呢?其实，论述题虽然是考察考生运用知识点分析问题的能力，其核心还是在于课本知识，在于理论。因此在回答的时候一定要紧扣理论不放松。

▶温馨提示

1.回答的视角要广，不要拘泥于一两个点。

2.在回答论述题的时候一定要有条理性，但是条数不宜过多，在5-8条为主。字数在1500左右。用时为25-30分钟。

2018考研专业课：简答题答题技巧

▶解析

简答题一般来说位于试题的第二部分，基本考察对某些重要问题的掌握程度。难度中等偏低。这就要求考生在复习的时候要把课本重要问题梳理清楚，要比较扎实的记忆。一般来说书本看到5遍以上可以达到记忆的效果。当然，记忆也要讲究方法。

▶考研答题攻略：简答题定义框架答题法

定义--》框架--》总结

第一，先把简答题题干中涉及到的最重要的1-2个名词进行阐述，类似于"名词解释"。很多人省略了这一点，无意中丢失了很多的分数。

第二，按照要求，搭建框架进行回答。回答要点一般3-5点。

第三，进行简单的总结。

▶简答题答题示范

资料

例如：简析绩效管理和绩效考评的区别和联系。

1."绩效管理"和"绩效考评"的定义。

2.区别

3.联系

4.总结

▶危机应对

当遇到自己没有见过，或者复习时遗漏的死角。这个时候不要惊慌。只要你平时认真复习了，基本你不会的，别人也基本如此。首先要有这个自信。其次，无限的向课本靠拢，将相关的你能够想到的内容，有条理的全部列出来，把困难抛给改卷老师。

▶温馨提示

第一，在回答简答题的时候，一定要有头有尾，换言之，必须要进行核心名词含义的阐释。

第二，在回答的时候字数一般在800-1000为佳，时间为15-20分钟。

2018考研专业课：名词解释答题技巧

总分总结构

一般来说，把一个名词解释清楚，你需要用到"总分总"结构：开头第一句话开门见山，对这一名词给出一句概括性解释，截止了当地告诉阅卷老师，这是一个"什么东西";然后对这个名词展开具体论述，往往是根据教材提供的内容来，可能涉及的方面有时间、背景、内容、特点、性质、原因等，具体情况需具体分析;最后要有概括提升的结尾句，一般涉及该名字的意义、价值、影响等，既算是一个总结，也算是一种拔高。这三部分，完整连贯，缺一不可。

▶5~6分钟，150~200字

正如前文所述，名词解释考查对基础知识的掌握能力，不同于论述和分析，无需长篇大论。根据测算，一般一个名词解释用时5~6分钟，篇幅150~200字最为合适。利用上文所提到资料

的总分总结构，一段答下来即可，无需再分段。这样做的目的一方面是合理规划考场上的精力和时间，另一方面，名词解释考查的就是考生的概括能力，以简洁为上，答得事无巨细、洋洋洒洒、长篇大论，反而违背了设置这一题型的初衷。

▶踩点给分

同所有的主观题一样，名词解释也是踩点给分的。一般来说，"总分总"结构的三段论基本能保证答题结构的完整，但在"分"的部分，要答的点比较多，可能会有遗漏，这就需要考生在复习过程中注意整理、全面记忆。此外，话语要简洁明了，每一句话都说得明确，说在点上，切忌模棱两可、重复啰嗦。

▶整理与积累

要想答好名词解释，除了掌握考场上技巧外，还需在平时复习过程中注意整理和积累。一般来说，容易出名词解释的考点都是比较好判断的：首先必须得是名词，动词或其他词不会拿来出题;其次都是重点，比如重要的人物、事件、作品、制度、原理、法规等;其次是有话可说的，如果一个词书上只是提了一提，并没有展开论述，一般不会考，因为"无话可说"。通过以上三个特征的判断，你基本能做到对本学科的名词解释心中有数，在平时复习过程中就有意识地积累，按照"总分总"的结构整理并记忆，到了考场上就会轻松许多。

答好名词解释，既是考场上拿分的关键，又是对基础知识的整理和记忆，是文科类考研专业课必过的一关。希望小伙伴们都能重视起来，把名词解释的分稳稳握在手里，专业课妥妥通关!

资料

考研专业课：论述题答题技巧

▶解析

论述题在考研专业课中属于中等偏上难度的题目，考察对学科整体的把握和对知识点的灵活运用，进而运用理论知识来解决现实的问题。但是，如果我们能够洞悉论述题的本质，其实回答起来还是非常简单的。

论述题，从本质上看，是考察队多个知识点的综合运用能力。因此，这就要求我们必须对课本的整体框架和参考书的作者的写书的内部逻辑。这一点是我们育明考研专业课讲授的重点，特别是对于跨专业的考生来说，要做到这一点，难度非常大。

▶答题攻略：论述题三步走答题法

是什么--为什么--怎么样

1.论述题中重要的核心概念，要阐释清楚;论述题中重要的理论要点要罗列到位。这些是可以在书本上直接到的，是得分点，也是进一步分析的理论基点。

2.要分析目前所存在问题出现的原因。这个部分，基本可以通过对课本中所涉及的问题进行总结而成。

3.提出自己合理化的建议。

▶答题示范

例如：结合治理理论，谈谈我们政府改革。

1.阐释"治理"的定义，然后分段阐释"治理理论的核心主张，包括理论主张和政策主张"。

2.分析目前"政府改革"中存在的问题及其原因。

资料

3.结合治理理论的理论和政策主张，并结合相关的一些理论提出自己的改革措施。我们育明考研经过长期摸索，总结了一套考研专业课答题模板。

▶危机应对

万一遇到自己没有碰到的问题，特别是没有关注到的热点问题怎么办呢?其实，论述题虽然是考察考生运用知识点分析问题的能力，其核心还是在于课本知识，在于理论。因此在回答的时候一定要紧扣理论不放松。

▶温馨提示

1.回答的视角要广，不要拘泥于一两个点。

2.在回答论述题的时候一定要有条理性，但是条数不宜过多，在5-8条为主。字数在1500左右。用时为25-30分钟。

2018考研专业课：简答题答题技巧

▶解析

简答题一般来说位于试题的第二部分，基本考察对某些重要问题的掌握程度。难度中等偏低。这就要求考生在复习的时候要把课本重要问题梳理清楚，要比较扎实的记忆。一般来说书本看到5遍以上可以达到记忆的效果。当然，记忆也要讲究方法。

▶考研答题攻略：简答题定义框架答题法

定义--》框架--》总结

第一，先把简答题题干中涉及到的最重要的1-2个名词进行阐述，类似于"名词解释"。很多人省略了这一点，无意中丢失了很多的分数。

第二，按照要求，搭建框架进行回答。回答要点一般3-5点。

第三，进行简单的总结。

▶简答题答题示范

资料

例如：简析绩效管理和绩效考评的区别和联系。

1."绩效管理"和"绩效考评"的定义。

2.区别

3.联系

4.总结

▶危机应对

当遇到自己没有见过，或者复习时遗漏的死角。这个时候不要惊慌。只要你平时认真复习了，基本你不会的，别人也基本如此。首先要有这个自信。其次，无限的向课本靠拢，将相关的你能够想到的内容，有条理的全部列出来，把困难抛给改卷老师。

▶温馨提示

第一，在回答简答题的时候，一定要有头有尾，换言之，必须要进行核心名词含义的阐释。

第二，在回答的时候字数一般在800-1000为佳，时间为15-20分钟。

2018考研专业课：名词解释答题技巧

总分总结构

一般来说，把一个名词解释清楚，你需要用到"总分总"结构：开头第一句话开门见山，对这一名词给出一句概括性解释，截止了当地告诉阅卷老师，这是一个"什么东西";然后对这个名词展开具体论述，往往是根据教材提供的内容来，可能涉及的方面有时间、背景、内容、特点、性质、原因等，具体情况需具体分析;最后要有概括提升的结尾句，一般涉及该名字的意义、价值、影响等，既算是一个总结，也算是一种拔高。这三部分，完整连贯，缺一不可。

▶5~6分钟，150~200字

正如前文所述，名词解释考查对基础知识的掌握能力，不同于论述和分析，无需长篇大论。根据测算，一般一个名词解释用时5~6分钟，篇幅150~200字最为合适。利用上文所提到资料

的总分总结构，一段答下来即可，无需再分段。这样做的目的一方面是合理规划考场上的精力和时间，另一方面，名词解释考查的就是考生的概括能力，以简洁为上，答得事无巨细、洋洋洒洒、长篇大论，反而违背了设置这一题型的初衷。

▶踩点给分

同所有的主观题一样，名词解释也是踩点给分的。一般来说，"总分总"结构的三段论基本能保证答题结构的完整，但在"分"的部分，要答的点比较多，可能会有遗漏，这就需要考生在复习过程中注意整理、全面记忆。此外，话语要简洁明了，每一句话都说得明确，说在点上，切忌模棱两可、重复啰嗦。

▶整理与积累

要想答好名词解释，除了掌握考场上技巧外，还需在平时复习过程中注意整理和积累。一般来说，容易出名词解释的考点都是比较好判断的：首先必须得是名词，动词或其他词不会拿来出题;其次都是重点，比如重要的人物、事件、作品、制度、原理、法规等;其次是有话可说的，如果一个词书上只是提了一提，并没有展开论述，一般不会考，因为"无话可说"。通过以上三个特征的判断，你基本能做到对本学科的名词解释心中有数，在平时复习过程中就有意识地积累，按照"总分总"的结构整理并记忆，到了考场上就会轻松许多。

答好名词解释，既是考场上拿分的关键，又是对基础知识的整理和记忆，是文科类考研专业课必过的一关。希望小伙伴们都能重视起来，把名词解释的分稳稳握在手里，专业课妥妥通关!

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