高级英语下册课文知识点课后练习答案

PubTalkandtheKing'sEnglish3PubTalkandtheKing'sEnglisrintricatethewaysinwhichanimalscommunicatewitheachother,theydonotindulgeinanythingthatdeservesthenameofconversation.2Thecharmofconversationisthatitdoesnotreallystartfromanywhere,andnoonehmyofgoodconversationisthepersonwhohas"somethingtosay."ntmayoftenbeapartofit,,lytheyseethemomentforoneoftheirbestanecdotes,butinaflashtheconatIthinkbarconversationhasacharmofitsown.

Barfriendsarenotdeeplyinvolvedineachother'ecompanions,tthattheirmarriagesmaybeontherooks,orthattheirloveaffairshavebeenbelikethemusketeersofDumaswho,althoughtheylivedsidebysidewitheachother,didnotdelveinto,eachother'slivesortherecessesoftheirthoughtsandfeelings.4Itwasonsuchanoccasiontheotherevening,astheconversationmoveddesultorilyhereandthere,fromthemostcommonplacetothoughtsofJupiter,withoutanyfocusandwithnoneedforone,thatsuddenlythealchemyofconversationtookplace,andalllearlyhadnotcomeintothebartosayit,itwasnotsomethingthatwaspressingonhermind—butherremark—fellquitenaturallyintothetalk.5"SomeonetoldmetheOtherdaythatthephrase,'theKing'sEnglish'wasatermofcriticism,thatitmeanslanguagewhichoneshouldnotproperlyuse"firmationsandprotestsanddenials,andofcourse

thepromise,madeinallsuchconversation,uldsettleit;butconversationdoesnotneedtobesettled;itcouldstillgoignorantlyon.7ItwasanAustralianwhohadgivenhersuchadefinitionof"theKing'sEnglish/'whichproducedsomerathese,therewouldberesistancetotheKing'salwaysresistanceinthelowerclassestoanyattemptbyanupperclasstolaydownrulesfor"Englishasitshouldbespoken."8LookatversationhadswungfromAustralright,whowaswrong,versationwasonwings.9Someonetookoneofthebest-knownofexamples,talkofmeatonourtablesweuseFrenchwords;whiginitssty;itispork(pore)on

ecattleinthefields,butwesitdowntobeef(boeuf).Chickensbecomepoultry(poulet),andacalfbecomesveal(veau).EvenifourmenuswerenotwirtteninFrenchoutofsnobbery,lthistellsusisofadeepclassriftinthecultureofEnglandaftertheNormanconquest.10TheSaxonpeasantswhotilledthelandandrearedtheanimalscouldnotaffordthemeat,santswereallowedtoeattherabbitsthatscamperedovertheirfieldsand,sincethatmeatwascheap,itisstillrabbitonourtables,andnotchangedintosomerenderingoflapin.11Aswelistentodaytotheargumentsaboutbilingualeducation,rulingclasshadbuiltacultusthavebeenagreatdealofculturalhumiliationfeltbytheEnglishwhentheyrevoltedunderSaxonleaderslikeHerewardtheWake."TheKing'sEnglish"—ifthetermhadexistedthen—hadbecomeFrench.

wearestilltheAndhereinAmericanow,900yearslater，heirstoit.12Sothenextmorning,theconversationover,asecameintousesometimeinthe16thcentury."Queen'sEnglish"isfoundinNash's"StrangeNewesoftheInterceptingCertaineLetters"in1593,andin1602,Dekkerwroteofsomeone,"thouclipsttheKinge'sEnglish."IsthephraseinShakespeare?itonce,whenMistressQuicklyin"TheMerryWivesofWindsor"saysofhermastercominghomeinarage,"...herewillbeanoldabusingofGod'spatienceandtheKing'sEnglish,"anditringstrue.13Onecoivecenturiesofgrowth,olftusslingwiththeFrenchoftheNormansandtheAngevinsandthePlantagenetsandatlastabsorbingit,hhadcomeroyallyintoitsown.14TherewasaKing's(orQueen's)zabethansblewonitasonadandelionclock,anditsseedsmultiplied,andfloatedtotheendsoftheearth.

"TheKing'sEnglish"asehasalwayermasterwilllosehiscontrolandspeakwith————ing'sEnglishis"Englishasitshouldbespoken,"theclaimisoftenmockedbytheunderlings,whentheysaywithajeer"Englishasitshouldbespoke."Therebellionagainstaculturaldominanceisstillthere.16Thereisalwaysagreatdanger,asCarlyleputit,that"wordswillhardenintothingsforus."Wordsarenotthemselvesareality,butonlyrepresentationsofit,andtheKing'sEnglish,liketheAnglo-FrenchoftheNormans,sitisworthtryingtospeakit,butitshouldnotbelaiddownasanedict,andmadeimmunetochangefrombelow.17Ihaveanunendingloveaffairwithdictionaries-Audenoncesaidthatallawriterneedsisapen,plentyofpaperand"thebestdictionarieshecan

afford"butIagreewiththepersonwhosaidthat—g'sEnglishisamodel—arichandinstructiveone—ththemosteducatedandthemostliterate,theKing'snoworseconversationalistthantheonewhopunctuateshiswordsashespeaksasifhewerewriting,orwritesof"thesinistercorridorofourage,"wesitupatthevividnessofthephrase,rsatinourlivingroomandsaid,"Weareallfollowingeachotherdownthesinistercorridorofourage,"wewouldbejustifiedinaskinghimtoleave.19Greaeoplemaycelebratetheloftyconversationsinwhichthegreatmindsaresupposedtohaveindulgedinthegreatsalonsof18thcenturyParis,butonesuspectsthattht,then

thegreatpresidentoftheFirstChamberoftheParisParlement,complainedbitterlyofthe"terriblesauces"d,andwentontoobservethattheonlydifferencebetweenhercookandthesupremechef,Brinvilliers,layintheirintentions.20Tethingupthenextmorning,iseonewillbindtheconversation,ouldhavebeennoconversationtheothereveningifwehadbeenabletosettleatonethemeaningof"theKing'sEnglish."WewouldneverhaygonetoAustralia,saboveall,onewouldnothavebeenengagedbyinterestinthemusketeerwhoraisedthesubject,heraboutteachingchimpanzeeshowtotalkisthattheywillprobablytrytotalksenseandsoruinallconversation.

PubTalkandtheKing'sEnglish词汇(Vocabulary}词汇(Vocabulary)intricate:hardtofolloworunderstandbecausefullofpuzzlingparts,details,orrelationships错综复杂的;难以理解的，难懂的pndulge(v.)|:givewaytoone’sowndesire尽情享受；从事于|meander(v)|:wanderaimlesslyoridly；ramble漫步；闲逛_|conversationalist(n.)|:apersonwhoconverses;esp.，onewhoenjoysandisskilledatconversation交谈者；（尤指)健谈者

|anecdote(n.)|:ashort,entertainingaccountofsomehappening,usuallypersonalorbiographical轶事，逸事|intimate(n.)|:aclosefriendorcompanion密友，知己:inorintoaconditionofruinorcatastrophe(婚姻)破坏的；失败的musketeer火手:(formerly)asoldierarmedwithamusket|delve(v.)|:investigateforinformation；search发掘；调查(研究)Irecess(n.)|:asecluded,withdrawn,orinnerplace幽深处

|desultorily(adv.)|:aimlessly；atrandom随意地；无目的地|alchemy(n.)|:anearlyformofchemistry,whosechiefaimsweretochangebasermetalsintogold：amethodorpoweroftransmutation;minglymiraculouschangeofathingintosomethingbetter炼金术；变化物质的方法或魔力:sharpintaste；sour；acid辛辣的；尖酸的；刻薄的convictESI:apersonfoundguiltyofacrimeandsentencedbyacourt罪犯|churl(n.)|:afarmlaborer；peasant农民；庄稼人，乡下人S3S]:anopenbreakinapreviouslyfriendlyrelationship

分裂；失和|scamper(v.)|:runorgohurriedlyorquickly急驰，快跑[rendering(n.)|:atranslation番羽译pilingual(adj.)|:of,inorusingtwolanguages两种语言(用）的[intercept(v.)|:seizeorstopontheway，beforearrivalattheintendedplace拦截；截断；截击。|abuse(v.)|:usewrongly；useinsulting,coarseorbadlanguage；scoldharshly滥用；辱骂，口出恶言|coin(v.)|:makeup；devise；invent(anewword，phrase,

etc.)编造；杜撰(新词、新短语等)tussle(v)|:fight,struggle,contend,uslyorvehemently斗争，搏斗；竞争_Idandelion:anyofseveralplantsofthecompositefamily,commonlawnweedswithjaggedleaves,oftenusedasgreens,andyellowflowers蒲公英(属）Ipejorative(adj.)|:disparagingorderogatory轻蔑的；贬低的两SnBWSlCTIM:jokingortryingtobejocular,appropriatetime滑稽的；诙谐的；（尤指在不适当的时候)开玩笑的|underling(n.)|:apersoninasubordinateposition；inferiordisparaging(通常作蔑词)下属

edict:anofficialpublicproclamationororderissuedbyauthority；decree法令；命令；布告■:exemptfromorprotectedagainstsomethingdisagreeableorharmful不受影响的；可避免的|ultimatum(n.)|:afinalofferordemand,fthepartiesengagedinnegotiations,therejectionofwhichusuallyleadstoabreakinrelationsandunilateralaction,artyissuingtheultimatum最后通牒|chimpanzee(n.)|anthropoidapeofAfrica,withblackhair黑猩猩andlarge,outstandingears(非洲）

短语(Expressions)|makeapoin3:explainfullywhatoneisproposing充分解释味例:Allfight,you’vemadeyourpoint；nowkeepquietandlettheotherssaywhattheythink.好啦，你已经把话说清楚了；那就别说了，让别人谈谈看法。aflashsuddenly,veryquickly转瞬间，立刻Cfc例:ckinaflash.就在这儿等我，我马上就回来。ontherocks:(colloq.)inorintoaconditionofruinorcatastrophe(婚姻)破坏的，失败的%例：Tim'smarriageisontherocks.提姆的婚姻亮起了红灯。letoutthebedonthewron'SBBEI:早晨起来便心情不好tobecrossorgrouchy

|laydown:toassertordeclare声明，颁布味例：Theregulationslaydownarigidprocedureforcheckingsafetyequipment.法令规定了一套严格的安检程序。wings|:飘飘然inflight；continuallymovingabout像飞一样地，味例：Thebirdsareonwingsinthesky.鸟儿在空中展翅高飞。upone'snoseat:tosneerat,scorn嘲笑，轻蔑味例：Thechildrenturneduptheirnosesatmyhomecooking.孩子们嘲笑我的厨艺。theshoesof:身处地inanother'sposition站在别人的立场上，设味例：I’mgladI’mnotinhisshoeswithallthosedebtstopayoff.我庆幸不用像他那样去偿还所有的债务。

Icomeintoone'sownI：或世人的口碑toreceivewhatproperlybelongstoone,morrecognition得到自己该得的东西，如荣誉STBT1:(colloq.)to。becomesuddenlyalert；besurprisedorstartled吃惊，警觉味例：Icalledheradamnedhypocriteandthatmadehersitup.我骂她惺惺作态，她马上警觉起来。酒吧闲聊与标准英语亨利费尔利人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不

上交谈的。它时而闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得”有些话要说"，那定会闲聊中常常会有争大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜论，负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们但偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，之。我觉得酒瞎里的或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时闲聊别有韵味。彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或凑到一起来的，但别人根本不管这些。恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，他却从不过问彼虽然日夕相处，们就像大仲马笔下的三个火手一样，此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。从最有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集

我记不起她那句话是在什么中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。情况下说出来的一一她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话一一我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。几天前，标准英语'我听到一个人说’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧最后，则不以为然。不过，问题便解决了。一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。告诉她''得悉此标准英语"应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为情，怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的〃”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给w规范英标准英语社会里，语"制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制。看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁

对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。我有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore);地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则；叫beef(来自法语boeuf)Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自。即便我;calf加工成肉则变成veal法语poulet)(来自法语vcau)我们所用的英语仍然是诺们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所曼底式的英语。存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了兔子肉因为便诺曼底人的餐桌。农民们只能吃到在地里乱窜的兔子。宜，诺曼底贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和吃的兔子肉共用rabbit这个词表示，而没有换成由法语lapin转化而来的某个词。当我们今天听着有关双语教育问题的争论时，我们应该设身处地替当时的撒克逊农民想一想，新的统治阶级把法语用来对抗撒克逊农从而在农民周围筑起一道文化障碍。民自己的语言，当英国人在像觉醒者赫里沃德这样的撒克逊领袖领导下起来造反时，他们一定深深地〃”一一如果那时候有这个名词的话感受到了文化上的屈辱。标准英语

已经变成法语。而九百年后我们在美国这儿仍然继承了这种影响。那晚闲聊过后，第二天一早便有人去查阅了资料。这个名词在16世纪已有人使用过。纳什作于1593年的《截获信函奇闻》中就标准英语"有过'(Queen'sEnglish)的提法。1602年德克写到某人'〃你把'。莎士比亚时有句话说：标准英语'''(King'sEngligh)简化了如出现过，那就证明这个词在当时作品中是否也出现过这一提法呢即己通用。他用过一次，在《温莎的风流娘儿们》中，快嘴桂嫂在讲少不了一顿臭骂，骂到她家老爷回来后将会有的盛怒情形时说，...."..得鬼哭神愁，伦敦的官话(即'标准英语不知要给他糟蹋成个什么样'子啦。"(朱生豪译)后来的事实果然被她说中了。我们有理由认为这个词语就是那个时期产生的。经过前后五百年英语最的发展和与诺曼底人、安茄王朝及金雀花王朝的法语的竞争，终同化了法语。被征服者变成了征服者，英语取得了国语的地位。这样便有了一种值得引以自豪的w标准英语"。伊丽莎白时代的人示准英语"再也不带有今没费吹灰之力，使其影响日盛，遍及全球。1天所谓的种族歧视的性质了。下层阶级在不过，那个澳大利亚人所作的解释也有一定的道理。

用这一名词时总带着一点轻蔑或讥讽的味道。我们会发现，就连快嘴桂嫂这样一个婢女也会说她的主子凯厄斯大夫会管不住自己的舌头,而讲起平民百姓们所讲的那种粗话。如果说标准英语就是所谓w规范英语"，这种看法常常会受到下层人民的嘲笑讥讽，他们有时故意开规反英语"。玩笑地把它说成是”下层人民对文化上的专制仍是极为反感的。正如卡莱尔所说，始终存在着的一种危险是，”对我们来说。词语会变成具体的事物"。词语本身并不是现实，它不过是用以表达标准英语就像诺曼底人的盎格鲁法语一样，也现实的一种形式而己。是一个阶级用来表达现实的一种形式。让人们学着去讲也许不错，但既不应当把它作为法令，也不应当使它完全不接受来自下层的改变。我一向对词典有着始终不渝的酷爱一奥登说过，一个作家的全部够用的纸张和”他所能弄得到的最好的词典"一一但所需就是一支笔、即把词典看成是一种常识的工具。我更赞同另一种说法，标准英语是一种典范一一一种丰富而有指导作用的典范一一但并不是一种最高的典范。由此我们可以回到我先前的话题上了。即便是那些学问再高、文学修养再好的人，他们所讲的标准英语在交谈中也常常会离谱走调。要是有谁闲聊时也像做文章一样句逗分明，或者像写一篇要发表的散文一样咬文嚼字的话，那他讲起话来就一定会极为倒人胃口。看到当今这个时代的阴森可怖的长廊"时，其用语E?M?福斯特笔下写出”

之生动及由其所产生的生动有力、甚至可怖的形象令我们拍案叫绝。但假若福斯特坐在我们的会客室里说''我们大家正一个接一个地步入〃时，那我们完全有理由请他走开。这个时代的阴森可怖的长廊常常有一些愚人要求大文豪们谈话时也像写文章一样字字珠玑。也有些人对18世纪巴黎的文艺沙龙里那些文人雅士的高谈阔论极表可是，说不定那些文人雅士们在那里也不过是闲聊，谈论酒食称羡。当时的巴黎大法院第一厅厅长亨奥尔特在德苏侯爵夫人家的好坏哩。接着还大发议论说侯爵的沙龙里作客时就曾大叫着说”调料糟透了"，夫人家的厨子和总厨师长布兰维利耶之间的唯一差别只不过用心不一而己。会客室里和餐桌上是无需摆上词典的。闲聊过程中若遇上弄不明白需待查实的问题可留待第二天再说，不要话说到一半却去一边查起字典来。否则，谈话便会受到妨碍，不能如流水般无拘无束地进行。也就不可能再有那天晚上，如果我们当场弄清了'标准英语"的意义，'那一场交谈论辩，我们也就不可能一会儿跳到澳大利亚去，一会儿扯回到诺曼底征服者时代了。而且，我们也就没有什么可以留到第二天去思考了。尤为重要的如果那个问题当场得到解决的话，是，人们就不会对于那位引出话题〃火手那样发生兴趣，想多了解她的情况了。教黑猩猩说话之所的”

其原因就在于它们往往可能尽想着要讲出些正经八百的话以很困难，来，因而使得谈话失去意趣。PubTalkandtheKing'sEnglish课后练习题/hortnoteson:Carlyle,tedReferenceBooks[SRB]tionsoncontent:1What,accordingtothewriter,makesgoodconversation?Whatspoilsit?.sthewriterlike"barconversation"somuch?oodconversationneedafocalsubjecttotalkabout?thepeopletalkaboutAustralia?WhydidtheconversationturntoNormanEngland?

stheuseofwordsshowclassdistinction?guessthewriter'sviewsonbilingualeducation?(para11)theterm"Queen'sEnglish"usedin1593and"theKing'sEnglish"in1602?s"theKing'sEnglish"regardedasaformofracialdiscriminationinEngland?9Whatistheattitudeofthewritertowards"theKing'h"esthewritermeanwhenhesays,"theKing'sEnglish,liketheAnglo-FrenchoftheNormang,isaclassrepresentationofreality"?(para16)IIIQuestionsonappreciation:wayis"pubtalk"connectedwith"theKing'sEnglish"?Isthetitleofthepiecewell"chosen?utthelithefunctionofpara5?Isthechangefrompubtalk"to"theKing'sEnglish"tooabrupt?impleidiomaticexpressionslike"tobeontherocks,outofbedonthewrongside,etc.,"gowellwiththe

copiousliteraryandhistoricalallusionsthewriteruses?ewriterrevealhispoliticalinclinationinthispieceofwriting?How?rase:)sanactivityonlyofhumans,(sationisnotformakingapoint,(para2),thebestconversationalistsarethosewhoarepreparedtolose,(para2)endsarenotdeeplyinvolvedineachother'slives,(para3)dstillgoignorantlyon(para6)6Therearecattleinthefields,butwesitdowntobeef(boeuf).(para9).rulingclasshadbuiltaculturalbarrieragainsthimbybuildingtheirFrenchagainsthisownlanguage,(parall)hhadcomeroyallyintoitsown.(para13)asehasalwaysbeenusedalittlepejorativelyandevenfacetiouslybythelowerclasses,(para15)ellionagainstaculturaldominanceisstill

there,(para15)salwaysagreatdangerthat"wordswillhardenintothingsforus."(para16)ththemosteducatedandthemostliterate,theKing'sEnglishslipsandslidesinconversation,(para18)ateparas9—upthedictionaryandexplainthemeaningoftheitalicizedidiomaticphrases:arriagemaybeontherocks(para3)toutofbedonthewrongside(para3)versationwasonwings(para8)manlordsofcourseturneduptheirnosesatit(para10)ttothinkourselvesbackintotheshoesoftheSaxonpeasant(para11)hhadcomeroyallyintoitsown.(para13)patthevividnessofthephrase(para18)minatethefollowinggroupsofsynonyms:1ignorant,illiterate,uneducated,unlearned.

,scoff,sneer,gibe,flout[SRB].Webster'r''sDigest,UsetheRightWordVD1Givetensynonymousand/orrelatedwordsofthewordconversation(meaning'communication').Givewordsofthesamepartofspeech.[SRB]'r'nantonymousand/rdsofthesamepartofspeech.[SRB]'r'thedictionary,findoutfromwhatlanguagesthefollowingwordsareborrowed,andthenputtheminto

Chinese:'ntheirmeaninginplain,non-figurativelanguage:elikethemusketeersofDumaswho,althoughtheylivedsidebysidewitheachother,didnotdelveintoeachother'ttothinkourselvesbackintotheshoesofthe

zabethansblewonitasonadandelionclock,anditsseedsmultiplied,iseonewillbindtheconversation,dneverhavegonetoAustralia,adthenexttwoparagraphsandshowhowcoherenceandunityisimprovedbytheuse,:r,nolessessential,isthewidergtesandhabitsofyoungpeopletodaydiffermarkedlyfromthoseoftheyoungpeopleofthethirties,nfluencedbythetastesandhabitsoftheirownyouth,the"fathers"areinclinedtothinkthesehabitsandtastesareabsolutesandtodenytheirchildrentherighttoindependentcreativitywhichtheydemandedfromtheirownparentsHencethe.

artificialconflicts,inwhichterusesthefollowingtransitionaldevices:)Transitionalwordsandexpressions1butanotherstillhence2)Pronounreferencethosetheirthesethey3)cewe(teenagers)aresonew,tance,thenewspapersarealwayscarryingadvice-columnstellingourmothershowtohandleus,their"bewilderedmaladjustedoffspring,"andthemoviesportrayusashalf-wittedbops(hoodlums-ed);andinthecurrentbestsellers,theirownconfused,therhand,speakerstellusthattheseteen-yearsarethehappiestandfreestofourlives,orhandusthe"leadersoftomorrow,forgeonthefuture"eralopinionisthatteen-agersareeithercar-stealing,dope-takingdelinquents,orimmature,weepyadolescentswithnothingonourmindsbutboys(orgirlsasthecasemaybe).Most

adultshaveoneortwoattitudestowardthehandlingofteenssomesaythatonlyasoundbeatingwillkeepusin—line;otherstreatusasmentallyunbalancedcreaturesonthebrinkofinsanity,whomustbepamperedandshieldedatanycost.2Asoftoday,nchantmentstartedinSeptember—gatalongstrandofgreyhairthattrailedoutofthemeat,throughthemayonnaise,hat,IwasnotmuchsurprisedbythelittlethingsIcameacrossinOctoberandNovember:bugsinthesaladandbobbypininthemeatloaf,Decemberthefoodwasworse—istmasdinner,forin-stance,thecookgavemeathinsliceofrolledturkey,straightoutofthecan,atwasexcusable(nobodyisperfect),butwhathappenedtodayisnot"IhadalreadyeatenmostofmyclamchowderbeforeIfoundit,atthebottomofthebowl,nestledamongthedicedpotatoesandthechoppedonions:oneband-aid,slightlyused.

XDTopicsfororalwork:opinion,sation?enEnglishdifferentfromwrittenEnglish?Inwhatwaysaretheydifferent?shortcompositiondescribingsomeofthepeculiaritiesofspokenEnglishPubTalkandtheKing'sEnglish课后练习题答案/e:ThomasCarlyle(1795-1881),EnglishessayistandhistorianbornatEcclefechan,raduatingfromtheUniversityof

Edinburgh,herejectedtheministry,forwhichhehadbeenintended,1826hemarriedJaneWelsh,vedtoJane'sfarmatCraigenputtoehwheretheylivedfor6years(1828-1834).DuringthistimeheproducedSartorResartus(1833-1834),okisaveiledsardonicattackupontheshamsandpretencesofsociety,uponhollowrank,hollowofficialism,hollowcustom,1837hepublishedTheFrenchRevolution,sthesetwomasterpieces,hewroteChartism(1840),OnHeroes,heroWorship,andtheHeroicinHistory(1841),PastandPresent(1843)andothers."Carlylese",apeculiarstyleofhisown,wasacompoundofbiblicalphrases,colloquialisms,Teutonictwists,andhisowncoinings,hemostimportantsocialcriticsofhisday,Carlyleinfluencedmanymenoftheyoungergeneration,amongthemwereMathewArnoldandRuskin.

:CharlesLamb(1775-1834),Englishessayist,wasbominLondonandbroughtupwithintheprecinctsoftheancientlawcourts,toschoolatChrist'sHospital,wherehehadforaclassmateColeridge,nteen,hebecameaclerkintheotiontohissisterMary,uponwhomrestedanhereditarytaintofinsanity,hasdoneal-mosllaboratedonseveralbooksforchildren,maticessays,SpecimensofEnglishDramaticPoets(1808),establishedhisreputatiaysofElla,publishedatintervalsinLondonMagazine,weregatheredtogetherandrepublishedintwoseries,thefirstin1823,tablishedLambinthetitlewhichhestillholds,.

onversationdoesnotreallystartfromanywhere,ntmayoftenbeapartofit,butthepurposeoftmethingveryimportanttosay,whentheyarguetoconvinceortowintheirpoint,terlikesbarconversationverymuchbecendsarecompanions,efriendsbutnotintimateenoughtobecuriousabouteachother'nafocalsubjectappearsinthenaturalflowofconversation,theconversationbecomesvivid,pletalkedaboutAustraliabecausethespeakerwhointroducedthesubjectmentionedincidentallythatitwasanAustralianwhohadgivenhersuchadefinitionof"theKing'sEnglish"Whenthepeoplolaydownrulesfor"Englishasitshouldbespoken",theconversationmovedtoNormanEnglandbecauseatthat

timealangonpeainstanyformofculm"theQueen'sEnglish"wasusedin1953byNashbecauseatthattimethereigningmonarchwasaqueen,m"theKing'sEnglish"hoarenotveryparticularmayusetheterm"theKing'sEnglish",1602,Dekkerusedtheterm"theKing'sEnglish",althoughthereigningmonarchwasstillQueenElizabeth.8.''TheKing’sEnglish”wasregardedasaformOterthinks''theKing’sEnglish"rthtryingtospeak''theKing’sEnglish"，butitshouldnotbelaiddownasanedict,

g’sEngtheNormanperiod,therulingclassspokeAnglo—g’sEnglishtodayreferstothelanguageusedbytheupper,eadsthereadersintothinkingthatthewriterisgoingtodemonstratesomeintrinsicorlinguisticrelationshipbetweenpubtalkandtheKing’sthewriter,inreality,g’sEnglishisconnectedwith''pubtalk”whenthewriterdescribesthecharmingconversationhehadwithsomepeopleoneeveninginapubonthetopic''theKing’sEnglish”essaythewriteralludedtomanyhistoricalandliteraryeventsuchastheNormanconquest,the

saloonsof18thcenturyParis,ortexpositoryessaylikethis，aph5isatransitionparagraphbymeansofwhichthewriterpassesffeelsthechangefrom''pubtalk”to''theKing'sEnglish”pleidiomaticexpressionslike"tobeontherocks,outofbedonthewrongside,etc.’’maybesaidtogowellwiththecopiousliteraryandhistoricalallusionsthewriterusedforaninformalconversationalstyletoSuitthethemter’sattitudetowards''theKing’sEnglish"versationisanactivitywhichisfoundonlyamonghumanbeings.(Animalsandbirdsarenotcapableofconversation.)sationisnotforpersuadingotherstoaccept

apersonwhoreallyenjoysandisskilledatcwhomeeteachotherforadrinkinthebarofapubarenotintimatefriendsfortheyarenotdeeplyabsorbedorengrossedineachother’nimalsarecalledcattlewhentheyarealiveandfeedinginthefields；rulingclassbyusingFrenchinsteadofEnglishmadeitdifficultfortheEnglishtoacceptorabsorbthecultureofthe、lase,theKing’sEnglish,kingpeopletillexistsintheworkingpeople,asinthe

earlySaxonpeasants，salwaysagreatdangerthatwemightforgetthatwomple，theword''dog”n’tregard'dog”d、emosteducatedandliteratepeopledonotusestandard,-.ontherocks：metaphor,ofbedonthewrongside：beinabadtemperfortheday(Themeaningisperhapsderivedfromtheexpression''Yougotoutofbedthewrongway”.Itwasanancientsuperstitionthatitwasunluckytosettheleftfootonthegroundfirstongettingoutofbed.)metaphor,s：

one’snoseat：scorn；eshoes：metaphor(ormoreappropriatelyanidiomaticexpression),thinkasifonewerewearingtheshoesoftheSaxonpeasant,ewereaSaxon6comeintoone’sown：receivewhatproperlybelongstoone,especiallyacclaimorrecognition65(colloquial)t：nt指缺乏知识，可以是就整体而言(如anignorantman),也可以是就某一具体方面或问题而言(如ignorantofthe；illiteratereasonoftheirquarrel对他们争吵的起因毫无所知）意为缺乏文化修养，尤指读写能力的缺乏；uneducated指没有受到正规的、系统的学校教育；unlearned意为学问不富(未必无知)，既可指一无所长，又可指某一方面所知有限，如unlearnedinscience,意为对科学懂得有限，但对其他学科，如文学、哲学等，倒可能是很精通的。指对某事疑惑不信或缺乏尊敬而用无礼、轻蔑的言词

或加以嘲笑；sneer侧重于面部表情或语气中所含的轻蔑嘲笑之意:jeer侧重指用粗俗的、侮辱性的言词或粗鲁的嘲笑来表示轻侮；gibe通常指不带恶意的取笑或作弄人的笑骂；flout主要指以不理不睬或视而不见的态度表示出的轻侮蔑视。sation(communication),intercourse,com,commerce,intercommunication,dealings,traffic,exchange,interchange,correspondence,truck,licated，uninvolved,simple,plain，unmixed,unmingled,uncombined,unsophisticated,straight,lowingwordsareallborrowedfromFrench：.冷餐2.烹调3.柠檬汁4.烈性甜酒5.早餐/午餐6.菜谱17.沙龙/客厅8.晚会9.景泰蓝10煎鸡蛋11.餐馆老板12.保全部节目全部技能1314.芭蕾舞团15.随员16.连留节目，音/连络17记忆错觉/回忆幻想18.再来一次19.放流行歌曲唱片的夜总会20枝形吊灯

nowshowtheconversationwillgoaends,althoughtheymeteachotherfrequently,.didnotdelveintoeachother'dneverhavetalkedaboutAustralia,orthe

ganizationisessentialforcontinuity,becausetheclear,eecommontransitionaldevicesare:pronounreference,repetitionofimportantwords,paragraphsintheexercisesemploythesethreemethodstoaph11)Transitionalwordsandexpressions:forinstance,ontheotherhand2)Pronounreference,we(referringbacktoteen-agers),us,our,us,us,our,us,our,us,us3)Repetitionofimportantwords:teen-agers,teen-years,teen-agers,teensParagraph2

)Transitionalwordsandexpressions:Asoftoday,1Afterthat,Then,forinstance,eventhat,my,I,myself,I,I,me,my,I,2)Pronounreference:I3)Repetitionofimportantwords,food(andnamesofdifferentkindsoffood)aritiesofSpokenEnglishThepeculiaritiesofspokenEnglish,inmyopinion,,inspokenEnglish,peopletendtousesmallandsimplewords,andsincetheyhavelittletimetothinkabouttheuseofproperorexactwords,ntheycannotthinkofanythingtosay,theymayusemouth-fillingssuchasIthink",riting,peopleare"youknow","generallyallowedenoughtimetothinkofly,whenspokenEnglishused,peoplemayusemanybrokensentencesorotherungrammatical

riting,however,peoy,whenspeaking,peoplemaymocomestotheuseofpen,peopleusuallypaymuchattentiontothestructureorthewholepassage.