托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文14--1 Children and Advert

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托福阅读TPO14(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Children and Advertising

托福阅读原文

【1】Young children are trustingof commercial advertisements in the

media, and advertisers have sometimes beenaccused of taking

advantage of this trusting outlook. The IndependentTelevision

Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United

Kingdom,has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness"—creating a

wrongimpression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to

controladvertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to

judge thetrue size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.

【2】General concern aboutmisleading tactics that advertisers employ is

centered on the use ofexaggeration. Consumer protection groups and

parents believe that children arelargely ill-equipped to recognize such

techniques and that often exaggerationis used at the expense of product

information. Claims such as "thebest" or "better than" can be subjective

and misleading; evenadults may be unsure as to their meaning. They

represent the advertiser'sopinions about the qualities of their products

or brand and, as a consequence,are difficult to verify. Advertisers

sometimes offset or counterbalance anexaggerated claim with a

disclaimer—a qualification or condition on the example, the

claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may beaccompanied by

the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally balancedbreakfast." However,

research has shown that children often havedifficulty understanding

disclaimers: children may interpret the phrase"when part of a nutritionally

balanced breakfast" to mean that thecereal is required as a necessary part

of a balanced breakfast. The authorGeorge Comstock suggested that less

than a quarter of children between the agesof six and eight years old

understood standard disclaimers used in many toyadvertisements and

that disclaimers are more readily comprehended whenpresented in both

audio and visual formats. Nevertheless, disclaimers aremainly presented

in audio format only.

【3】Fantasy is one of the morecommon techniques in advertising that

could possibly mislead a young -oriented advertisements

are more likely to include magic and fantasy thanadvertisements aimed

at adults. In a content analysis of Canadian television,the author Stephen

Kline observed that nearly all commercials for charactertoys featured

fantasy play. Children have strong imaginations and the use offantasy

brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough torealize

that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasy situations and settingsare

frequently used to attract children's attention, particularly in

foodadvertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many

years, beenfound to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost

nine out of ten includingsuch content. Generally, there is uncertainty as

to whether very young childrencan distinguish between fantasy and

reality in advertising. Certainly, rationalappeals in advertising aimed at

children are limited, as most advertisementsuse emotional and indirect

appeals to psychological states or associations.

【4】The use of celebrities suchas singers and movie stars is common in

advertising. The intention is for thepositively perceived attributes of the

celebrity to be transferred to the advertisedproduct and for the two to

become automatically linked in the audience's children's

advertising, the "celebrities" are often animatedfigures from popular

cartoons. In the recent past, the role of celebrities inadvertising to

children has often been conflated with the concept of hostselling. Host

selling involves blending advertisements with regular programmingin a

way that makes it difficult todistinguish one from the other. Host selling

occurs, for example, when achildren's show about a cartoon lion contains

an ad in which the same lionpromotes a breakfast cereal. The

psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that thepractice of host selling reduced

children's ability to distinguish betweenadvertising and program material.

It was also found that older childrenresponded more positively to

products in host selling advertisements.

【5】Regarding the appearance ofcelebrities in advertisements that do

not involve host selling, the evidence ismixed. Researcher Charles Atkin

found that children believe that the charactersused to advertise breakfast

cereals are knowledgeable about cereals, andchildren accept such

characters as credible sources of nutritional finding was

even more marked for heavy viewers of television. In addition,children

feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorsesthat

product. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that

thepresence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect

thechildren's perceptions of a product if the children did not like the

celebrityin question.

托福阅读试题

of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as being a

difficult judgment for children to make about advertised toys?

big the toys are?

much the toys cost?

the toys can do?

the toys are made?

word “verify” in the passage is closest in meaning to

ish the truth of.

e of.

tand.

ize.

paragraph 2, what is one reason that claims such as “the best” or

“better than” can be misleading?

represent the opinions of adults, which are often different from

those of children.

generally involve comparisons among only a small group of

products.

reflect the attitudes of consumer protection groups rather than

those of actual consumers.

reflect the advertiser's viewpoint about the product.

advertisements that include the statement “when part of a

nutritionally balanced breakfast” are trying to suggest that

cereal is a desirable part of a healthful, balanced breakfast.

cereal contains equal amounts of all nutrients.

is a healthier breakfast than other foods are.

cereal is the most nutritious part of the breakfast meal.

ing to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of disclaimers

made in advertisements EXCEPT

are qualifications or conditions put on a claim.

may be used to balance exaggerations.

are usually presented in both audio and visual formats.

are often difficult for children to understand.

word “adept”(Paragraph 3)in the passage is closest in meaning

to

sible.

ul.

t.

s.

aph 3 indicates that there is uncertainty about which of the

following issues involving children and fantasy in advertising?

r children can tell if what they are seeing in an advertisement is

real or fantasy.

r children can differentiate fantasy techniques from other

techniques used in advertising.

r children realize how commonly fantasy techniques are used

in advertising aimed at them.

r children are attracted to advertisements that lack fantasy .

of the sentences below best expresses the essential information

in the highlighted sentence(Paragraph 3)in the passage? Incorrect

choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential

information.

al appeals in advertising are certainly limited by children's

emotional immaturity and the indirect nature of their associations.

ct appeals to children's psychological states or associations can

limit the effectiveness of rational appeals in advertising.

al appeals play a much smaller role in advertisements for children

than emotional appeals and psychological associations do.

al appeals in advertising aimed at children should certainly be

limited until the children are emotionally and psychologically ready.

word "attributes" (Paragraph 4)in the passage is closest in meaning

to

tions.

des.

s.

teristics.

paragraph 4, why does the author mention a show about a cartoon

lion in which an advertisement appears featuring the same lion character?

help explain what is meant by the term "host selling” and why it

can be misleading to children.

explain why the role of celebrities in advertising aimed at children

has often been confused with host selling.

compare the effectiveness of using animated figures with the

effectiveness of using celebrities in advertisements aimed at children.

indicate how Kunkel first became interested in studying the effects

of host selling on children.

word "credible"(Paragraph 5)in the passage is closest in meaning

to

l.

B. believable.

le.

ar.

ing to paragraph 5, what did a study of children in Hong Kong

show about the use of celebrities in advertisements aimed at children?

A. It is most effective with children who watch a lot of television.

B. It has little effect if the celebrities are not familiar to most children.

C. It is more effective in marketing cereals and food products than in

marketing other kinds of products.

D. It can have a negative effect if the celebrities are not popular with

children.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following

sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best

fit? Another aspect of advertising that may especially influence children

is fantasy.

■【A】Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that

could possibly mislead a young audience. ■【B】Child-oriented

advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than

advertisements aimed at adults. ■【C】In a content analysis of Canadian

television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials

for character toys featured fantasy play. ■【D】Children have strong

imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children

may not be adept enough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal.

Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attract children's

attention, particularly in food advertising. Advertisements for breakfast

cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy

techniques, with almost nine out of ten including such content. Generally,

there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish

between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rational appeals in

advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use

emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the

passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the

THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage.

Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express

ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

This question is worth 2 points.

Advertisers sometimes use strategies that can mislead children.

isements can be misleading to children when the advertisements

use audio and visual formats that are especially appealing to children.

en may not be able to interpret exaggerated claims made by

advertisers or understand the disclaimers used to offset claims.

gh the use of celebrities is not necessarily effective in

advertisements aimed at children, there is evidence that host selling can

positively affect their views of a product.

s show that misleading tactics are used most often in

commercials for breakfast cereals, with toy commercials using such

tactics only slightly less frequently.

use of fantasy is especially common in advertisements for children,

but children may not be able to distinguish fantasy from reality.

young children are particularly influenced by host selling, while

slightly older children are more readily misled by seemingly rational

claims such as “the best.”

托福阅读答案

题，排除法，所有答案都集中在最后一句，A的big对应size，正确，不选；B的cost没有对应，错，选；C的do对应performance，正确，不选；D的made对应construction，正确，不选。

核实，证明，所以A的establish the truth正确。原句说best和better

than代表了生产商对于自己的产品和品牌的看法，结果，就难以怎么样，既然是生产商自己断定自己，当然就是普通消费者难以断定其真实性，所以选A。C的理解完全不对，不是消费者不能理解，而是不知道是真是假；D的批评也完全不对；B表示赞许，同义，跟真假也没关系，不选。

3.因为下一句的they指代上句的better than和best，所以往下看，说best和better than代表了生产商对于自己的产品和品牌的看法，结果其真实性难以判断，这就是misleading的原因，所以答案是D。

4.修辞目的题，修辞点所在的句子只是单纯在说一个例子，而且以一个for

example开头，明显是为了证明前一句的，前句说广告商有时会用一句免责声明来平衡他们的夸张说法，然后就说比如blabla，所以这个修辞点应该是一则免责声明，所以答案是A，只有有了早饭这个麦片才有营养。

5.这道EXCEPT题用正选法明显更快。以disclaimer做关键词定位至第五句，答案A和B在第五句出现，都正确，不选；答案D在第七句(however句)中出现，所以正确，不选；C答案原文没说，错，选C。

熟练的，老练的，所以答案B的skillful正确。原句说孩子的想象力很强，使用童话会使他们的想法实现，但他们不够怎么样来分辨出所看到的东西是假的，分析不清楚看答案，D好奇明显反，因为前文说孩子想象力强，所以应该好奇；至于A负责任和C耐心原文都没有相关线索，所以是不够熟练，答案是B。

7.以uncertainty做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说我们不确定孩子能不能分清广告中看到的东西是真的还是假的，所以答案是A。B的other techniques，C的commonly和D的lack fantasy原文都没说。

8.原句的结构就是rational的少，不rational的多，所以答案明显是C。A的emotional immaturity原文没说；B的谓语limit是偷换，而且也没有将两者比较；D同样有说到limit，这是原文没有的，所以错。

ute特，特征，所以答案D正确。原句说生产商希望名人所拥有的正面什么能够延伸到产品当中，使人们自然地将名人和产品联系到一起，猜测是正面形象或者正面性格特征，所以答案是D。A的evaluation评价是别人给的；B的attitude态度必须是面对某件事或者某个人才有的，不能单独提具有的正面态度；C的行动原文没有具体对应的行动，所以也不选。

10.修辞目的题，修辞点所在的句子只是单纯在说一个例子，而且包含一个for

example，明显是为了证明前一句的，前句介绍了一个新概念叫做host selling的，所以答案是A，介绍什么是host selling。因为前句说host selling使孩子难以区分真实的电视节目和广告，所以是misleading，选A。

le可信的，想想credit card信用卡，所以cred跟信有关，所以答案是believable。原句说孩子们认为做麦片广告的那个人通常应该更了解麦片，并且把他们作为什么样的信息来源。前面都说了孩子认为那些人更了解麦片，也就是信任他们，所以believable正确。helpful和valuable带进去似乎都正确，但一是两个都跟信无关，二是两个词本身意思接近，都不选。

13.此题是一道不典型的插入句子题。按通常的做法，有another的都不应该插入第一点，因为前文应该有一个后面才有另一个，但这道题答案是A。这道题只fantasy或者children都不行，所以influence children，与第一句的mislead young audience同义重合，所以A或者B可能正确，但待插入句提到了一个概念fantasy，所以应该先提出概念，B错。

en选项对应原文第二段第一句，B正确。

although选项对应原文第四段，C正确。

studies选项原文没说，D不选。

the use选项对应原文第三段第一句和倒数第二句，E正确。

very young选项原文没说，F不选。

advertisement选项原文没说，A不选。