resolution文学术语

resolution文学术语

文学术语解释

1. Gothie novel

Gothic novel as one branch of the English literature and the father

of horror movies origins from The Castle of Otranto(1764). More

importantly, it leads habitually with darkness and horror. Gothic

elements include horror, mystery, supernatural phenomenon,

misfortune, death,haunted houses, and family curses. the Gothie novel

could be seen as a description of a fallen world. We experience this

fallen world through all aspects of the novel: plot, setting,

characterization, and theme. The Gothic novel is a liberating

phenomenon, which expands the range of possibilities for novelistie

expression.

g Theory

Enest Hemingway's “iceberg theory" suggests that the writer

include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about

ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface

of the writing.

If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he

may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as

though the writer had stated dignity of movement of an

iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.A good writer

does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action.

3. the Lost Generation

A term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War

I generation brought about by the destructiveness of the war, who were

disillusioned and frustrated with the war and were spiritually bitter and

aimless in life. There were many literary artists involved in the groups

known as the Lost Generation. The best known are F. Scott

Fitzgerald,Ernest Hemingway.

of Consciousness

Stream of consciousness:“Stream-of-Consciousness" or “interior

monologue", is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of

writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character's

thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the

character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish

novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time

and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of

the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant,

misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced

reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully

advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less

important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time

sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a

participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of

emotion can be achieved by this technique.

意识流：“意识流”或“内心独白”是现代写作技巧之一。它是像是人物亲身经历的那样来模仿人物思想、感觉、回忆、和头脑中意象来写作的一种手法。爱尔兰作家詹姆斯·乔伊斯于1922年首次使用这种方法。意识流小说打破了时间和时空的犹豫和充满困惑、幻觉和心不在焉的那种心理。美国作家福克纳对这种技巧做了进一步的发展，在他的事中，行为和情节相比叙述者的反应和内心活动已经不那么重要了，时间顺序被打破，读者仿佛置身于故事中而不仅仅是一个观察者。

(In literature, technique that records the multifarious thoughts and

feelings of a character without regard to logical argument or narrative

writer attempts by the stream of consciousness to reflect

all the forces,external and internal, influencing the psychology of a

character at a single moment. )

onist,antagonist,flat character,round character

Character: In appreciating a short story, characters are an

indispensable element. Characters are the persons presented in a

dramatic or narrative work. Forster divides characters into two types:flat

character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and

round character,which is complex in temperament and motivation and is

represented with subtle particularity.

人物：在短篇小说的欣赏中，人物是必不可少一个元素。人物是喜剧或小

说中所描写的人。福斯特把人物划分为两类，扁平型人物和圆型人物。扁平型人物往往缺乏个人化的细节描写而圆型人物则在性格和行为动机上较为复杂。

The major,or central, character of the plot is the protagonist.

The opponent, the character against whom the protagonist

struggles or contends,is the antagonist.

Flat characters are those who embody or represent a single

characteristic, trait, or idea, or at most a very limited number of such

qualities. (type characters,one-dimensional characters)

Round characters are just the opposite. They embody a number of

qualities and traits, and are complex multi-dimensional characters of

considerable intellectual and emotional depth. Most importantly,they

have the capacity to grow and change

England Transcendentalism

New England Transcendentalism is the most clearly defined

Romantic literary movement in this period. It was started in the area

around Concord, a group of intellectual and the literary men of

the United States such as Emerson,Henry David Thoreau who were

members of an informal club, i. Transcendental Club in New

England in the transcendentalists reacted against the cold,

rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in adhered to an idealistic

system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation,

the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic

and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The writings of

the transcendentalists prepared the ground of their contemporaries

such as Walt Whitman,and Nathaniel Hawthorne.

major features of New England Transcendentalism

Firstly,the transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the over

soul, as the most important thing in the Universe.

Secondly, they stressed the importance of the individual. To

them,the individual was the most important element of society.

Thirdly,they offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the

Spirit or God.

lost generation

Seeking the bohemian lifestyle and rejecting the values of American

materialism, a number of intellectuals, poets, artists and writers fled to

France in the post World War I was the center of it all.

American poet Gertrude Stein actually coined the expression "lost

generation." Speaking to Emest Hemingway, she said, "you are all a lost

generation." Full of youthful idealism,these individuals sought the

meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of

the finest American literature to were many literary artists

involved in the groups known as the Lost Generation. The three best

known are Fitzgerald,Emest Hemingway and John Dos Passos.

Satire: A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the

weaknesses and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or

humanity in general. The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for

society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of

view through the force of laughter. (Mark Twain and Jonathan Swift are

master satirists)

以取笑或蔑视某个个人、团体、组织、或全人类的弱点或错误行为的一种文学作品。批评的目的是为了为社会树立一种道德标准，他们也是为了劝读者通过笑声理解他们的观点。

an Dream

The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be

better and richer and fuller for everyone,with opportunity for each

according to ability or achievement.

或者 The American Dream is the freedom that allows all citizens and

most residents of the United States to pursue their goals in life through

hard work and free choice.

10..local colorism

a unique variation of American literary lly,the works

by local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined

region or province. This kind of fiction depicts the characters from a

specific setting or of an era, which are marked by its customs, dialects,

costumes, landscape, or other peculiarities that have escaped

standardizing cultural influence. (representative, Mark Twain)