quality control and quality assurance

Quality Control And Quality Assurance

质量控制与质量保证

Quality control assures the reliability of performance of the designed system in accordance with

assumed and expected reserve strengths in the design .To exercise "quality control" and achieve

"quality assurance" encompasses monitoring the roles and producer, the laboratory tester, the

constructor, and the user.

质量控制被用来保证所设计的结构体系性能的可靠性，并达到设计预期的强度储备。要实现“质量控制”，得到“质量保证”，就必须规定所有的参与者的责任，包括业主或者产权人、设计人员、混凝土生产厂家、试验人员、施工人员和用户。

The reliability of performance of personnel involved in the various stages of creating a concrete

structural system from conception through design, construction, and use depends on knowledge,

training, and communication at all levels. A smooth flow of correct information among all

participants and a shared systematic understanding of the developing problems lead to increased

motivation toward improved solutions, hence improved quality control and a resulting high level

of quality assurance. In summary, a quality assurance system needs to be provided based on the

exercise of quality control at the various phases and interacting parameters of a total system.

人们的知识水平、培训程度和与其他人进行交流的能力决定了他们在建造混凝土结构系统的过程中，在构思、设计、施工和使用等各个阶段中工作表现的好坏。在所有的有关人员之间顺畅地传递正确的技术信息，以及让他们对所产生的问题进行控制，是质量保证达到更高水平。总之，需要有一个质量保证体系，这个体系是以对不同阶段和各个相互影响参数进行质量控制为基础的。

Construction of a designed system is governed basically by five primary tasks:planning, design,

materials selection, construction, and use (including maintenance). The process stars with the

user, since the principal aim of a project is to satisfy the user's needs, and it culminates with the

user as the primary beneficiary of the final product.

建造一个事先设计好的系统主要需要完成五项工作：计划、设计、选择材料，施工和使用（包括维修）。这个过程由用户开始，因为项目的主要目的是满足用户的需求；过程的终点也在用户，因为用户是最终建成物的主要受益人。

The User Quality assurance is necessary to satisfy the user's needs and rights. It ensures that the

activities influencing the final quality of a concrete structure are:

用户 质量保证应该满足用户的需求和权益。应当保证的影响混凝土结构最终质量的各项工作为：

(1) Based on clearly defined fundamental requirements that satisfy the operational,

environmental, and boundary conditions set for the project at the outset;

（1）应该根据明确的基本要求，满足规定的工作条件、环境条件和周围边界条件；

(2) Properly presented in accurate, well-dimensioned engineering working drawings based on

optimal design procedures;

（2）提供通过最佳设计程序得到的精确的，尺寸完备的施工；

(3) Correctly and efficiently carried out by competent personnel in accordance with

predetermined plans and working drawing well supervised during the design stage;

（3）由业务熟练人员准确而有地按照在设计阶段审定的计划和图纸进行施工；

(4) Systematically executed in accordance with detailed specifications that conform to the

applicable codes and local regulations.

（4）系统的按照符合法规或地方法规技术要求施工。

Planning In order to plan the successful execution of a proposed constructed system，all main and

subactivities have to be clearly defined. This is accomplished through dividing the total project

into a network plan of separately defined activities, relating each activity with time, analyzing the

input control and the resulting output control, and expressing these conditions in the form of a

checklist. In such a manner, the successful decision-making process concerning performance

requirements becomes easier to accomplish. Such a process usually entails decisions on what

function needs to be accomplished in a construction project, where and when that function will

be executed, how the system will be constructed, and who the user will be. Correct

determination of these factors leads to a decision as to the level of quality control needed and

the degree of quality assurance that is expected to result.

计划 为了制定能使拟建造的结构得以顺利建成的计划，需要对所有的主要工作和分项工作明确地加以规定。这可以通过将整个工程划分为由各项工作所组成的网络计划，用时间将每项工作联系起来对每项工作所提供的条件和对所获得结果进行分析，并用清单形式列出。采用这种方式，比较容易实现可以获得良好结果的决策过程。这种决策过程通常需要对下列问题作出决定：此建设工程应该具有何种功能，何时何地需要具有该功能，此结果系统将如何建造，使用者将为何人。准确地确定这些因素后，所作出的决定可以符合所需要的质量控制水平和能够达到预期的质量保证程度。

Design Quality control in design aims at verifying that the designed system has the safety,

serviceability, and durability required for the use to which the system is intended as required by

the applicable codes, and that such a design is correctly presented in the working drawing and

the accompanying specifications. The degree of quality control depends on the type of system to

be constructed; the more important the system, the more control that is required. As a minimum,

a design must always be checked by an engineer other than the originating design engineer.

设计 在设计中进行质量控制的目的是使所设计的结构系统能在使用中具有法规所要求的安全性、适用性和耐久性，并使该设计能准确地在施工图及其技术要求中表达清楚。质量控制所需要达到的等级取决于结构的种类，结构越重要，就越需要进行质量控制。最低限度的要求为，每一设计均由原设计者以外的其他工程师进行校核。

Since engineering working drawing are the primary link between the design process and the

construction process, they should be a major object of design quality assurance. Consequently,

the student has to be well acquainted with reading and interpreting working drawing and must

be able to produce clear sketches that accurately express the design details if the constructed

system is to reflect the actual design.

由于工程施工图纸是设计过程与施工过程之间的主要联系环节，所以应该是设计质量保证的主要目标。因此，学生们应该能够熟练地阅读和理解施工图纸，并且能准确地画出设计细部示意图，才能使所建造的结构系统与实际的设计相符。

Materials Selection It has to be emphasized at the outset that the quality of materials such as

reinforced concrete is not determined only by compressive or tensile strength tests. Many other

factors affect the quality of the finished product such as water/cement ratio, cement content,

creep and shrinkage characteristics, freeze and thaw properties, and other durability aspects and

conditions.

选择材料 首先应该强调，钢筋混凝土等材料的质量并不能仅由抗压或抗拉强度试验决定。许多其他因素，诸如水灰比、水泥用量、徐变和收缩特性、冻融性能和其他耐久性方面的性能，都会对混凝土最终制成品的质量有一定影响。

Construction Construction is the execution stage of a project, which can be used to satisfy all

design and specification requirements within prescribed time limits at minimum cost. To achieve

the desired quality assurance, the construction phase has to be preceded by an elaborate and

correct preparation stage, which can be part of the design phase. The preparation or planning

phase is very critical since it gives an overall clear view of the various activities involved and the

possible problems that could arise at the various phases of execution.

施工 施工是工程的实施阶段，应该在规定的时间限度内用最少的费用满足所有的设计和技术要求。为了得到所需要的质量保证，施工前需有细致恰当的准备阶段，这可以作为设计阶段的一部分。准备或计划阶段是非常重要的，通过它可以对各项工作以及各阶段可能发生的问题有全面的和清晰的了解。

The human factor is of major significance at the construction phase. In most instances, the major

site activities involve lab force use and scheduling of its utilization. An improved information flow

system, clear delineation of the chain of command, and reward for superior performance

increase motivation and lead to overall improvement in the entire quality assurance system and

an optimization of the efficiency/cost ratio of a project.

在施工阶段人的因素是最为重要的。在许多场合，施工现场的主要工作是人力的使用及其工作安排。对信息传输系统的改进，清楚地传达各项指示，对工作表现优秀的人员予以奖励等措施可以提高工作积极性，可以全面改善整个质量保证体系，并使工程的效率与费用之比达到最佳值。