The history of telephone

The history of telephone

1、prehistory telephone

Before the invention of the electromagnetic telephone电磁电话, there were

mechanical acoustic声学/音的 devices for transmitting spoken words and music

over a distance greater than that of normal speech. The very earliest mechanical

telephones were based on sound transmission through pipes 管道or

other physical media, and among the very earliest experiments were those

conducted by the British physicist and polymath博学家 Robert Hooke from

1664 to 1664 to 1665 Hooke experimented with sound

transmission through a taut distended wire紧绷的扩张线.An acoustic string

phone is attributed to 归因于him as early as 1667.

The highly similar acoustic tin can telephone, or 'lover's phone', has also been

known for centuries. It connects two diaphragms隔膜 with a taut string or wire,

which transmits sound by mechanical vibrations from one to the other along the

wire (and not by a modulated electric current调制电流). The classic example is

the children's toy made by connecting the bottoms of two paper cups, metal

cans, or plastic bottles with tautly held string. 工作原理：A tin can telephone is

a type of acoustic (non-electrical) speech-transmitting device made up of

two tin cans, paper cupsor similarly shaped items attached to either end of a

taut string or wire.

It is a form of mechanical telephony, where sound is converted into and then

conveyed by vibrations along a liquid or solid medium, and then reconverted

back to sound.

2、Another very early experiment in electrical telegraphy was an

'electrochemical telegraph' created by the German physician, anatomist and

inventor Samuel Thomas von Sömmering in 1809, based on an earlier, less

robust design of 1804 by Catalanpolymath and scientist Francisco Salva

Campillo.[2] Both their designs employed multiple wires (up to 35) to represent

almost all Latin letters and numerals. Thus, messages could be conveyed

electrically up to a few kilometers (in von Sömmering's design), with each of the

telegraph receiver's wires immersed in a separate glass tube of acid. An electric

current was sequentially applied by the sender through the various wires

representing each digit of a message; at the recipient's end the currents

electrolysed the acid in the tubes in sequence, releasing streams of hydrogen

bubbles next to each associated letter or numeral. The telegraph receiver's

operator would watch the bubbles and could then record the transmitted

message.[2] This is in contrast to later telegraphs that used a single wire (with

ground return).

The first working telegraph was built by the English inventor Francis Ronalds in

1816 and used static electricity.[7][8] At the family home on Hammersmith

Mall, he set up a complete subterranean system in a 175 yard long trench as

well as an eight mile long overhead telegraph. The lines were connected at both

ends to revolving dials marked with the letters of the alphabet and electrical

impulses sent along the wire were used to transmit messages. Offering his

invention to the Admiraltyin July 1816, it was rejected as “wholly

unnecessary”.[9] His account of the scheme and the possibilities of rapid global

communication in

Descriptions of an Electrical Telegraph and of some other

Electrical Apparatus[10] was the first published work on electric telegraphy and

even described the risk of signal retardation due to induction

An electrical telegraph was independently developed and patented in the United

States in 1837 by Samuel Morse. His assistant,Alfred Vail, developed the Morse

code signalling alphabet with Morse. The first telegram in the United States was

sent by Morse on 11 January 1838, across two miles (3 km) of wire

at Speedwell Ironworks near Morristown, New Jersey, although it was only

later, in 1844, that he sent the message "WHAT HATH GOD

WROUGHT"[25] from the Capitol in Washington to the old Mt. Clare

Depotin Baltimore. The Morse/Vail telegraph was quickly deployed in the

following two decades; the overland telegraph connected the west coast of the

continent to the east coast by 24 October 1861, bringing an end to the Pony

Express.

Edward Davy demonstrated his telegraph system in Regent's Park in 1837 and

was granted a patent on 4 July 1838. He also developed an electric relay.

3、at last,the telephone came into being.

Credit for the invention of the electric telephone is frequently disputed, and new

controversies over the issue have arisen from time-to-time. Charles

Bourseul,Innocenzo Manzetti, Antonio Meucci, Johann Philipp Reis, Alexander

Graham Bell, and Elisha Gray, amongst others, have all been credited with the

telephone's invention. The early history of the telephone became and still

remains a confusing morass of claims and counterclaims, which were not

clarified by the huge mass of lawsuits to resolve the patent claims of many

individuals and commercial competitors. The Bell and Edison patents, however,

were commercially decisive, because they dominated telephone technology and

were upheld by court decisions in the United States.

And today, I would like to talk only about two inventors of the telephone. The

first one is : Alexander Graham Bell was, however, the first to patent the

telephone, as an "apparatus for transmitting vocal or other sounds

telegraphically" .he spilt some acid硫酸on his legs and called for his assistant.

电讯报：标志着电话被公众所采用

Born in 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland, Bell became an expert in sound

and public speaking. His understanding of sound helped him to teach

the deaf and then invent the telephone.

What were the first words ever spoken on the telephone? They were

spoken by Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, when

he made the first call on March 10, 1876, to his assistant, Thomas

Watson: "Mr. Watson--come here--I want to see you." What would

you have said?