except,beside,apart from,in addition(to)

1. except和besides都可解作“除……之外”，但含义不同。

except表示“从所提到的人或事物中除去，即从整体中除去一部分”，指同类排除，表示递减的概念，含义是否定的。besides表示“除了……之外，还有……”，指“在整体中加入一部分”，表示递加的概念，含义是肯定的。

eg. We all went except him. 除他之外，我们都去了。(他没有去)

There was no one except me.

We all went besides him. 除他之外，我们大家也都去了。(他也去了)

(1)besides常与other／more／else等词连用?except常与all／every／everyone／none／nobody／everything／nothing等总括词连用。

eg. He had other people to take care of besides me.

All the students in Class One went to the cinema except Li Ping.

(2)若句中没有实义动词do的某种形式，except后接动词不定式，而besides后接动词的-ing形式。

eg. I had no choice except to obey／besides obeying his order.

(3)若句中有实义动词do的某种形式，二者后面都可以接动词原形。

eg. She has nothing to do except／besides go with him.

(4)二者后面都可以接从句。

eg. Besides that he explained the theory, he gave us some examples.

He is a good student except that he sometimes comes late to school.

(5)except后面可接for（构成短语except for）或其他介词短语，而besides不能。所谓besides不能加that，是指besides不能加上that引导的宾语从句，但是except可以加上that/when/what引导的从句。原因就在于，能加that引导的宾语从句的介词很少，一般只有except/in。如：

The girl is very beautiful except that her hair is a little grey.

I walk to school every day except when it rains.

I believe you except what you told me just now.

2. except for主要有三层含义：

(1)表示对整体主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定，起部分修正主要意思的作用。有时含有惋惜之意：

eg. Your composition is quite excellent except for several spelling mistakes.

你的作文写得不错，只是有几处拼写错误。

The house is nice except for the chimney.

The article is well written except for some spelling mistakes.

其中的the house和the chimney，the article和some spelling mistakes之间就是整体和局部的关系。

(2)表示非同类事物进行比较。

eg. The street is empty except for several cars.

(3)置于句首，表达except的含义。

eg. Except for this, everything is in order.

except for后接名（代）词，可以转移为except＋从句或其他介词短语。

eg. The climate here is good except for some rainy days.(except when it rains；except that it sometimes rains；except on the rainy days.

注意：二者用于否定句时含义相同，意思一样。

eg. He did nothing besides (＝except) this.

除这件事外，他什么事也没做。 except that 后加从句表示“只是”

On the whole he is a nice person to work with except that he is careless.

总的来说，他是一个很好共事的人，只是有些粗心。

(4)except for 常可代替cxcept，用于句首尤其如此 （except不用于句首）：

Except for John, everyone was tired.=Everyone was tired except John.

除了约翰外，大家都累了。

It is not worth seeing, except for its scene.

3. in addition to = besides指内部互斥，即前后名词可以合为一个整体。如：

The other students also went there besides/in addition to Tom.

其中的the other students和Tom可以合为the students. In addition to advising

him.(以上引用短句，可以插用)

in addition to 和 in addition 这两个词组都可表示“除了,此外,另,又,还”等意思,用来表示两个事物或动作之间的增补关系。

In addition to整个词组相当于一个介词,所以to的后面要接名词性成分做宾语.例如：

In addition to native plants,this garden contains numerous trees and flowers from

overseas. 除了当地的植物之外，这座花园还有无数来自海外的花草树木。

4. In addition，相当于副词。位于两个句子中间，放在从句的句首，后面接完整的句子。例如：

This garden has the best collection of native addition,it contains numerous

trees and flowers from overseas.

这座花园有当地植物的最佳珍藏。另外，它还有无数来自海外的花草树木。

5. apart from就比较复杂了。

apart from = in addition to/besides + except (for) 也就是说apart from兼有上述三种用法。eg. Apart from these reasons.