考研长难句:非谓语动词之分词


2023年12月18日发(作者:throbbing)

考研长难句:非谓语动词之分词

1.分词作定语

(1)分词作定语既可以放在所修饰的词之前,作前置定语,也可以放在所修饰的词后面,作后置定语。其作用相当于一个定语从句。例如:

Where are the reserved seats? (=Where are the seats which have been

reserved?)

预定的座位在哪里?

This is a pressing problem. (=This is a problem which is pressing.)

这是一个紧迫的问题。

(2)分词作后置定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的中心词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的中心词分开)两种,其作用分别相当于一个限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。例如:

The funds raised(= which have been raised)are mainly used for

helping the homeless.

筹集的资金主要用来帮助那些无家可归的人。

There are many students waiting(= who are waiting)to get examined.

有许多学生在等待检查。

This book, written(= which is written)in simple English, is suitable for

beginners.

本书是用浅显的英语写的,适合初学者。

(3)分词常和形容词、副词或名词构成合成形容词作定语。例如:

The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone.

那位手持鲜花的姑娘一定在等人。

The newly-built building is our office building.

这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。

(4)有些不及物动词的过去分词作定语,并不表示被动的意思而是表示完成。这类过去分词常作前置修饰语。例如:

There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.

秋天有许多落叶。

The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped

man.

这部电影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事。

常用的这一类词有:fallen, faded, returned, retired, risen, grown up,vanished等。

1. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and

the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular

culture. (2006 Text 1)

【念念有词】

I) democratize意为“民主化”,本句中意为“平民化”。 efforts

to democratize school management structures(为学校管理架构民主化所作出的努力)。

II) uniformity意为“相同,一致”。Since then, the nation has

sought uniformity in education to expand opportunities to all students.(自那时起,国家就致力于向所有学生提供相同的教育机会。);This procedure

has produced gratifying results in achieving uniformity in recommendations

and decisions.(这一程序统一了建议和决定,效果令人满意。)

III) discourse n. 谈话,进道,演讲;v. 谈论。He discoursed for hours on

the problems of the education system.(他在教育体制上谈论了好几个小时。)

IV) casualness n. 随意,漫不经心。casual n. 临时工人;便鞋;便装;a. 偶然的,便装的,不经意的。a casual manne(漫不经心的样子);staff

employed on a casual basis(临时工)。

V) deference n. 顺从,尊重。In deference to my friend and colleague Dr.

Brundtland, I won’t show those slides at this symposium.(为了以示对我的朋友和同事布伦特兰博士的尊重,我就不在这次研讨会上播放那些幻灯片了。);Out of deference to Grandma, the father neglected to tell her that

he had become a Christian.(出于对奶奶的尊重,父亲没有告诉她自己已经信了基督教。)

【句理力争】

注意句子的表语是引号中的句子成分,表语实际是三个内容:the

democratizing uniformity, the casualness和absence of deference。形容词短语(characteristic of popular culture)是表语的后置定语。其中单个分词democratizing作定语要前置。对此句的理解在很大程度上取决于对单词的理解。。

【译译生辉】

(美国社会出现)“服饰和话语趋于平民化的一致,随意和尊重的缺失”,这正是通俗文化的特点。

2. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)—lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their

buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to

buy the 20 seats and 80 standing room tickets held for the sleepers and sold

to them when the box office opens at 10∶ (2006 Text 2)

【念念有词】

I) pointed a. 尖的,尖削的;锐利的。a pointed nose尖鼻子,a pointed face尖脸;a pointed comment / remark(尖锐的评论/说话)。

II) dedicated a. 专注的;献身的。He is a dedicated musician.(他是一富有献身精神的音乐家。);be dedicated to / dedicate oneself

to / dedicate one’s life to(献身于…);注意dedicate有“捐赠;献”的意思。I’d like to dedicate the book to my parents.(我想把这本书献给我的父母。)

【句理力争】

句子的主干结构是They all seem to look alike,括号中的成分(though they

come from all over)是插入的条件从句。破折号后面的成分是全句的状语,之所以用破折号是因为作者想对主语(they,即the young people)进一步加以说明。细分起来,状语分为两大部分:一是描绘他们的长相、穿着和吃住,二是说明他们的目的(购票)。前一部分包括四个方面的内容:一是(with) lean,

pointed, dedicated faces,二是wearing jeans and sandals,三是eating their

buns,四是bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre。而to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing room tickets是该句的目的状语,两个过去分词结构(held for the sleepers和sold to them)修饰the 20 seats and

80 standing room tickets。when the box office opens at 10∶是一个时间状语从句。

【译译生辉】

他们虽然来自世界各地,看起来却都很相像——身材消瘦、言语直率、神情执

着,穿着牛仔服和凉鞋,啃着圆面包,在剧院外的石板台阶上过夜,等着购买20张预留给露宿者的座位票和80张站票,在上午10点半售票处开门时他们就可以买到这些票。

3. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry

large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians

tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English

speakers. (2005 Text 4)

【念念有词】

I) chunk n. 大块;矮胖的人或物。a chunk of cheese 一大块奶酪;I've

already written a fair chunk of the article.(我已经把文章的大部分写完了。);a chunk of change【非正式】(一大笔钱)。

II) elaborate v. 精心制作;详细阐述,详细说明;变得复杂;详尽计划;a. 精细的,精心的,详尽的。elaborate与labor是同根词,它可以是形容词(表示“精心制作的,详细阐述的”),也可以是动词(表示“精心制作,详细阐述”);After two weeks, they came up with an elaborate plan.(经过两个星期的准备,他们拿出了一份详细的计划。);There is no need for you

to elaborate on the facts.(你没有必要详尽说明事实。)

【句理力争】

本句是一个由连接词while所组成的并列句,while在这里被翻译成“然而”,表示转折。句子的难点是tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English speakers。speech是指说话的方式,elaborate

speech指说话比较繁琐,因此会让大多数讲英语的人听起来觉得old-fashioned。简言之,意大利的政治家说话太文乎,有咬文嚼字之嫌。

【译译生辉】

俄罗斯人深爱自己的语言,并在脑海中存储了大量诗歌;而意大利的政客们往往精心准备演讲,即使这在大多数讲英语的人眼里已经过时。

4. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of

Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. (2005 Text 2)

【念念有词】

I) academy n. 学院;研究院;大学;学会。the Royal Academy of Music

(皇家音乐学院);a police / military academy(警察/军事学院);academy of sciences(科学院)。

II) enlist v. 征募,谋取,参与;从军,应募;赞助。He enlisted as a private.(他入伍当了士兵。);We've got to enlist some people to help prepare the

food.(我们得请一些人帮忙准备食物。);enlisted man(现役军人)。The

organization has enlisted the support of many famous people in raising

money to help homeless children.(该组织已得到很多著名人士的支持,筹集了资金用来资助无家可归的孩子。)

III) atmosphere n. 气氛;大气,空气;引人入胜的效果,艺术氛围。I went

out of the meeting room;the atmosphere there smothered me.(我走出了会议室,那里的气氛令我喘不过气来。);They left the light down to create

a comfortable atmosphere.(他们让灯光保持暗淡以创造出一种舒适的气氛。)

【句理力争】

该句主语是the latest,was是系动词,a panel from the National Academy of

Sciences是表语,enlisted by the White House是过去分词做后置定语修饰 a

panel,to tell 是目的状语,而tell的后面有两个that引导宾语从句。本句除了需把握tell后面的两个that从句外,还有精准地理解两个单词的意思:the latest意为“最新的发展”,largely意为“在很大程度上”。

【译译生辉】

最近的一次行动是由白宫召集了来自国家科学院的专家小组,他们告诉我们,毫无疑问全球气候正在变暖,而且这个问题主要是人为造成的。

1. 分词作状语

(1)分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式或伴随状况。通常可转换成相应的状语从句;表示方式或伴随状况的可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。例如:

Confined to bed (= Because she was confined to bed), she needed to be

waited on in everything. 她卧病在床,什么事都需要人伺候。(作原因状语)

Having only book knowledge (= If you only have book knowledge), you

will not be able to work well. 如果只有书本知识,你就不可能做好工作。(作条件状语)

They stood there waiting for the bus. (= They stood there and waited

for the bus.)

他们站在那里等公共汽车。(作方式状语)

(2)现在分词和过去分词作状语时的用法比较

不管是现在分词还是过去分词作状语,如果单独作状语,其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致。分词作状语通常可以转换成一个相应的状语从句,如果状语从句中的谓语动词为被动结构,就用过去分词;如果状语从句中的谓语动词为主动结构,就用现在分词。有时为了强调,分词前可带连词when, while, if,

though, as if, unless等一起作状语,以便使句子的意思更清楚、更连贯。例如:

Working hard (If you work hard), you will succeed. 如果你努力,你会成功的。

Defeated (= Though he was defeated), he remained a popular boxer.

虽然他被击败了,但他仍然是一个受人喜爱的拳击手。

(3)分词的独立结构

① 分词作状语时,要特别注意其逻辑主语必须和谓语动词的主语一致。否则,分词必须有自己的主语,这种带主语的分词被称为分词的独立结构,或叫独立主格。在句中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件等。例如:

The project finished, they had a two weeks' leave.

完成那个计划后,他们休了两周假。

He being absent, nothing could be done.

由于他缺席,什么事也没法干。

② 独立结构有时也可以用“with / without + 名词(或代词的宾语)+ 分词”的结构,表示伴随状况。例如:

They sat there silently,(with)their eyes fixed on the lake.

他们静静地坐在那里,眼睛看着湖面。

With him helping me, I felt lucky.

有他的帮助,我感到很幸运。

1. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the

night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that

they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. (2005

Text 3)

【念念有词】

I) progress n. 进步,前进,发展;v. 促进,进行,进步。Our company

cannot progress until we employ more people.(我们公司只有雇用更多的人才能发展。);in progress(进行中) economic / scientific /

technical progress(经济/科学/技术发展。)

II) generate v. 产生,导致,发生。computer-generated imagery(计算机生成的图像);When coal burns, it generates heat.(煤在燃烧时产生热量。);The situation generated widespread dissatisfaction with the peace process.(这种形势导致人们对和平进程普遍感到不满。);The proposal

has generated a lot of interest.(这项提案引起众多关注。)

【句理力争】

Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night是句子的主干,后面跟了两个现在分词结构progressing toward…和suggesting that …,都是作伴随状语,但是第一个现在分词结构的逻辑主语是most people,而第二个的逻辑主语是suggesting前面的所有句子成分。另外,在suggesting的宾语从句中,过去分词结构generated during the day 作后置定语,修饰前面的feelings。

【译译生辉】

多数人似乎在入睡初期做更多不好的梦,而在快睡醒前会逐渐做开心一些的梦,这说明人们会在梦里排解白天的负面情绪。

2. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these

brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry

long accustomed to a seasonal pace. (2013 Text 1)

【念念有词】

I) on-trend items 流行时髦的衣物(商品)。

II) dirt-cheap a./ad. 极低的/地,非常便宜的/地。Such cheap goods obviously

rely on dirt-cheap labor.(如此低价的商品明显是由廉价劳动力导致的。);I got it dirt-cheap.(我以很便宜的价格买到了它。)

III) hijack vt. 劫持;劫机;,拦路抢劫;n. 劫持;。The plane

was hijacked by two armed men on a flight from London to Cairo.(班机在从伦敦飞往开罗途中遭到了两名持械男子劫持。);The hijack ended with

the release of all the plane’s passengers unharmed.(劫机以所有乘客被安全释放结束。)

IV) accustom v. 使习惯于。accustom yourself to sth. (习惯于…) It took

him a while to accustom himself to the idea.(他过了一段时间才习惯这个想法。);He was not accustomed to political or philosophical discussions.(他不习惯政治或哲学讨论。)

【句理力争】

Offering是动名词,作介词by的宾语;本句的主语是these brands,谓语是have hijacked,宾语是fashion cycles,而前面的Cline argues属于插入语部分。shaking是现在分词作结果状语。

【译译生辉】

通过以极低的价格提供流行时髦的衣物,这些品牌已经了时尚周期,撼动了一个长久以来习惯于以“季”为步伐的产业。

3. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers

studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer

simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to

people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.

(2010 Text 3)

【念念有词】

I) interpersonal a. 人际关系的;人际的。 Interpersonal skills are very

important for everyone in today’s world.(人际交往能力在当今世界对于每一个人都很重要。);You have to learn how to deal with

the interpersonal relationship when you are exposed to a new environment.(当你接触一个新环境的时候,你必须要学会如何处理人际关系。);interpersonal communication (人际沟通)。

II) manipulate v. 控制,操纵,影响。She uses her charm

to manipulate people.(她利用自身的魅力来摆布别人。);As a politician,

he knows how to manipulate public opinion.(身为政客,他知道如何左右公众舆论。);manipulate sb. into (doing) sth.(操纵/控制某人做某事)。

【句理力争】

Building on this basic truth about interpersonal influence是现在分词短语作伴随状语或方式状语,其中about interpersonal influence是介词短语作后置定语修饰the basic truth,该句主语是the researchers,studied是谓语,the

dynamics of social influence是宾语,by conducting thousands of computer

simulations of populations是介词短语作方式状语,manipulating a number of

variables…是现在分词短语作伴随状语,其中to influence others是不定式短语作后置定语修饰ability,to be influenced是不定式短语作定语修饰tendency。该句子中出现了大量非谓语动词作句子的状语成分,其是非谓语动词考研考点之一。

【译译生辉】

以这个关于人际影响的基本事实为基础,研究人员通过对人进行无数次的计算机模拟、对一些与人们影响他人的能力及被他人影响的倾向相关的变量进行控制,研究了社交影响的动态变化。

4. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right

out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.”

Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says.

(2011 Text 2)

【念念有词】

I) cloak vt. 遮盖,掩盖;用外衣遮蔽。A fire could have been deliberately

started to cloak small coordinated troop movements.(可能是有人故意放火掩护小规模的部队协同行动。);The beautiful sweeping coastline

was cloaked in mist.(美丽的海岸线一望无际,笼罩在迷雾之中。)

II) vague a. 模糊的;(思想上)不清楚的;(表达或感知)含糊的;暧昧的。They have only a vague idea of the amount of water available.(他们只是大概知道可用水的总量。);The bus was a vague shape in the distance.(远处的公交车是一个模糊的轮廓。);be vague about sth. (对某事不明确)。

III) ambition n. 抱负;渴望得到的东西;追求的目标;夙愿。achieve/fulfill/realize an ambition(达到/完成/实现抱负);an ambition to

do sth./of doing sth.(做某事的雄心壮志)。

【句理力争】

本句中的rather than表示“而不是;宁可…也不愿”,后面紧跟cloaking现在分词,原因在于该句的主语是he,cloak(遮盖)是主语主动发出的,所以在这里我们应选取cloaking的形式而不是过去分词。“to pursue my goal of

running a company”中,running为动名词,原因在于前面的介词“of”。Broadcasting his ambition属于动名词作主语。

【译译生辉】

他没有用一些常见的模棱两可的借口掩饰自己的离开,反而坦言离职是为了“追求自己经营一家公司的目标”。麦吉说对外宣布他的雄心壮志“完全是自己的决定”。

5. These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World

and Old World audiences, and giving New England

an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. (2009 Text 4)

【念念有词】

I) extensively ad. 广大地;广泛地。As a student, he travelled extensively in

the Middle East.(作为一个学生,他广泛游历了中东。);The house

was extensively rebuilt after the fire.(这所房子是在火灾后被大规模重建的。);extensive a. 广泛的,多方面的。【反义词】intensive。

II) atmosphere n. 气氛;大气;空气。pollution of the atmosphere(大气污染);The hotel offers a friendly atmosphere and personal service.(这家酒店服务周到,使客人感到宾至如归。);There was an atmosphere of

mutual trust and respect between them.(他们之间存在着互相信任、互相尊重的气氛。)

III) intellectual n. 知识分子;a. 智力的,聪明的,知性的。intellectual development / ability / activity etc.(智力发展/智能/活动等);a

leading British intellectual(一位顶尖的英国知识分子)。

【句理力争】

These men 是主语,wrote and published是并列的谓语动词,extensively是副词作状语,reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving

New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness是并列的两个现在分词短语作伴随状语,其中both New World and Old World audiences是reaching的宾语,New England是giving的间接宾语,an atmosphere of

intellectual earnestness是giving的直接宾语,另外,of intellectual

earnestness是介词短语作an atmosphere的后置定语。

【译译生辉】

这些人广泛著书出版,同时被新大陆和旧大陆的读者们所熟悉,为新英格兰营造了一种求知的氛围。

6. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited

hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to

an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. (2006Text 3)

【念念有词】

I) available意为“有用的,有空的”。These train tickets are available on

the day of issue only.(火车票仅在发售当天才能买到。);有些人结了婚但与异性交往,英文就是married but available,有人简称之MBA。另有些单身但是已经名花(或草)有主,英文就是single but not available。

II) underestimate n. 低估;v. 低估,看轻。My guess of 400 proved to be a

serious underestimate.(我猜400被证明是严重的低估。);underestimate the cost / difficulty / danger of the expedition(低估远征的费用/艰难/危险);The statistics seriously underestimate the number of

people affected.(统计数据严重低估了受影响的人数范围。)

【句理力争】

这是一个因果复合句,主句是Some individuals would therefore not have been

caught,would therefore not have been caught是含有被动语态的虚拟式作谓语。

原因状语从句是since no baited hooks would have been available to trap

them,leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past是作从句的结果状语。

【译译生辉】

有些鱼因此并没有被捕获,因为没有更多的带饵鱼钩来捕获它们,这就导致低估过去的鱼量。

1.分词作表语

跟在系动词之后分词作表语,一般跟在be, get, become, look, sound, feel,

keep, remain, grow, seem, appear 等系动词后面。

现在分词作表语:一般表主动或主语的性质和特征。含有“令人...”的意思。主语多数情况下是物。

过去分词作表语:一般表被动或主语所处的状态。含有“感到....”的意思。主语多数情况下是人。

而作表语用的分词,许多是由能够表示人们某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。常见的分词如下:

现在分词: moving, interesting, encouraging, exciting, inspiring,

boring, surprising, puzzling, amusing, astonishing, missing, promising。

过去分词: interested, moved, discouraged, amused, astonished, frighten,

excited, inspired, pleased, satisfied, tired, worried, completed, delighted, hurt,

married, crowded。

The news sounds encouraging.

这个消息听起来令人鼓舞。

How did the audience receive the new play?

观众对这个新剧反映如何?

They got very excited.

他们非常激动。

How did Bob do in the exams this time?

这次鲍伯考得怎么样?

His father seems pleased with his results.

他父亲似乎对于他的成绩感到高兴。

2.分词作补足语 【第1句】

(1)宾语补足语

现在分词常放在感官动词see, look at, hear, listen to, feel, smell, notice,

observe, watch, find后以及使役动词get, have, keep, set, send, leave后作宾

语补足语。

过去分词常放在see, hear, watch, get, keep, leave, have, like, want, wish,

order等词后作宾语补足语。

在复合宾语中,用现在分词作宾补,说明宾语是动作的发出者,形成逻辑上的主谓关系;用过去分词作宾补,表示宾语是动作的承受者,构成逻辑上的动宾关系。

My students found the book enlightening:it provided them with an

abundance of information on the subject. (1997年第24题)

我的学生发现这本书很有启发性,因为它向学生提供了这一科目的大量信息。

When they returned home from the holiday, they found their house stolen.

当他们度假完回到家时,发现房子被盗了。(过去分词表示被动)

There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself heard.

由于十分吵闹,讲话人没法让人听到他的声音。

When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman.

他醒来的时候发现一位老大娘正在照顾他。

(2)主语补足语

把主动语态转换成被动语态,原先主动语态中的宾语补足语相应地转变为主语补足语。

I was left wondering what he was driving at by his equivocal remark.

他模棱两可的言语不禁使我纳闷:他到底是啥意思。

该句是复合句。what he was driving at作wondering的宾语,wondering作主语补足语成分,其中短语drive at意为“企图,意图,暗示”。

I am kept informed by Professor Richard of the latest developments in

genetic engineering in his country.

理查德教授给我讲解了他的国家基因工程的最新进展。

该句是简单句。短语keep sb. informed of意为“使某人了解或掌握某事”。

1. Canada’s premiers(the leaders of provincial governments), if they have

any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual

meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together,

to reduce heath-care costs. (2005 Part B)

【念念有词】

I) premier n. 总理;地区总理;首相;a. 首要的;最著名的;最成功的;第一的。

The UK premier admits that this "will not always be a comfortable discussion butit is in my view an essential one" .(这位英国首相承认,这“不会总是一

个舒服的讨论,但在我看来是十分必要的。”); This is

Europe's premier port.(这是欧洲第一大港。)

II) spare a. 不用的,闲置的,备用的,外加的;v. 抽出,匀出,不遗余力。 He, too, was considered a role model, setting up in his spare time a foundationto help disadvantaged youths. (桑达斯基也是人们眼中的道德模范,他利用业余时间成立了一个基金会,用来帮助那些家境贫困的青少年。); I can spare two hundred a year for a grand purpose like this. (为了这样一个伟大的目标,我可以一年捐助两百镑。)

III) reduce v. 减少;(使)蒸发;减轻体重;节食。 【同义词】decrease, lessen, diminish, cut, trim down。We're in rough agreement on

how much spending we need to cut to reduce our deficit. (我们在削减多少支出以降低赤字上已经达成初步一致。)

【句理力争】

该句是复合句,主句部分为Canada’s premiers might spare a moment to do

something, together, to reduce heath-care costs; 其中after complaining

的完整形式为after they are 。

【译译生辉】

加拿大省府的官员们如果在7月下旬年会上对中央政府大发牢骚之后还有力气的话,他们应该花一点时间来做一些实事,尽量减少健康福利的支出。


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