考研英语二真题答案超详解析

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2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语〔二〕试题答案与解析

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C

and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)

The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic

on June 11, 2021. It is the first worldwide epidemic_____1_____ by the World Health

Organization in 41 years.

The heightened alert _____2_____an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that

convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising_____3_____in Britain, Japan, Chile

and elsewhere.

But the epidemic is "_____4_____" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the

organization's director general, _____5_____ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing

only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the _____6_____ of any medical treatment.

The outbreak came to global_____7_____in late April 2021, when Mexican authorities noticed an

unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_____8_____healthy adults. As much of

Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to _____9_____in New York City, the

southwestern United States and around the world.

In the United States, new cases seemed to fade_____10_____warmer weather arrived. But in

late September 2021, officials reported there was _____11_____flu activity in almost every state

and that virtually all the_____12_____tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not

seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has_____13_____more than one million people, and caused more than

600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.

Federal health officials_____14_____Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and

began_____15_____orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which

is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16_____ ahead of expectations. More than three

million doses were to be made available in early October 2021, though most of those

_____17_____doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not_____18_____for pregnant

women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other

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_____19_____. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care

workers, people _____20_____infants and healthy young people.

1 [A] criticized

2 [A] proceeded

3 [A] digits

4 [A] moderate

[B] appointed

[B] activated

[B] numbers

[B] normal

[C]commented

[C] followed

[C] amounts

[C] unusual

[D] designated

[D] prompted

[D] sums

[D] extreme

[D] by

[D] favor

[D] notice

[D] to

[D] cover up

[D] until

[D]magnificent

[D] samples

[D] infected

[D] remained

[D] giving

[D] applicable

[D] initial

[D] introduced

[D] sufferings

[D] warding off

5 [A] with [B] in [C] from

6 [A] progress

7 [A] reality

8. [A]over

[B] absence [C] presence

[C] concept

[C] among

[C] fill up

[C] unless

[B] phenomenon

[B] for

9 [A] stay up

10 [A] as

[B] crop up

[B] if

11 [A] excessive

12 [A]categories

13 [A] imparted

14 [A] released

[B] enormous

[B] examples

[B] immerse

[B] relayed

[C] significant

[C] patterns

[C] injected

[C] relieved

[C] taking

[C] reliable

15 [A] placing [B] delivering

16 [A] feasible

17 [A] prevalent

[B] available

[B] principal

[B] restricted

[B] issues

[C] innovative

18 [A] presented

19 [A] problems

20 [A] involved in

[C] recommended

[C] agonies

[B] caring for [C] concerned with

Section Ⅱ Reading comprehension

Part A

Text 1

The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale

of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever〞，at Sotheby’s in London on

September 15th 2021. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a

single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest

banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.

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The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising

bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare

McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier.

Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its

size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a

way matched by few other industries.

In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply

unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of

thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that

meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by

two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by

nearly 90% in the year to November 2021. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses,

Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed

works for sale with them.

The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying

Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market

since the Second World War. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their

peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief

executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.〞

What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the

market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even

though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2021 were still

higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report

said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.

The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who

does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.

the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as“a last victory〞because

____.

A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victories

B. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids

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C. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces

D. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis

saying“spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable〞(Line 1-2,Para.3)，the

author suggests that_____.

A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions

B .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries

C. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent

D .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying

23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2021.

B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.

C. The market generally went downward in various ways.

D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.

24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____

A. auction houses ' favorites

B. contemporary trends

C. factors promoting artwork circulation

D. styles representing impressionists

25. The most appropriate title for this text could be ___

A. Fluctuation of Art Prices

B. Up-to-date Art Auctions

C. Art Market in Decline

D. Shifted Interest in Arts

Text 2

I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that

had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative,

frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch.

Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands

don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said,

"She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt.

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"It's true," he explained. "When I come home from work, I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep

the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence."

This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women

in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with

marriage.

The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist

Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she

interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their

divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent，that amounts to millions of cases in

the United States every year —a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.

In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on

tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his

or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social

arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me." "He

doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands

to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their

wives.

In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a

man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman

glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.

26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?

A. Talking to them.

B. Trusting them.

C. Supporting their careers.

D. Sharing housework.

27. Judging from the context, the phrase“wreaking havoc〞(Line 3,Para.2)most probably

means ___ .

A. generating motivation.

B. exerting influence

C. causing damage

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D. creating pressure

28. All of the following are true EXCEPT_______

A. men tend to talk more in public than women

B. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation

C. women attach much importance to communication between couples

D. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse

29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?

A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.

B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.

C. Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.

D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.

30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus

on ______

A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk

B. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon

C. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.

D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker

Text 3

Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors

—habits—among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when

customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response

to a carefully designed set of daily cues.

“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that

remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,〞 Dr. Curtis said.

“We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen

automatically.〞

The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and

Unilever — had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’

lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.

If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing gums,

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skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants,

colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins— are results of manufactured habits. A

century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of

canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly

whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.

A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage

companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly

sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now

featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin

moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and

putting on makeup.

“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,〞 said Carol

Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that

sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge

part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially

viable.〞

Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that

there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this

new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to

sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.

31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap________.

[A] should be further cultivated

[B] should be changed gradually

[C] are deeply rooted in history

[D] are basically private concerns

32. Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as

to____

[A] reveal their impact on people’s habits

[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities

[C] indicate their effect on people’s buying power

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[D] manifest the significant role of good habits

33. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?

[A]Tide

[B] Crest

[C] Colgate

[D] Unilever

34. From the text we know that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to _____

[A]perfected art of products

[B]automatic behavior creation

[C]commercial promotions

[D]scientific experiments

35. The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____

[A] indifferent

[B] negative

[C] positive

[D] biased

Text 4

Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values,

including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are

equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative

cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on

account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers;

and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the

law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative

democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing

representatives to govern for them.

But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.

In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence,

education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited

intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West

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Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way

around this and other antidiscrimination laws.

The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century.

Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a

majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically

exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the

jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept

juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.

In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act,

ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational

requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of

the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court

extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state

level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional

and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.

36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ______

[A]both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries

[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers

[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service

[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public

37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____

[A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws

[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races

[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures

[D]the arrogance common among the Supreme Court justices

38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____

[A]they were automatically banned by state laws

[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications

[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties

[D]they tended to evade public engagement

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39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___

[A] sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished

[B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors

[C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community

[D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system

40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on_______

[A]its nature and problems

[B]its characteristics and tradition

[C]its problems and their solutions

[D]its tradition and development

Part B

BOTH Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and

A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference.

But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines

could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to

buy new aircraft.

The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, and a seminal paper by a German

researcher called Carl Wieselsberger, scientists have known that birds flying in formation—a

V-shape, echelon or otherwise—expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird’s wings curls

upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash

experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an

aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern

When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr Kroo and his team

modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco

and Las Vegas were to rendezvous over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation, occasionally swap

places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They

found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (with a concomitant reduction in

carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by

around a quarter.

There are, of course, kinks to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at least the

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perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in convoy? Dr Kroo points out that

the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and would not be in the unnervingly cosy

groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window

might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy

air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil

Aviation. Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new

operational guidelines.

It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight

more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes’ wakes will decay more quickly and

the effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It

might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger

aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast,

might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights.

As it happens, America’s armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year the country’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate

formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military

aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the second world war, but Dr

Lissaman says they are apocryphal. “My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a

Lancaster lost over Berlin,〞 he adds. So he should know.

41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and

Airbus aircraft.

42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.

ion flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other planes.

44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.

45. It has been documented that during World War II, America’s armed forces once tried

formation flight to save fuel.

ions:

In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on

ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)

“Suatainability〞 has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will

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always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life

made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action

and choice。Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been

though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency。It

didin’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,〞 says Ning, whose

dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much

anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money

and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll trun the corner, give it some time.’〞

47. Directions:

You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange

program. Write a letter to your American colleague to

1) Express your thanks for his/her warm reception;

2) Welcome him/her to visit China in due course。

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei〞 instead。

Do not write your address. (10 points)

48. Directions:

In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing,

you should

1) Interpret the chart and

2) Give your comments。

You should write at least 150 words。

Write your essay on on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

范文：

In this chart, we can see the mobile phone subscriptions in developed countries have a steady

and slight increase from 1990 to 2007 and then remain constant in 2021. Meanwhile the mobile

phone subscriptions in developing countries have witnessed a slow increase from 1990 to 2004

and then a great surge from 2004 to 20007: the biggest surge happens from 2005 to 2006.

This chart reflects different developing modes of mobile phone industry in developed and

developing countries. The developed countries have a limited number of populations, most of

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whom are well-educated. Therefore, the spreading of the mobile phone service is efficient and

soon the market is saturated. Also at the beginning the developed countries have more people who

can afford this service. The developing countries have a large population who keeps a large

demand for mobile service. As the mobile phone service becomes cheaper and cheaper, the

increasing customers subscribe to benefit from this service。

As discussed above, it is not surprising to see this change. In my opinion, this trend that the

number of mobile-phone subscriptions is increasingly increasing will continue for a while in the

future

Section I Use of English

一、文章题材结构分析

本文是取材于新闻报道，表达了猪流感的爆发，产生的严重影响以及政府采取的针对性措施。首段和第二段简

述了猪流感的爆发引起世界各国的重视。第三段引用专家的观点，认为瘟疫并不严重。第四段和第五段以墨西哥及

美国的情况为例，说明了猪流感的严重性和致命性。第六段表达了联邦政府针对猪流感的具体措施。

二、试题解析

1.【答案】D

【解析】上文提到“… was declared a global epidemic…〞，根据 declare 的逻辑〔“宣布为〞〕，可知应该选 D 项

designated“命名，制定〞，而不是 C 项 commented“评论〞，这是典型的近义词复现题目。

2．【答案】C

【解析】此题目可依据“句意〞到意思线索，选出答案，难度在于出处句是个长难句。本句的理解应该抓住 alert、

meeting 和 a sharp rise 三者的关系，根据 after a sharp rise 可知是 rise〔“病例数的增加〞〕是 meeting〔“日内瓦专家

会议〞〕的原因，由此可推导出 alert 并非是 meeting 的原因，而是结果，即 meeting 使得 alert 升级。 根据上述分析

可以排除 B、D 选项，B 项 activated“激活，激起〞，D 项“促使，引起〞，此两项的选择都在讲 alert 导致了 meeting

的召开。而 C 项 followed 意思是“紧随，跟在……之后〞，表达出 after 的逻辑，完全满足本句 rise 之后是 meeting，

meeting 之后是 alert 的逻辑，所以是正确项。而 A 项 proceeded“继续〞，属不及物动词，不可接宾语，用法和逻辑

用在此处都不适宜。

3．【答案】B

【解析】此题目应该关注并列连词 and，从并列照应来看：空格后的表达 in Britain…对.

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应前面的 in Australia，

所以空格处 rising _____ 应该对应 a sharp rise in cases〔“病例数的剧增〞〕，因此空格处是“数量〞的逻辑才对。A 项

digits“〔阿拉伯〕数字〞，不表示数量，不能与 rising 形成搭配；C 项 amounts“数量〞，常修饰不可数名词〔此处指

的是 cases，可数名词〕；D 项 sums“金额，款项〞，不能用于表达“病例数〞。B 项 numbers“数量〞，修饰可数名词〔如：

large numbers of cases 大量的病例〕，符合题意。

4．【答案】A

【解析】此处句子开头的“But〞是重要的逻辑线索，与上文意思〔第二段〕形成比照反差。上文的关键性表达

如“heightened alert〞、“emergency meeting〞和“a sharp rise in cases〞都在讲述猪流感的严重性，所以根据 But 和 in

severity，可知空格处应该是“不严重或缓和〞的逻辑。

5．【答案】A

【解析】But the epidemic is “moderate〞 in severity, … …5… …patients experiencing …

symptoms and …

recovery…， 本句的划线局部是句子主干〔主系表〕，逗号后面的表达是包含有逻辑主语

patients 和逻辑谓语

experiencing 的独立主格结构〔symptoms and … recovery 是逻辑宾语〕。根据语法原理，只有介词 with 才可以引导

独立主格，所以选 A。再比方：She sat there, with tears streaming down her face. “她坐在那里，泪流满面〞。

6．【答案】B

【解析】根据出处句中… in the of … 这个搭配，可排除 A、D 项，答案应该选 B、C 项中的一个。

B 项 in the absence of “缺乏，不存在〞，例如 The case was dismissed in the absence of any

definite proof. “此案因缺乏

确凿证据不予受理〞。C 项 in the presence of 逻辑相反，意思是“存在……的情况下〞，例如，The document was signed

in the presence of two witnesses. “本文件是在两位证人的见证下签署的〞。

7．【答案】D

【解析】根据出处句中…come to global …这个搭配，可排除 B、C 项，答案应该选 A、D 项中的一个。

A 项 come to reality 指“成为现实〞；D 项 come to notice 为“受到关注〞。

8．【答案】C

【解析】an unusual large number of hospitalizations and deaths healthy adults，空格前意思“极其众多的

住院和死亡案例〞，空格后意思“健康的成年人〞不难看出，前者和后者是被包含与包含的逻辑关系，所以选C项among

“在……中〞。

其他三个选项：A 项 over “覆盖；超过〞等；B 项 for “对于；因为〞等；D 项 to

“朝向；对于〞等，均不能表

示“包含〞的逻辑关系。

.

.实用文档.

9．【答案】B

【解析】上文〔本段首句〕提到 The outbreak came to global notice…“这场瘟疫的爆发引起了全球性关注〞，接

着本句阐述说“不仅在墨西哥该病例让人很惊慌，而且它开始在纽约、美国西南部，以及世界各地开始出现〞。所以，

此处空格应该是“出现〞之意。

A 项 stay up “熬夜〞，C 项 fill up “填满。装满〞，D 项 cover up “盖住；掩盖〞，上述三项的意思无法表达所

需逻辑需要，而 B 项 crop up 的意思正是“突然出现，大量出现〞，所以选 B。

10．【答案】A

【解析】… new cases seemed to fade ____ warmer weather arrived，本句中下划线局部是主干，斜体局部是状

语从句，空格处的连词选择取决于前后主从句的逻辑关系。不难看出从句局部“温暖天气的来临〞自身有明显的时间

概念，所以可重点关注 A、D 两项。A 项 as“随着〞，代入本句，逻辑是“随着天气转暖，新的病例似乎逐渐减少〞，

没有任何瑕疵。D 项 until “直到……时〞，选本项有一个逻辑要求，即主句的谓语动词必须有“持续〞之意，如 He sat

there until I returned. “他坐在那，一直到我回来〞，而此句主干局部的动词 seemed to fade 不能表示这种“持续〞，不能

说“新的病例似乎减少到天气转暖的时候〞。B 项 if“如果〞和 C 项 unless “除非〞均表示“假设或条件〞，代入空格形成

完整句子的逻辑存在明显问题。

11．【答案】C

【解析】本句开头的 But 提示本句和上文信息逻辑相反，上文讲“病例似乎逐渐减少〞〔fade〕，所以本句空

白处应该是意义相反的词义。

A 项 excessive“过多的，过度的〞，B 项 enormous“巨大的，庞大的〞，C 项 significant“显著的，明显的〞〔注：

此处不应理解为“重要的，有意义的〞〕，D 项 magnificent “壮观的〞，根据句意“官方报道说几乎每个州的流感发作

都很_____〞，答案显然选 C。

12．【答案】D

【解析】此处空白所填词义需满足两个条件：〔1〕与 tested 构成动宾逻辑；〔2〕与 the

new swine flu 构成主

表逻辑。

A 项 categories “〔人或事物〕种类，类别〞，C 项 patterns “模式，样式〞，此两项含义显然不能满足上述逻

辑条件。B 项 examples“例子〞和 D 项 samples“样品，样本〞相互干扰较大，这是因为两者形相似义相近〔注：答案

常蕴含在这种关系的选项中〕。但能符合上述条件〔1〕和〔2〕，含义为“几乎所有检测的_______都是新的猪流感〞

的只能是 D 项。

13．【答案】D

.

.实用文档.

【解析】从该句后半局部的“and caused more than 600 deaths…〞可看出，空白处的动词应与后面的 caused(“引

起〞)是因果逻辑关系。此外，空白处的动词还与前面的 it〔指代“猪流感〞〕构成主谓逻辑关系。

A 项 imparted “告知；传授；给予〞，例如：to impart news to the press “向新闻透露消息〞。B 项 immersed“使

浸没〞。例如：The child immersed his head in water. “这个孩子将脑袋没入了水中“；C 项

injected “注射，打针〞。此

三项显然无法满足上述的逻辑条件。D 项 infected “感染，传染〞和 C 项 injected 形相近〔注：答案常蕴含在这种关

系的选项中〕，并且满足“它已经感染了……并引起……〞这样的逻辑条件，所以选 D。

14．【答案】A

【解析】根据 for children 和 from the national stockpile 两个介词短语的逻辑可知：children 是 Tamiflu 的接受

者，而 the national stockpile 是 Tamiflu 的来源出处。此外，空白处动词需与 Federal health

officials 形成主谓逻辑，

同时和 Tamiflu 形成动宾逻辑。

综上所述，A 项 released “释放，发行〞可引申为此句所需的逻辑“发放〞以满足上述条件，即“联邦政府的卫

生官员从贮备中发放 Tamiflu 疫苗给儿童〞；B 项 relayed“接替；转接〞；C 项 relieved“缓解〞；D 项 remained“依然是，

剩余〞。此三项无法满足上述逻辑条件。

15．【答案】C

【解析】本句话中began to ______ orders from the states的动作发出者是Federal health

officials，结合介词from，

它和 the states 的逻辑关系应是“卫生部官员接受各州的订单〞，而非“卫生部官员向各州下订单〞，所以只能选 C 项

taking。

16．【答案】B

【解析】下文信息〔下句〕More than three million doses were to be made available in early

October 2021“到 2021

年 10 月初，300 多万剂新疫苗就能生产出来〞，此句信息实际上是空白出处句的具体扩展，逻辑高度对应：The new

vaccine 对应 More than three million doses, ahead of expectation 对应 in early October

2021，所以 is ______ 正好对应

were to be made available。

B 项 available “可得到的，可获得的〞，根据上述思路，它显然属于同词的复现照应，是正确选项。A 项 feasible

“可行的，合理的〞，C 项 reliable“可靠的〞和 D 项 applicable“适用的〞，不符合上下文同词复现的条件。

17．【答案】D

【解析】空格前面的指示代词 those 是重要线索，指代上句 more than three million doses,即上句中的 the new

vaccine，所以空格处所填词汇应该和 new 是同义词。

.

.实用文档.

D 项 initial“最初的，开始的〞，和 new 属于同义词，显然属于同义词复现照应，是正确项。A 项 prevalent“流

行的，盛行的〞，B 项 principal“主要的〞和 C 项 innovative“革新的〞，不符合上下文同词复现的条件。

18．【答案】C

【解析】下文信息〔下句〕的 But 是重要的逻辑线索〔But it was still possible to …〕，根据此处的 still possible

可知：空格处的逻辑应和 possible〔此处理解为“可行的〞〕是同义词关系。C 项

recommended “被推荐的〞显然和

possible“可行的〞属于同义词的复现照应。

19．【答案】A

【解析】应该关注本句中的并列连词 or。根据出处信息…those (with breathing difficulties,

heart disease or several

other _ 19___)中的 or 和 other 可知：difficulties、disease 和空格词汇属近义词关系。

A 项 problems“问题〞，此词的含义具有一定的宽泛性〔即概括性〕，不仅在逻辑上包含

difficulties 和 disease，

又与它们属于近义词的复现照应，所以是正确答案。B 项 issues “问题〞，但仅指争论的问题，如“议题〞；C 项 agonies

和 D 项 sufferings 都表示“痛苦〞，根据四选一的原那么，两项应属被排除的对象。

20．【答案】B

【解析】根据出处句信息的 and 可知：health care workers, people 20 infants 和

healthy young people 是

并列关系，因此三者属近义的逻辑。再根据前面的 care，以及常用到的同义词复现照应原理，可知应该选 B 项 caring

for“照顾，照料〞。

三、全文翻译

猪流感首先在墨西哥被发现，2021 年 6 月 11 日它的爆发被宣布为全球性瘟疫。这是世界卫生组织 41 年来指

定的第一次世界性瘟疫。

澳大利亚病例数的急剧增加以及英国、日本、智利和其他地方患病人数的不断增加使得流感专家齐聚日内瓦。

在此紧急会议之后，各地的警戒级别也进一步提高。

但是，在该组织总干事 Margaret Chan 看来，这场瘟疫就严重度而言只是“温和〞的，因为绝大多数患者只有轻

微的病症，即使在没有任何医疗的情况下往往也会痊愈。

直到 2021 年 4 月末，该瘟疫的爆发才引起全球性的关注。当时，墨西哥政府注意到在健康的成年人中住院和

死亡的人数非同寻常。随着墨西哥城很多地方在极度恐慌中大门紧闭，纽约、美国西南部以及世界各地也都开始出

现同样病例。

在美国，随着天气转暖，新的病例数似乎逐渐减少。但是在 2021 年 9 月末，官方报道却说几乎每个州的流感

发作都很显著，并且几乎所有的检测样本都是新的猪流感〔也被称为 H1N1〕，而非季节性流感。在美国，已有 100

.

.实用文档.

多万人感染了此种瘟疫，导致 600 多人死亡和 6000 多人住院。

联邦政府的卫生官员从国家贮备中拨出 Tamiflu 疫苗发放给儿童，并开始接受来自各州的有关新猪流感疫苗的

订单。这种新疫苗不同于年度流感疫苗，它的投入使用时间比人们期待的还早。到 2021 年

10 月初，300 多万剂疫

苗就能生产出来。然而，那些最初的疫苗大多是喷鼻型疫苗，不适合孕妇、50 岁以上人、呼吸障碍患者、心脏

病患者以及患有其他病症的人。但是对其他高危人接种该疫苗仍是可行的，如医护工作者、儿童护理人员以及

健康的年轻人。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

一、文章题材结构分析

本文主要就米恩·赫斯特的作品大卖后，艺术品市场出现的持续衰退现象进行了讨论。文章第一段介绍了持续

一个世纪的牛市结束了，其标志是赫斯特的 56 部作品的出售。第二段回忆了自 2003 年以来艺术品市场的走势情况，

即经历了持续的上升期后，艺术品市场的势头大减。第三段对低迷的艺术品市场进行了详细的例示。第四段指出尽

管当前的艺术品市场状况糟糕，但佳士得的总裁对市场的复苏仍然充满信心。第五段指出这次衰退与以往的情况不

同，市场中缺的不是买家，而是吸引买家的好的艺术品，许多买家都在等待适宜的时机再次进入艺术品市场。

二、试题解析

21.【答案】D

【解析】根据“In the first paragraph〞和信号词“a last victory〞可回文定位到首段倒数第二句“It was a last

victory〞。答案应该在首段的尾句中寻：As the auctioneer called out bids, ...Lehman Brothers,

filed for bankruptcy.“就

在拍卖师喊出报价时，……雷曼兄弟申请破产〞。该句中提到的银行破产与 D 项中的“金融危机〞相吻合。题干中的“a

last victory〞显而易见是指金融危机前的最后一次成功的拍卖，所以 D 项为正确答案。

A 项“艺术品市场经历了一系列的成功的交易〞，B 项“拍卖人最终以高价得到了两件作品〞和 C 项“‘我脑海中永

存的美丽’赢了所有大作〞在文章中都没有提到，均属无中生有。

22.【答案】A

【解析】根据“Line 1-2，Para. 3〞和信号词“spending…became deeply unfashionable〞可回文定位到第三段首句“In

the weeks and months…, spending…became deeply unfashionable〞。鉴于此题是句子推断题，所以思路应该是关注定

位信息的上下文，而此题的信息定位是段首句，因此应优先关注段内的下文信息，“In the art

world that meant

collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms.〞“在艺术品领域，这意味着艺术家远离.

.实用文档.

了画廊和销售店〞。很显然，

这指的是收藏家不再花钱购置艺术品了，即他们不再参与艺术品市场的拍卖了，所以 D 项为正确答案。

B 项的 people 和 every kind of spending 表达的逻辑范围过大，有绝对化的味道。C、D 两项逻辑意思相近，都

是说“艺术品不再时尚〞，文章没有提及所以均应排除。

23.【答案】B

【解析】此题是事实细节题，这种题，题干往往缺乏信号词，所以需要对选项一一回文定位，加以对照和判断。

B 项的最强烈信号莫过于 momentum，此词可回文定位到第二段的首句：The world art

market had already been losing

momentum…，但无论此句还是文章其他局部都没有提及“surpassed many other industries〞，所以此项为无中生有的

错误项，所以 B 项为正确答案。

A 项可回文定位到第二段的二、三句：At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $ 65 billion…Since

then it may have

come down to $50 billion. 所以 A 项正确。 C 项可回文定位到第三段首句：…spending of

any sort became deeply

unfashionable，此句中的 spending = the art market，of any sort = generally 和 in various

ways，became deeply

unfashionable = went downward，所以 C 项正确。D 项可回文定位到尾段尾句：But anyone

who…is keeping away,

waiting for confidence to return, 所以 D 项正确。

24.【答案】C

【解析】根据“the last paragraph〞和信号词“the three Ds〞可回文定位到尾段倒数第二句：The three Ds—death, debt

and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. “三 D 因素——死亡、债务、和离婚——依然会把艺术品推向市

场。〞词汇推断题的思路是跳出词汇本身，依据其前后信息的综合分析到线索。3Ds 紧随其后的谓语局部是“still

deliver works of art to the market〞与 C 项的逻辑精确对应，所以 C 项正确。

A 项中的 auction houses’ favorites 和 B 项中的 contemporary trends 在文章均未提到，属于无中生有干扰项。D

项中的 Impressionists 出自第四段句首，但与本选项毫无关系，故此项亦属于无中生有项。

25.【答案】C

【解析】主旨题的思路是对整篇文章的高度概括，考生可将各段的首句信息做综合处理。这篇文章的每一段的第

一句几乎都有“art market〞这个词，即“艺术品市场〞，而且通过文章的阅读，我们很容易抓住艺术品市场不景气这一

主旨，因此 C 项正确。

A 项“艺术品价格的波动〞和 B 项“最新的艺术品拍卖〞包含的内容太少，没有从整体上概括全文。D 项“对文

科兴趣的转向〞那么有些混淆视听的效果。Arts 一词可以指学科类别中的文科门类，也可以与定冠词一起泛指艺术。

.

.实用文档.

三、全文翻译

在 2021 年 9 月 15 日伦敦苏富比拍卖行举行的“我内心的美丽永存〞拍卖会上，Demien

Hirst 的 56 件作品成功出

售，随着这些作品的出售，艺术品市场一个世纪以来最长的牛市戏剧性的落幕了。所有作品中只有两件没有售出，

销售额超过 7000 万英镑，创造了单个艺术家的拍卖纪录。这是最后的胜利。因为，就在拍卖师喊出报价时，纽约

华尔街上历史最悠久的银行之一雷曼兄弟申请破产。

世界艺术品市场在经历了自 2003 年起的急剧上升后，一段时间以来其开展势头已经开始走下坡路。Clare

McAndew 是一家名叫 Arts Economics 研究公司的创始人，他估计，在 2007 年的顶峰期世界艺术品市场的价值约

为 650 亿美元，是五年前的两倍。从那时起，艺术品市场的价值就开始下滑至 500 亿。但艺术品市场产生的利益远

远超出它本身的规模，因为它聚集了巨大的财富、膨胀的自我、贪婪、激情和争议。其方式几乎没有哪个产业能与

之相提并论。

在 Hirst 作品拍卖后的几个星期和几个月里，任何此类的投资都变得很不合时宜。在艺术品领域，这意味着收

藏家远离了画廊和销售店。当代艺术品的销售额下降了三分之二，而在最热门的领域，那一年的销售额截至到 2021

年 11 月份下跌了近 90%。几周之内，世界上两家最大的拍卖行，苏富比和佳士得，不得不支付近两亿美元给早已

把作品交给他们出售的客户，以作为担保费用。

当前艺术品市场的下滑是自 1989 年底日本停止购置印象派作品以来最糟糕的一次。这一次，专家估计平均价

位相对峰值下降了大约 40%，尽管有些价格波动的幅度更大。但佳士得的首席执行官

Edward Dolman 说：“我们现

在已经处于低谷，对此我深信不疑。〞

他指出，与上一次暴跌不同的是目前市场上仍存在买家。几乎每位接受这个特别报道采访的人都说，当前最大

的问题不是缺乏需求，而是没有好的作品销售。三 D 因素——death〔死亡〕、debt〔债务〕和 divorce〔离婚〕——

依然会把艺术品推向市场。但那些不必卖他们作品的人就一直远离着市场，等待信心的回归。

Text 2

一、文章题材结构分析

本文主要讨论的是美国家庭中夫妻沟通的问题，即缺乏沟通会危害到婚姻。文章第一段讲述了一个例子，导出

了本文话题：在公共场合，美国男子说话往往比妻子多，但在家里，他们说的特别少。第二、三段讲述了男性这一

行为对婚姻的影响。第四段重点分析女性的心理，尤其是对家庭沟通的期待。最后一段用一幅漫画的内容再次重申

了本文的主题，即两性沟通上的危机。

二、试题解析

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26.【答案】A

【解析】根据题干信号词“most wives’ main expectation of their husbands〞可回文定位到第四段尾句：…most wives

want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this

expectation of their

wives. 从该句中的 expectation 可以知道，妻子寄予丈夫的主要希望是 conversation

partners，所以 A 项为正确答案。

从第四段可以看出，支持事业和分担家务并不是女性们抱怨的主要内容，排除 C 项和 D

项。而通篇并没有谈论

信任，故排除 B 项。

27.【答案】C

【解析】根据提示词 Line2, Para. 2 和信号词 wreaking havoc 可回文定位到第二段尾句：And this pattern is wreaking

havoc with marriage，做词汇题时考生可以从上下文线索：上文提到 they often talk less at

home。在第三段中作者

又进一步引用社会学家 Kohler 专著中的发现，即多数女性认为缺乏沟通是她们离婚的原因。因此可以得出这种模

式正在危害婚姻的结论，C 项为正确答案。

A 项的意思是“产生鼓励〞。B 项的意思是“产生影响〞。D 项的意思是“造成压力〞。这三个选项都不如 C 项准确。

28.【答案】B

【解析】此题是排除题，此类题题干往往缺乏信号词，所以需要对选项一一回文定位。选项

B 可回文定位到第

三段尾句：Given the current divorce rate of nearly ，经比照可发现原文只是提到“目前美国离婚率为 50%〞，

但未说“50%〞的离婚率是由交谈失败造成的，所以 B 项错误，是此题正确答案。

选项 A、D 均可回文定位到第二段首句：…although American men tend to talk more than

women in public situations,

they often talk less at home. 所以 A、D 两项是正确的。选项 C 可以定位到第四段第二句：Instead, they focused on

communication, 故 C 项也正确。

29.【答案】D

【解析】此题是主旨题，考生可以将首尾段信息做综合处理：首段的 episode 和尾段的

cartoon scene 都在讲述丈

夫和妻子在交谈方式的差异。所以 D 项为正确答案。

A 项文章中没有提及，属无中生有。B 项在第四段句首中涉及，但与选项意义相反。C 项在文中虽有涉及，但

太过宽泛，不够具体。

30.【答案】B

【解析】此题可以定位到文章最后一段，作者在本段中描述了“stereotypical cartoon〞的画面，那么在接下来的段

落中最有可能的就是对卡通画的详细描写，所以 B 项为正确答案。

A 项中的“the new book Divorce〞出自文中的第三段，与漫画信息没有任何联系。C 项的干扰性很大，但本文的

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主题是“谈话方式的差异〞，所以接下来的文章也只能继续这一主题。D 项与前面提及的内容和接下来的内容相去甚

远，介绍此人会很突兀。

三、全文翻译

在弗吉尼亚的一个客厅里，我对来这里参加小型聚会的人发表了一篇演讲，这是个女性团体举办的聚会，但也

邀请了男性一并参加。整个晚上，有一位男性表现的尤为健谈，他不时的表达自己的观点，并且滔滔不绝的讲述奇

闻轶事，而他的妻子那么安静的坐在沙发上，紧靠着他。就在聚会快要结束时，我评论说，女人经常抱怨丈夫不和她

们讲话，这个男人迅速地点头表示同意。他向妻子做了个手势，说：“在我们家里，她可是个话匣子。〞房间里顿时

爆发出一阵大笑，他看起来有点迷惑还有些受伤。“这是真的，〞他解释说，“我下班回家后就感觉无话可说，如果

她也不说话的话，我们整个晚上都会保持沉默。〞

这那么小插曲清楚地描绘了一幅具有挖苦意味的画面，美国男人往往在公众场合比女人健谈，但一回到家里他们

就说的很少了。这种模式对婚姻会带来致命的危机。

上个世纪七十年代末政治家安德鲁•海克对此做了观察。社会学家凯瑟琳•科勒•里斯曼在她的新书?离婚对话?

中谈到，她采访过的大多数女性，当然也有小局部男性，认为他们离婚的原因是缺少交流。考虑到当前离婚率接近

50%，合计下来每年美国由此而导致的离婚案例约有上百万，不得不说目前的流行病就是交流不畅。

在我的研究中，女性对丈夫的抱怨并非与切实的不平等有关，比方放弃事业陪伴丈夫，同时这些抱怨也与做过

多的家务无关，比方清扫卫生、做饭和社交安排。相反，他们关注的是交流：“他不听我说话〞，“他不跟我讲话〞。

我发现，就像海克很多年前观察到的那样，大多数的妻子首先都希望丈夫成为交流的伴侣，但是很少有丈夫对妻子

寄予同样的期望。

总之，最能描绘目前危机的图画是一幅典型的卡通画，一个男人做在餐桌前吃早饭，手握一份报纸，根本遮住

了他的脸，而他的妻子那么在报纸背后盯着他，想与他讲话。

Text 3

一、文章题材结构分析

本文探讨了广告营销在推动消费习惯形成方面所起的作用。第一段开门见山地指出一些消费习惯正是企业完善

行为艺术的结果。第二、三段讲述改变人们习惯可以借鉴企业经验，即寻求消费者生活中的微妙线索，以导入全新

的目标习惯。第四、五段用各种例子阐述消费习惯是可以培养的这一事实。第六段引用消费心理学家的话证明创造

良好的习惯可以促进新产品的销售。最后一段再次强调特定行为是可以培养的这一观点，但也指出了潜在的问题。

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二、试题解析

31.【答案】A

【解析】文章第二段“There are fundamental public health problems, …how to change people’s habits〞提到“一些根本

的公众健康问题之所以对生命造成威胁，仅仅是因为我们没弄明白如何去改变人们的习惯〞。由此可知，如果我们

搞清楚如何改变人们的习惯，不用香皂洗手这样的问题就不会造成威胁，因此对用香皂洗手这样的习惯应该加以培

养。所以 A 项为正确答案。

B 项是对文中“change people’s habits〞改变人们习惯的误解，故排除。C 项在文中没有提到，也应排除。D 项与

原文中的表述不一致，文中提到“fundamental public health problems〞也就是说用香皂洗手这样的习惯是公众问题，

而不是个人的问题，故排除。

32.【答案】A

【解析】本段属于典型的举例段落，根据例证题的解答思路，此题答案应该在上段寻。阅读上段信息得知后两

句同样在举例子，所以此题目的最终定位应该是第四段的首句：If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the

products we use every day…are results of manufactured habits，由此得知“许多产品的使用都是被制造出的习惯〞，因此

举诸多产品为例目的就是阐述“人们很多习惯的改变〞，所以 A 项为正确答案。

B 项中的 urgent need 在文中没有表达，C 项中的 buying power 在文中也没有表达，此两项属无中生有。D 项中

的 good habits 显然是错误的标志，作者只是客观阐述产品对人们习惯的影响，没有评论这些习惯的好坏。

33.【答案】D

【解析】由文章第六段“…Tide, Crest, and other products… Creating positive habits is a huge

part of improving our

consumers’ lives〞可知，Tide, Crest and other products 可以帮助顾客养成良好的习惯，而

Unilever 虽然文中有提，但

它是公司名称，并不是产品名称。所以 D 项为正确选项。

结合常识 Colgate 和 Crest 都是牙膏，也应该可以帮助人们养成良好的习惯。所以 A、B、C 项都不是正确选项。

34.【答案】C

【解析】本章最后一段第一句话中的“there is power in trying certain behaviors to habitual cues

through ruthless

advertising〞是理解的关键。“through ruthless advertising〞充分说明人们某些消费习惯的养成深受无情的广告的影响。

综合文章前面的论述，广告产品对人们的影响很大，所以 C 项为正确答案。

A、B 项是文章第一句中“完善建立自动行为的艺术〞的错误理解，故排除。D 项出自尾段首句 Through experiments

and observation 这是社会学家所发现的途径，和问题无关。

35.【答案】B

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【解析】文章的最后一句话的“As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have

erupted when the tactics

have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.〞是理解的关键。“controversies have erupted〞众多

争议产生，“sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods〞出售有质疑的美容产品或是不健康的食品，综合两者

可知广告对人们习惯的影响引起了众多争论，而且许多广告宣传的产品不真实。由此推出，作者的观点是否认的，

所以 B 项为正确答案。

C 项与坐着的意思相反，应排除。文章的大局部内容是论述柯蒂斯博士的研究，没有发表自己的观点，因此 A

项错误。D 项在文中表达不出来，故排除。

三、全文翻译

在过去的十年中，许多公司完善了引导消费者无意识行为的艺术。在一系列精心设计的日常暗示影响下，消费

者往往几乎不假思索地吃快餐或擦拭柜台，这些行为习惯已经帮助公司赢得了数十亿美元的收益。

伦敦卫生与热带医学院卫生中心主任 Curtis 博士说，“有一些根本的公共卫生问题，比方不用肥皂洗手的习惯，

仍然威胁着人们的生命，这是因为我们还想不出方法去改变人们的行为习惯，我们想从私营企业那里学习如何创造

新的无意识习惯行为。〞

Curtis 博士所转向的公司——宝洁、高露洁和联合利华——已经投资数亿美元寻消费者生活中的微妙线索，

而企业可以利用这些线索来引入新的生活习惯。

如果仔细观察，你就会发现我们日常使用的很多产品都是“制造〞出习惯的结果。如口香糖、润肤霜、消毒湿巾、

空气清新剂、净水器、健康快餐、洁牙剂、织物柔软剂和维生素等。一个世纪以前，很少有人每天屡次地刷牙。而

今天，由于精明的广告宣传以及公共卫生运动，许多美国人每天会习惯性的刷两次他们珍珠白似的牙齿，以预防龋

齿，经常使用的产品是高露洁，佳洁士或某种其它品牌。

几十年前，许多人不会在餐外时间喝水。后来，饮料公司开始对远处的泉水进行瓶装生产，现在办公室的工作

人员会不假思索地整天喝着瓶装水。口香糖在从前主要是小男孩购置，而现在的商业广告宣传它是饭后清新口气和

清洁牙齿的产品。润肤霜被广告宣称为早晨美容仪式的一局部，应在梳头之后化装之前进行。

宝洁公司的汰渍、佳洁士以及其它品牌产品去年的销售额高达 760 亿美元。最近刚从宝洁公司退休的消费心理

学家 Carol Berning 说：“我们的产品成为每日或每周的生活模式〔习惯〕时，我们的产品就成功了。创造良好的习

惯是改善我们消费者生活的重要局部，同时它对于新产品能否在商业上获得成功也很重要。“

Berning 博士等社会学家通过实验与观察已经了解到：通过大量无休止的广告产生的力量.

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会把行为习惯的暗示

转化为特定的行为。随着这一新的行为科学的兴起，许多广告策略被用来推销受到质疑的美容产品或是不健康的食

品，众多争议也随之出现。

Text 4

一、文章题材结构分析

本文讲述了美国司法中陪审制度的开展历程。

第一段提出了作为民主价值重要表达的陪审制度的主要原那么。第二、三段那么讲述了陪审团制度在历史实践中存

在的不民主现象，比方遴选程序中的教育歧视、种族歧视及性别歧视。最后一段讲述了美国陪审团制度 1968 年以

来的改革和开展。

二、试题解析

36.【答案】D

【解析】文章第一段提到了美国陪审团制度的原那么。根据“verdicts should represent the

conscience of the community〞

判决应该代表公众的良知，可知 D 项是原文的同意替换，所以 D 项为正确答案。

A、C 项与原文“all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally

competent to serve on

juries〞所有具备最低的年龄和读写能力资格的人都有资格担当陪审员，文意矛盾，B 项与原文“defendants are entitled

to trial by their peers〞被告有权接受同阶审判，文意矛盾，故排除此三项。

37.【答案】A

【解析】此题可定位到第二段的最后一句话：Although the Supreme Court …, the practice of

selecting so-called elite

or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.“虽然美国最高法院……，

选拔所谓的精英或一流的陪审团给这种或其他反歧视法提供了方便之路。〞习语表达“provided a convenient way

around〞是分析此题目的关键，所以 C 项为正确答案。

B 项“对某个种族的普遍歧视〞，过于宽泛，故为干扰项。C 项“陪审员挑选过程中的相互冲突的理念〞，与原文

不符。D 项文中没有提到，属无中生有。

38.【答案】C

【解析】文章第三段的最后一句“This practice was justified by the claim that women were

needed at home〞提到“家庭

需要女性的主张给这一情况提供了辩白〞，所以 C 项为正确答案。

A 项是偷换概念，原文是“Even then several states〞而非“states laws〞。B、D 两项中文中并未提及属无中生有。

39.【答案】B

【解析】文章第四段第二句话“his law abolished special educational requirements for federal

jurors and required them

to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.〞其中的关键表达是“abolished special educational

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requirements〞，与 B 项中的“became less rigid〞相近。所以 B 项为正确答案。

A、C、D 项都是发生在 1975 年泰勒诉路易斯安那的裁决之后，故均可排除。

40.【答案】D

【解析】此题考察对中心思想的归纳和概括能力，正确选项的关键在于理解文章四个段落的主要内容和相互联系。

文章第一段概括介绍了美国陪审制度的五个原那么，第二、三、四段分别介绍了美国陪审制度的开展，包括陪审员的

挑选、女性陪审员地位的变化以及教育和性别要求的变化，因此可以看出，文章主要是介绍美国陪审制度的历史和

开展。所以 D 项为正确答案。

A、B 两项中的 nature 和 characteristics 属于首段信息，根据第二段首句的转折词 But 可知它不是文章中的重点

因素。C 项有一定的迷惑性，但忽略了文章中的时间因素 As recently as in 1968〔第二段〕until the mid-20th century

〔第三段〕和 ushering a new era〔尾段〕等，所以也不应该选。

三、全文翻译

许多美国人把陪审团制度视为根本民主价值观的具体表达，其包括以下原那么：所有符合最低年龄和受教育程度

资格要求的公民都能平等的担当陪审员；陪审员应随机的从代表社会各个阶层的人中选拔；不应该因种族、宗教、

性别、或民族血统等原因而剥夺任何公民担当陪审员的权利；被告有权接受同龄人的审判；判决应能代表公众的良

知而不仅仅是法律条文。陪审制度也是一直存在的最好的直接民主而不是代表民主的例子。在直接民主中，公民可

以轮流自治，而不是选举代表替他们执政。

但是直到 1968 年，陪审团选拔程序仍然与这些民主理想相冲突。例如，在某些州，陪审员职务只限定在一些

智力、教育和道德品质都很优秀的人身上。尽管美国的最高法院已经早在 1880 年的

Strauder v. West Virginia 一案

中就禁止在陪审员选拔中出现成心的种族歧视，选拔所谓的精英或一流的陪审团给这种或其他反歧视法提供了方便

之路。

直到 20 世纪中叶这项制度才开始定期的将女性吸纳到陪审团中来。尽管在犹他州，女性已于 1898 年第一次在

州陪审团中担当陪审员，但直到 20 世纪 40 年代，大多数州的女性才有资格中选陪审员。即使在那时，有些州也会

自动免除女性在陪审团的职责，除非她们亲自要求把她们的名字参加到陪审员的名单中。这种做法的解释是，家里

需要女性，于是，陪审团没有女性代表的状况在整个二十世纪六十年代都在持续。

1968 年，美国国会通过了“陪审团遴选和效劳法案〞，开创了陪审团体制民主改革的新时代。该法案废除了对

联邦陪审员的特殊教育要求，规定必须从整个社会的典型成员中随机挑选。1975 年 Taylor

v. Louisiana 案件的裁决

是一座里程碑，根据该裁决，最高法院把陪审团成员应该代表社会的各个阶层这一要求延伸.

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到州的级别。泰勒裁决

还宣布在遴选陪审团成员过程中的性别歧视违反宪法，并命令各州在遴选男女陪审员时须使用同样的程序。

Part B

一、文章题材结构分析

本文围绕“编队飞行可以节省飞机燃油〞这一主题展开论述。首段开门见山提出本文主题，即采用仿生方法

可使飞机节省燃油。第二﹑三段分别介绍鸟类编队飞行的原理及其实践，证实省油的效果。第四﹑五段那么提到一些

现实操作时的难题。最后一段指出美军已经着手于这项研究，但目前尚未启动。

二、试题解析

41.【答案】 F

【解析】根据题干信号词“Findings of the Stanford University researchers〞可回文定位到首段的最后一句。其中

的尾部信息：it would not require them to buy new aircraft“不需要它们购置新飞机〞，说明斯坦福大学研究人员的发现

不会促进飞机的销售，由此可见，此题所给的陈述与文章内容相矛盾，故该题答案是 F。

42.【答案】 T

【解析】根据题干信号词“The upwash experience〞可回文定位到文章第二段第四句。题干中的“save propelling

energy〞与原文中的“spend less energy propelling themselves〞属同义转述，题干中的“reducing resistance〞与原文中的

“reduced drug〞属同义转述，由此看来此题陈述符合文章内容，故该题答案为 T。

43.【答案】 F

【解析】此题涉及的信息点是，编队飞行是否更加舒适，如果是，原因是否是乘客看不到别的飞机。根据题

干信号词“Formation flight is more confortable〞可回文定位到文章第四段第三句。审视文章会发现，本段中作者在讨

论现实操作中遇到的难题及其解决方法，难题有两个：一个是平安因素，另外一个是同时飞行时乘客感到舒适么？

因此编队飞行更加舒适是需要解决的难题之一，并非既有事实，因此题干论述不符合原文内容，故该题答案是 F。

44.【答案】 T

【解析】根据题干信号词“weather plays in formation flight〞可回文定位到文章第五段第一句到第三句。题干中

的“weather conditions〞等同于“weather〞， “affect〞与“play role in〞是同义转述，“it remains

to be seen〞恰好与“has not yet

been clearly defined〞是对应的，所以此题表述正确。

45.【答案】 F

【解析】根据题干信号词“World War Ⅱ〞可回文定位到文章最后一段第三句，该句说明：有报道说有战机二

战时由于燃料缺乏而编队飞行，但是还没有得到证明。题干中的“has been documented〞与原文中的“they are

unsubstantiated〞是矛盾的，所以此题表述错误。

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三、全文翻译

仿效鸟类飞行可节省航空燃油

波音和空客都在吹嘘自己最新型飞机 787 和 A350 的性能，巧妙的设计与轻质的材料当然使它们与众不同。但

在斯坦福大学，由 Han Kroo 领导的研究小组提出，飞机的飞行路线可以采用更具仿生效应的路径来节省燃油，并

不需要购置新飞机。

Kroo 博士称这个设想是受到鸟类的启发。1914 年以来，科学家们了解到，鸟类在编队飞行时排成 V 字型会节

省体力。气流在划过鸟类双翼时会在其后弯曲向上，这是一种被称为上流的现象。在上升流中飞行的其余的鸟儿所

遇阻力会减小，从而可以节省飞行体力。航空专家 Peter Lissaman 先前在加州理工学院和南加州大学工作过，他认

为由 25 只鸟组成的队伍会将飞行距离提升 71﹪。

讲鸟类的这一原理应用到飞机上，也相差无几。Kroo 博士和他的团队模拟了三架喷气式客机的飞行状况：三

架飞机分别从洛杉矶，旧金山和拉斯维加斯起飞，最后在犹他州集合，沿途采用反 V 字形状编队飞行，并偶尔换

一下位置以便所有飞机可以轮流利用最有利位置，最后飞向伦敦。他们发现这些飞机节省了多大 15﹪的燃油〔同

时也减少了二氧化碳的排放量〕。在巡航期间排放的氮氧化物量减少了大约四分之一。

当然，也有难题需要解决。其中之一就是要考虑平安问题，至少是在感觉上的平安问题。乘客在飞机编队飞行

时会舒服么？Kroo 博士指出飞机间可以相隔几海里，而不会像红箭等飞机表演队喜欢的那样间距很密地组织飞行。

乘客向窗外看时也许都看不到其他飞机。有关飞机间距是否符合空中管制条例是另一个问题，尽管如此，国际民航

组织的一个工作组已经考虑在操作方针蓝图中列入编队飞行的可能性。

现在仍需了解的是天气情况对气流的影响，这会关系到编队飞行的效率。在气流增多的区域，飞机尾部的气流

会消失得更快，其作用亦会减弱。Kroo 博士称，在这方面他的团队将要做更深入的研究。此外，协调客机的起飞

时间与目的地以使它们编队飞行也是一个难题。相反，货机就像日常空军飞行一样，或许更容易协调安排。

事实上，美军已经着手进行这项研究。今年早些时候，美国国防高级研究规划局宣布出资让波音公司对编队飞

行进行研究，尽管该工程到现在尚未启动。有报道称二战时就有一些战机在燃油缺乏的情况下编队飞行，但 Lissaman

博士称这些报道都是未经证实的，他说：“我父亲当时是皇家空军飞行员，我堂兄是一架在柏林坠毁的兰卡斯特式

飞机的机长〞。因此他应该清楚此事。

Section III Translation

一、试题解析

句 1 “Sustainability〞 has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will

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always have personal

meaning.

【考点】并列句

【解析】本句是由 but 连接的并列句。其中要注意 sustainability 一词的翻译。根据构词法，由 sustain“承受，承

担〞，可知 sustainability 意为“承受力〞。分句 2 的主语是 the concept，根据汉语表达的需要，翻译时将该句转化为人

作主语。结合整篇文章，可知 Ted Ning 是人名，可音译为“特德•宁〞。

【译文】近来，“承受力〞成为了一个流行词，但对特德•宁而言，他对其却有自己亲身的体会。

句 2 Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him

that

sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.

【考点】形式宾语，宾语从句，被动语态，动名词短语作主语

【解析】复合句。句子的主干是：Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own

life made it clear to

him that …。本句的结构较为复杂，动名词短语 Having endured a painful period of

unsustainability in his own life 是主

语。遇到用动名词做主语且整个结构较长的时候，可翻译成一个单句，译为“在经历了一段无法承受的痛苦生活后〞。

it 是形式宾语，后面的 that 从句是真正的宾语。sustainability-oriented values 可处理为“旨在提高承受力的价值观〞。

must be expressed 是被动语态，在处理时，可将其转化为主动语态。everyday action and choice

表示“日常行为和抉

择〞。

【译文】在经历了一段无法承受的痛苦生活后，他清楚地认识到，旨在提高承受力的价值观必须表达在日常行

为和抉择中。

句 3 Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance.

【考点】固定结构

【解析】简单句。其中 recall doing sth.是固定搭配，表示“回忆，记起做某事〞；还有一个短语 spend time (in) doing

sth.，意为“花费时间做某事〞。a confusing year“困惑的一年〞；in the late 1990s“在 20 世纪 90 年代末〞。

【译文】宁回忆起 20 世纪 90 年代后期销售保险那困惑的一年。

句 4 He’d been through the dot-com boom and bust and, desperate for a job, signed on with a

Boulder agency.

【考点】并列结构，插入结构

【解析】并列句。句子主干是：He’d been through … and signed on with …。through 是一介词，在处理时，要将

其转化为动词，翻译为“经历，经过〞。the dot-com boom and bust 在此应理解为“网络泡沫的膨胀和破灭〞。desperate

for a job 为一插入结构，可理解为“急需工作〞，为一原因状语。Boulder 是专有名词，可音译为“博德〞。

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【译文】在经历了网络泡沫的膨胀和破灭后，他急需到一份工作，因此就与博德代理公司签了约。

句 5 It didn’t go well.

【考点】代词指代

【解析】简单句。it 指代上句中 Ning 获得的那份工作；go well“进展顺利〞。

【译文】但工作进展并不顺利。

句 6 “It was a really bad move because that’s not my passion,〞 says Ning, whose dilemma

about the job translated,

predictably, into a lack of sales.

【考点】原因状语从句，定语从句，插入结构

【解析】复合句。句子主干是 It was a really bad move，because 引导原因状语从句， whose

引导的定语从句修

饰 Ning。dilemma 表示“困境，进退两难〞。predictably 为一插入成分，原意表示“可预测地〞，在此结合句意及汉语

表达的需要，最好将其处理为“不出所料地〞。translate … into 本意表示“翻译，转化〞，这里结合语境，将其翻译为“造

成，引起〞。

【译文】“这确实是糟糕的一步，因为它不是我的热情所在，〞宁说。不出所料，工作上的进退维谷造成了他销

售业绩不佳。

句 7 “I was miserable. I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night

and stare at the ceiling. I

had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘‘‘Just wait, you’ll turn the corner, give it some

time. ’〞

【考点】结果状语从句，固定结构

【解析】本句中包含一个 so … that …结构，理解为“如此……以至于……〞；turn the corner

本意为“拐弯，转危

为安〞，此处最好译为“好运，时来运转〞。

【译文】“我很痛苦，愁绪万千，常常在半夜惊醒，望着天花板发呆。我身无分文，急需这份工作。大家都说‘耐

心点，情况会好转的。’〞

二、全文翻译

近来，“承受力〞成为了一个流行词，但对特德•宁而言，他对其却有自己亲身的体会。在经历了一段无法承受

的痛苦生活后，他清楚地认识到，旨在提高承受力的价值观必须表达在日常行为和抉择中。

宁回忆起 20 世纪 90 年代后期销售保险那困惑的一年。在经历了网络泡沫的膨胀和破灭后，他急需到一份工

作，因此就与博德代理公司签了约。

但工作进展并不顺利。“这确实是糟糕的一步，因为它不是我的热情所在，〞宁说。不出所料，工作上的进退维

谷造成了他销售业绩不佳。“我很痛苦，愁绪万千，常常在半夜惊醒，望着天花板发呆。我身无分文，急需这份工

作。大家都说‘耐心点，情况会好转的。’〞

Section III Writing

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Part A

【参考范文】

Dear xxx,

I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to you for your kindness to receive me when I

participated in the

exchange program in USA.

Your generous help made it possible that I had a very pleasant stay and a chance to know

American cultures better.

Besides, I think it is an honor for me to make friends with you and I will cherish the goodwill you

showed to me wherever I

go. I do hope that you will visit China one day, so that I could have the opportunity to repay your

kindness and refresh our

friendship.

I feel obliged to thank you again.

Sincerely yours,

Zhang Wei

【参考译文】

亲爱的 xxx：

在此表达我由衷的谢意，谢谢你当我在美国参加交流活动期间对我的友好接待。

你的热情帮助让我度过了一个愉快的旅程并有时机更好地了解了美国文化。很荣幸能与你成为朋友，无论到哪

里，我都会珍惜你对我的友好情谊。真心希望有一天，你会来到中国，这样的话我就有时机报答你，也因此加深我

们之间的友谊。

再次感谢！

你诚挚的，

张威

Part B

【参考范文】

From the information given in the above column chart, it can be seen that the subscription number

of mobile phones in

developed countries had a steady but slight increase from 2000 to 2007 and remained unchanged

in 2021, while there was a

dramatic increase from 0.4 to 4 billion mobile phone subscriptions in developing countries.

As far as I am concerned, the reasons leading to this phenomenon are as follows. Firstly, the

developed countries

have a limited number of population and therefore, the spreading of the mobile phone service is

efficient and soon the

market is saturated. Secondly, the extremely advanced civilization of developed countries means

less potential in such areas

as private telecommunication tools and their demand for further enlargement of such tools tend to

saturate. Finally,

developing countries have been enjoying strong economic growth in recent years. As a result,

people in most developing

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countries are richer and richer, especially in China. So they can afford to buy such necessities as

mobile-phones, as the

prices continued to drop greatly in the past years.

In short, now more and more people own mobile-phone, which makes it more convenient for

people. And I firmly

believe that this established trend will continue for quite a while in the forthcoming years.

【参考译文】

从上面的图表可以看出，2000 年到 2007 年，兴旺国家的 订阅的用户数量稍有提升并在 2021 年保持平

稳状态。然而，开展中国家的用户数量已从 4 亿飞升至 40 亿。

我认为这种现象与以下几个因素有关。首先，兴旺国家的人口数量有限，因此随着 效劳的快速开展，

兴旺国家的市场已趋于饱和。其次，高度兴旺的文明使得兴旺国家在私人通讯工具等方面不再有太大的开展空间，

因此人们对此工具的需求趋于饱和。最后，由于近年来开展中国家经济的飞速增长，以中国为首的开展中国家的人

们越来越富有。并且随着 价格的不断下降，越来越多的人们可以负担起这一开销。

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