法律英语 十大句型结构

1. otherwise

otherwise 根据其搭配主要有如下释义：

1）Under other circumstances ：在另外的情况下；不然

2）In another way; differently: 以另外的方式；不同地

3）In other respects: 在其他方面

在法律英语中，otherwise常和unless连用，或置放在or后使用。还有一种用法是和than一起，常用来否定句子主语。

In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires，‘state” means a territory or

group of territories having its own law of nationality．(Laws of Hong Kong，Cap．30，wills Ordinance，Art.2)

在本条例中，除文意另有所指外，“国家”指拥有本身国籍法的一领域或一组领域

Unless the context otherwise requires这一句型在法例的释义部分最为常见。在汉语的译文中几乎一律译成“除……另有……外。根据这一类条例的上下文，otherwise意思是“不同地"，用来修饰unless从句中的动词requires。但在被动语态中，otherwise通常置放在主语与动词之间或置放在被动句的助动词be与分词形式的动词之间。汉语中的译法与主动语态相同。以下是有关的若干例句：

Unless in any enactment it is otherwise provided, the period of imprisonment, which

may be imposed by a magistrate exercising summary jurisdiction, in respect of the

non-payment of any sum of money adjudged1 to be paid by a conviction, whether it

be a fine or in respect of the property of the subject of the offence, or in respect of the

injury done by the offender, or in respect of the default2 of a sufficient distress3 to

satisfy any such sum, shall be such period as, in the opinion of the magistrate, will

satisfy the justice of the case, but shall not exceed in any case the maximum fixed by

the following scale…

除成文法另有规定外，对于因不缴付根据定罪裁定须缴付的款项(不论是或就作为罪行主体的财物而须缴付的款项)，或因犯罪者所造成的损害，或因无足够扣押物以抵偿此等款项，则行使简易程序审判权的裁判官，可判处其认为就案情而言是符合公正原则的监禁刑期，但无论如何不得超过下表所定的最长刑期……。

1

2

(判决)

Failure to perform a task or fulfill an obligation, especially failure to meet a financial obligation:

未履行；拖欠：未执行任务或履行义务

3 To hold the property of (a person) against the payment of debts. 扣押（债务人的）财物以抵债

1

A notice under subjection(1)shall，unless it otherwise provides，apply to the

income from any property specified therein as it applies to the property itself．

根据第(1)款发出的通知书，除其中另有规定外，亦适用于通知书内指明的财产的收入，一如适用于该项财产本身

如 otherwise与 or连用，其意思与起连接作用的连词or之前的短语相同。例如：

If 2 or more persons are defendants to a claim, as partners or otherwise, a process may

be served on any of them and an award may be obtained and execution issued against

any person so served notwithstanding that any other persons jointly liable may not

have been served or been a party or may not be within the jurisdiction of the Board.

如有2名或以上的人以合伙人或其他身份而属同一宗申索的被告人，法律程序文件可送达予其中任何一入，而判定该收件人败诉的裁定可由申索人获得，执行程序亦可向该受件人进行，即使任何其他共同有责的人可能未获得送达法律程序文件，或不属当事人，或不在仲裁处的司法管辖权范围内，均无例外。

例5

Any person who by threats, persuasion or otherwise induces a witness or a party

not to give evidence in any hearing before the Board commits an

offence．(ibid．An．41[1])

任何人藉恐吓、怂恿或以其他手段诱使证人或一方当事人不在仲裁处聆讯中作证，即属犯罪。

在本句中，otherwise是一个副词，意为by any other means(以其他手段），用来修饰动词induces。

例6

Where a court is satisfied in proceedings for an offence under

subsection(1)(b)that，having regard to the closeness of his relationship to the accused

and to other circumstances。There is a reason to believe that any person was holding

pecuniary resources4 or property in trust for or otherwise on behalf of the accused or

4 Of or relating to money

pecuniary resources: 货币资金

2

acquired such resources or property as a gift from the accused，such resources or

property shall，until the contrary is proved，be presumed to have been in the control of

the accused．(Laws of Hong Kong，Cap．201，Prevention of Bribery Ordinance，Art．10E2])

在因第(1)(b)款所订罪行而进行的法律程序中，法庭经顾及任何人与被控人关系的密切程度及其他情况后，如有理由相信该人为被控人以信托形式持有或以其他方式代被控人持有金钱资源或财产，或因被控人的馈赠而获取该等金钱资源或财产，则在相反证明成立之前，该等金钱资源或财产须推定为由被控人控制

A person who disposes of or otherwise deals with any property specified in a

notice under subsection(1)or a bank or deposit-taking company which pays any

money to a person specified in a copy of a notice served on it under subsection (1A)

other than in accordance with the consent of the commissioner shall be guilty of an

offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine of$50，000 or the value of the

property disposed of or otherwise dealt with，whichever is greater，and to

imprisonment for 3 years．

任何人并非按照专员给予的同意而将根据第(1)款所发通知书中指明的任何财产处置或以其他方式处理，或任何银行或接受存款公司并非按照专员给予的同意而将款项付予根据第(1A)款向其他送达的通知书副本中指明的人，即属犯罪，一经定罪，可处$50 000，或处以所处置或以其他方式处理的财产价值的，两款额以较大者为准,以及监禁3年。

在以上两个例句中，otherwise意为in another way／manner，differently，汉译时一律译成“以其他方式"。

在另一些法律文本中，otherwise之后跟上than，可形成0therwise than这一新的句式结构，作用相当于unless。其中的otherwise起一个方式状语的作用。此外，otherwise than这一短语一般只用在否定句中。例如：

例8

No claim shall be recoverable hereunder if the benefit of the contract herein

contained shall become vested in5 any other person or persons at law or in equity

5 To place (authority, property, or rights, for example) in the control of a person or group, especially to give

someone an immediate right to present or future possession or enjoyment of (an estate, for example). Used within :

授权：给某人或者体权威、财产或者权利，特别是给某人对当前或者将来财产或者享乐（如地产）的权利。与in 一起用：

vested his estate in his daughter.

3

other person or persons at law or in equity otherwise than by will or operation of law，unless the written consent of the insurer thereto shall have first been obtained．

如果本单所包含的合约利益不用遗嘱或不运用法律的方式归予正在打官司的其他任何人，就不可取得所索的赔偿，除非首先得到承保人对此的书面同意。

例9

No will or any part thereof shall be revoked otherwise than——

(a)by marriage as provided by section 13；or

(b)by another will executed in accordance with section 5；or

(c)by a written revocation executed in the manner in which the will was

executed；or

(d)by the burning，tearing or otherwise destroying of it by the testator6，or by

some person in his presence and by his direction，with the intention of revoking it．

除藉一下方式外，任何遗嘱的全部或任何部分，均不得撤销——

(a)根据第13条的规定藉缔结婚姻而撤销；或

(b)藉按照第5条签立的另一份遗嘱而撤销；或

(c)藉依照签立遗嘱方式签立的遗嘱撤销书而撤销；或

(d)由立遗嘱人、或由其他人在立遗嘱人面前并依其指示，将遗嘱烧毁、撕毁或以其他方法毁灭，而其意愿是撤销该遗嘱。

No will or any part thereof，which is in any manner revoked，shall be revived7

otherwise than by the re-execution thereof or by a codicil8 executed in accordance

with section 5 and showing an intention to revive it

遗嘱的全部或任何部分，无论以任何方式撤销后，除非按照第5条重新签立或加入按照第五条签立的遗嘱更改附件，并表明意愿是恢复遗嘱的效力，否则该遗嘱的全部或任何部分均不能恢复效力。

在普通英语里，other than词性上仍然是副词，用来修饰动词，如We can’t collect

the rent other than by suing the tenant．意思相当于differently(“除非")，又如在例7中，pays any money to a person…other than in accordance with the Consent

of the Commissioner…，修饰的是其中的动词pays。但在法律英 语中，该词也可以用来修饰名词，可译成“除……外”、“非……”。

附：apart from, other than, rather than 区别

1. apart from: 介词短语，一般要放在句首，有两个意思：

第一个意思是：除了...以外什么也没有，（带有否定的意思）。

例如：Apart from his nose, he is quite good-looking .除了鼻子以外，他哪里都很好看。（不包括鼻子）

第二个意思是：除了...以外还，（带有肯定的意思）。

例如：Apart from the injuries to his face and hands ,he broke his legs.除了脸和双手受伤

把他的地产授权于他的女儿

6 [律] 立遗嘱之人

7 To restore the validity or effectiveness of. 使恢复效力：恢复有效性或效果

8 A supplement or appendix to a will. 【法律】 遗嘱的附录：遗嘱的补充或附录

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了以外，腿也断了（包括脸和手）

2. other than 表示纯粹否定的意思，有“除掉”， “此外”的意思。

例如：

what result can you expect other than disgrace and failure(除了耻辱和失败以外，你能指望什么结果呢？)意思就是你什么都指望不到。

再比如：

I have not read any of Dickens's novels other than David Copperfield(除了大卫科波菲尔以外，我没有度过狄更斯的任何其他小说)。

3. rather than 用来表示“是。。。而不是。。。”，通常连接两个并列成分

eg:He is an artist rather than a philosopher.

他是位艺术家而不是位哲学家。

例11

Any person guilty of an offence under this Part，other than an offence under

section 3, shall be liable--

(a)on conviction on indictment9——

( b)，on summary conviction--

(Laws of Hong Kong，Cap．201，Prevention of Bribery Ordinance，Art．12[1])

除第3条所罪行外，任何人犯了本部所订罪行，可遭处罚如下——

(a)一经循公诉程序裁定——

(b)一经循简易程序裁定——

例12

If a public servant other than a Crown servant solicits or accepts an

advantage with the permission of the public body of which he is an employee being

permission which complies with subsection(4)，neither he nor the person who offered

the advantage shall be guilty of an offence under this section．(Laws of Hong Kong，Cap·201，Prevention of Bribery ordinance，Art．4[3])

非官方雇员的公职人员如有所属公共机构的许可而索取或接受任何利益，且该项许可符合第(4)款的规定，则该公职人员及提供该利益的人均不算犯本条所订罪行

Subject to this section，where an order is made under Section 12AA in respect of

pecuniary resources or property held by a person other than the person convicted，that

other person may，within 28 days after the date of making the order, appeal against

the order of the court of Appeal.

在符合本条在符合本条的规定下，凡法庭根据第12AA条对并非定罪人的持有的金钱资源或财产作出命令，该人可在命令作出的日期后28天内就该命令向上诉法院提出上诉

9 The act of indicting. 控诉的行为

5

Subject to

该短语在法律英文中一般都跟agreement，section，contract等法律文件名或文件中特定条款名配合使用。通常可翻译成“以……为条件”、“根据……规定”、“在符合……的情况下"、“除……另有规定外”以及“在不抵触……下"等。例如：

例14

Subject to this section，an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be

subject to such conditions as are prescribed by rules made under

subsection(5)．(ibid．Art．12AB[4])

在符合本条的规定下，上诉须按根据(5)款订立的规则内订明的方式提出，并须受该规则所订明的条件规限。

例15

Subject to subsection(4)，the information referred to in section 13(2)and in

section 14(2)may be required from a legal adviser as from any other person，notwithstanding that the effect of compliance with such a requirement would be to

disclose any privileged information or communication．

在第4款的规限下，可向法律顾问要求提供第1 3(2)及14(2)条所指数据，一如可向其他人要求，即使遵照该要求办理会造成披露有特权的数据或通讯的后果。

例16

Subject to subsection(3)，the Board shall have jurisdiction to inquire into, hear

and determine the claims specified in the Schedule

在符合第三款的规定下，仲裁处具备查讯、聆讯及裁决附表内指明的申索的司法管辖权

subject to在汉语中似乎至少有五六种不同译法。虽然各种译法都不尽相同，但核心意思大同小异。不管译成“以……为条件”、“根据……规定”，还是译成“在符合……情况下"、“在……规限下”，但中心意思是“受制于”有关条款或须“依照”有关条款办事。因此，“根据……规定”是最直截了当的翻译。如在含有两个subject t0…的例14中，一处被译成“在符合本条的规定下”，另一处被译成“受该规则所订明的条件规限"，这两处的中心意思都是“根据规定”。只是为了避免重复，才有稍微不同的表述而已。如果用“根据……规定”来取代前两者，译文是不会有错的；只不过后者不是“规定”而是“条件”。再如例17，倘若译成“根据……条文”，然后再阐述该条文的内容，则该段译文会更加通顺、流畅，易读、易懂，而且译文也更加忠实于原文，符合原文的文意

6

Without prejudice to

这个英文法律短语的功能相当于普通英文中的without affecting。与上一节subject

to…的句法结构相同，跟在without prejudice to这个短语之后的通常是一个指代某项法律条款的名词。但对有关事物或条款的规限程度，没有前者那么强硬。前者规限的程度是必须“符合”或“依照”有关条款或规定，后者指不要影响或损害其规限的事物。在汉语中，其意思相当于“在不损害……的原则下”、“在不影响……的情况下”、“……不受影响”、“不妨碍……”、以及“不规限……”等等。

例18

Without prejudice to section 24，the following shall be treated as properly

executed…

在不影响第24条规定的原则下，以下的遗嘱须视为正式签立……

例19

If，upon the hearing of a claim，the claimant does not appear，the Board may strike

out the claim，without prejudice, however，to the restoration of such claim by the

Board，on the application of the claimant, on such terms as it may think just．

如申索人不出席申索聆讯，仲裁处可剔除该宗申索，但此举对仲裁处在申索人提出申请后，按其认为公正的条款恢复该宗申索并无影响

例22

Without prejudice to the rights of the Attorney General10, every complainant or

informant shall be at liberty to conduct the complaint or information respectively and

to have the witnesses examined and cross—examined by him or by counsel on his

behalf．(Laws of Hong Kong，Cap．227，Magistrates Ordinance，Art．1612])

在不损害律政司权利的原则下，每名申诉人或告发人可进行其申诉或告发，并亲自或由代表律师讯问及盘问证人。

10 Attorney General The head of the U.S. Department of Justice and a member of the President's cabinet.

Attorney General 司法部长：美国司法部的首长和总统内阁一成员

7

6．5 WHERE引导的法律条件从句

在普通英文中，用where引导的状语从句，一般为地点状语从句。但在法律英文中，where引导的是法律条款中的条件状语从句，相当于 in the case where. 在香港，其最典型的译法是“凡......”或‘如……”。例如：

例23

Where a restraining order has been revoked or varied under this section，notice of

such revocation or the order as so varied，as the case may be，shall be served on the

third party to whom it is directed and on the suspected person·

(．Laws of 140翘g Kong，Cap．201，Prevention of Bribery

凡限制令已根据本条被撤销或更改，该令所针对的第三者以及受疑人须获送达撤销该令的通知书或经更改的限制令(视属何情况而定)。

例24

Where an employee is granted any period of annual leave，the employer shall pay

him annual leave pay in respect of that period not later than the day on which he is

next paid his wages after that period．

凡雇员获给予任何一段期间的年假，雇主最迟须于该段期间后的第一个发薪日付给该雇员该段期间的年假薪酬。

Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forthwith11 paid, the magistrate may

order the defendant to be searched．(Laws of Hong Kong，Cap，227，Magistrates

凡被告人被判处，但没有随即缴付，裁判官可命令搜查被告人。

例26

Where a claimant has a claim which exceeds the monetary amount mentioned in the

Schedule and which，but for the excess，would be within the jurisdiction of the Board,

the claimant may abandon the excess, and thereupon the Board shall have jurisdiction

to inquire into, hear and determine the claim．

如只因申索人的申索超逾附表所述的款额，以致该申索超逾仲裁处的司法管辖权范围，则申索人可放弃追讨超额的款项，而在此情况下，仲裁处有查讯、聆讯及裁决该宗申索的司法管辖权。

在原文为英文的法律篇章中，where引导的条件句用得非常频繁，甚至可以说远远超过了用when引导的条件句。就句式正式程度而言，前者一般超过后者，因为后者在某些情况下还有时间状语的成分，而以where引导的状语，几乎纯粹是法律条款中的—个条件。在翻译成汉语时，最流行的译法是“凡……”或“如

……”。在这里，我们还是有必要指出：我们可以把“凡"看成是“凡是"的简略形式，“如"是“如果”的简略形式；因此，这两个词本身正式程度都是不足的(尤其是后者)。但是，由于在当今口语里，很少有人会用“凡”，换句话说，“凡”

11 At once; immediately.

8

还不是一个口语词，用来表示正

例27

前款规定的人员，索取他人财物或者非法收受他人财物，犯前款罪的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。(《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百二十九条)

Where a person stated in the preceding paragraph extorts money and goods from

others or illegally accepts money and goods from others to commit the

aforementioned crime，he is to be sentenced to more than five years but not more than

10 years of fixed-term imprisonment and a fine．

发明专利申请人自申请日起满两年尚未被授予专利权的，自第三年度起每年缴纳申请维持费。第一次申请维持费应当在第三年度的第一个月内缴纳，以后的申请维持费应当在前一年度期满前一个月内预缴。

Where the applicant for a patent for invention has not been granted a patent right

within two years from the date of filing，it or he shall pay a fee for the maintenance of

the application from the third year．The first maintenance fee shall be paid within the

first month of the third year. The subsequent maintenance fees shall be paid in

advance within the month before the expiration of the preceding year.

例29

被保险人依照本章规定可以限制赔偿责任的，对该海事赔偿请求承担责任的保险人，有权依照本章规定享受相同的赔偿责任限制。

Where the assured may limit his liability in accordance with the provisions of

this Chapter，the insurer liable for the maritime claims shall be entitled to the

limitation of liability under this Chapter to the same extent as the assured．(

例30

有下列情形之一的，行政保护在期限届满前终止：

(一)农业化学物质产品独占权在申请人所在国无效或者失效的；

(二)农业化学物质产品独占权人没有按照规定缴纳行政保护年费的；

(三)农业化学物质产品独占权人以书面形式声放弃行政保护的

（四）农业化学物质产品独占权人自农业化学物质产品行政保护证书颁发之日起一年内未向国务院农业行政主管部门申请办理登记手续的。

In any of the following cases，the administrative protection shall cease before the

expiration of its duration：

(1)Where the exclusive right of an agricultural chemical product proves invalid or

becomes invalid in the country where the applicant resides

(2)Where the owner of the exclusive right of an agricultural chemical product

does not pay an annual fee as prescribed；

(3)Where the owner of the exclusive right of an agricultural chemical product

waives the administrative protection by a written declaration：

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(4)Where the owner of the exclusive right of an agricultural chemical product

does not apply to the competent administrative department of agriculture under the

State Council for for going through the registration procedures within a year from the

date on which the certificate of administrative protection of the agricultural chemical

product is issued.

“The administrative protection shall cease before the expiration of its duration in any

of the following cases：

(1) where．．．”．

那么，我们就可以明显看出其用法与其余的条件状语句的区别，但是，这种用法和这类句型，在法律英语中远远没有用where引导、作条件状语的句子那么普遍。此外，如果我们将中英文两个文本中的句子结构都稍加改造，也可变成标准的“......的，与“where…”句型。譬如：“农业化学物质产品独占权在申请人所在国无效或者失效的，行政保护在期限届满前终止”；与“Where the exclusive right

of an agricultural chemical product proves invalid or becomes invalid in the country

where the applicant resides，the administrative protection shall cease before the

expiration 0f its duration.

总之，where引导的条件状语与if和when引导的条件句在语法上没有任何分别，但if与when引导的条件句无论在普通文体中还是在法律篇章中都同样广泛使用，而以where引导的条件状语从句在普通文体中使用频率极低，在法律篇章中则广泛使用。从语用上讲，以where引导的条件状语从句的正式程度比较高，法律文体特性显著。故无论是法律文件的撰稿人还是外译英法律翻译人员，都喜欢使用该句式，以便制作出较为正式的法律文体。但在英译汉的实践中，中国大陆的法律文书撰写人／泽家喜欢用“……的”结构，香港的法律文书撰写人／译家更愿意用“凡……"和“如……”的结构来表达法律文书中用where引导的条件状语从句。由于“如……”引导的汉语句式比较口语化，故我们认为用“凡......引导的汉语句式去翻译“Where．．．"的句式更为合理。

10

Any Person who does…shall…

Any person who，without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, while having

dealings of any kind with any other public body，offers any advantage to any public

servant employed by that public body，shall be guilty of an offence

任何人与其他公共机构进行任何事务往来时，无合法权限或合理辩解而向受雇于该公共机构的公职人员提任何利益，即属犯罪

例33

Any person in respect of whom an order under subsection (1) has been made

who contravenes12 the order commits an offence and is liable to a fine of $50，000

and to imprisonment for 12 months．(ibid．Art．33A[5j)

受法庭根据第(1)款所作命令限制的人如违反该命令，即属犯罪，可处$50 000及监禁12个月。

该句型标准的谓语动词是shall+do。，但也可使用与第三人称配合的动词现在式，如在例33中用commits an offence或is liable to a fine of ...这种句型还有若干变种，如主语改为every person或a person。但汉语中的译文不变。可一概译成 “任何人”

Every person on whom a notice under subsection (1) is served shall，notwithstanding

the provisions of any other law to the contrary save only the provisions of section 4 of

the Inland Revenue Ordinance(Cap．1 12)，comply with the terms of that notice within

such time as may be specified therein or within Such further time as the commissioner

may, in his discretion, authorize，and any person whom such a notice has been served,

without reasonable excuse, neglects or fails so to comply shall be guilty of an offence

and shall be liable on conviction to a fine of $20,000 and to imprisonment for1 year

任何人获送达根据第(1)款发出的通知书，则即使任何其他法律条文有相反规定，该人仍须在该通知书指明的时间内，或在专员酌情授权延长的时间内遵照该通知书办理，但受《税务条例》(第112章)第4条规定的情况除外；获送达该通知书的人如无合理辩解而忽略遵照或不遵照该通知书办理，即属犯罪，一经定罪，可处$20 000及监禁1年

Every person who is an employee at the commencement of the period during which

the business or part thereof is closed down for the purpose specified in subsection(1)，and who is not otherwise entitled to annual leave pay in respect, of any day during

that period，shall，as regards the period beginning on the appropriate day and ending

on the day preceding the first day of the Close down be entitled to annual leave

calculated in accordance with subsection(4)

任何人如在因第(1)款所指明目的而停业或停止部分业务的期间开始时已成为雇员，而该人若非因该次停业则无权获得该段期间内任何一天的年假薪酬者，则就始于适用日而止于停业首天之前一天的期间，须有权享有按照第(4)款计算的年

12 To act or be counter to; violate: 违犯：与…相抵触；违犯

11

假。

A person who willfully makes any false statement in answer to a notice under

subsection(1) shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable to a fine of $20，000 and

to imprisonment for 1 year．

任何人在响应根据第(1)款发出的通知书时故意作出虚假陈述，即属犯罪，可处$20 000及监禁1年。

例37

A person shall not，by reason only of his being an executor of a will，be

incompetent to be admitted a witness to prove the execution of such will，or a witness

to prove the validity or invalidity thereof。

任何人不会仅因为身为遗嘱执行人，而没有资格获接受为见证人以证明遗嘱的签立，或证明该遗嘱具备或不具备效力。

例38

At the hearing of a complaint or information，a party may be represented by

counsel；and an absent party so represented shall be deemed not to be absent

在申诉或告发案聆讯时，任何一方均可由代表律师代表；某一方如有律师代表，即使缺席，亦不当作缺席。

如上所示：该句式，无论是以any person／party开头，还是以every person／party、a person／a party开头，都可译成“任何人/任何一方"。

Article 115．Whoever sets fire，breaches dikes，causes explosions，and spreads

poison；employs other dangerous means that lead to serious injuries or death；or

causes public or private property major losses is to be sentenced to not less than 10

years of fixed-term imprisonment，life imprisonment，or death．Whoever commits the

crimes in the preceding paragraph negligently is to be sentenced to not less than three

years to not more than seven years of fixed-term imprisonment；or not more than three

years of fixed-term imprisonment，or criminal detention，when circumstances are

relatively minor．

第一百一十五条 放火、决水、爆炸、投毒或者以其他危险方法致人重伤、死亡或者使公私财产遭受重大损失的，处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑。过失犯前款罪的，处三年以上七年一下有期徒刑；情节较轻的，处三年一下有期徒刑或者拘役。

如上述句型结构的句子在英文版的《刑法》中，数不胜数。该句型可简化为：Whoever does sth．is to be sentenced to X years of fixed-term imprisonment，life

imprisonment, or death. 从文法上讲，这样的句式结构完全正确，但毕竟这不是以英语为母语的国家的法律条文的典型表述，故我们并不推荐使用该句式。

12

For the purpose of

Whoever，for the purpose of illegal possession，uses one of the following means

during signing or executing a contract to obtain property and goods of the opposite

party by fraud and when the amount of money is relatively large，is to be sentenced to

not more than three years of fixed-term imprisonment， criminal detention，and may

in addition or exclusively be sentenced to a fine．．．

( 有下列情形之一，以非法占有为目的，在签订、履行合同过程中，骗取对方当事人财物，数额较大的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处罚金……)

例2

为保护计算器软件著作权人的利益，调整计算器软件在开发、传播和使用中发生的利益关系，鼓励计算器软件的开发与流通，促进计算器应用事业的发展，依照《中华人民共和国著作权法》的规定，制定本条例。

These Regulations are formulated in accordance with the provisions of the

Copyright Law of the People’s Republic of China for the purpose of protecting the

rights and interests of copyright owner of computer software，of adjusting the interests

arising from the development, dissemination and use of computer software，of

encouraging the development and circulation of computer software，and of promoting

the development of computer application．

但是，这两种用法都只是中国法律的汉译英文本中的例句。在原文为英文的法律文本中，以表达“为……目的”这层意思而使用for the purpose of的句子并不多见，译成“为……目的”的译例则更为罕见。下例虽然用法与前面的例40、41相同，但译成“为…目的"仍然是不妥当的。

例3

A judge may，on the application of an appellant who is in custody，order the

appellant to be brought up to the court In custody for the purpose of attending his

appeal or any application or any proceeding therein．(Laws of Hong Kong，Cap．227，Magistrates Ordinance，Art．1221 1])

法官可应在羁押中的上诉人的申请，为了使上诉人能出席其上诉或其中任何申请或法律程序而命令将他在羁押下带上法庭。

为了保护发明创造专利权，鼓励发明创造，有利于发明创造的推广应用，促进科学技术的发展，……特制定本法。

This Law if formulated in order to protect patent rights for invention-creations，encourage invention-creations and facilitate their popularization and application，promote the development of science and technology…

例5

For the purpose of these presents any act default or omission of the agents servants

workmen or licensees of the Tenant shall be deemed to be the act default of omission

of the Tenant．

基于这些通知，租户的代理人、佣人、工人或所许可者的任何行为、违约或

13

疏忽，应被认为是租户的行为、违约或疏忽。(薛华业，1989：85)

例6

For the purpose of the Landlord and the Tenant Ordinance and for the purpose of

these presents the rent in respect of the said premises shall be deemed to be in arrear if

not paid in advance as‘stipulated by Clause 1 hereof．(ibid．)

基于租务条例并基于这些通知，有关该楼宇的租金，如果未照合约第一条规定的那样提前缴付，就应该被认为是拖欠。

当purpose以复数形式，即当for the purposes of．．．出现在法律篇章中，并且与某个具体的条例编号搭配在一起时，该短语的“目的性"更是丧失殆尽。例如：

例7

For the purposes of section 37，the Commissioner may，notice in the Gazette，

require any employer or class of employers to send to him all or any records

of sickness days in respect of any period not exceeding 2 years preceding the date of

the notice

为实第37条，处长可借挂号邮递方式送达通知书，或借宪报公告，要求任何雇主或任何类别雇主向其呈交通知书或公告日期前两年内任何期间的全部或任何病假日记录。

For the purposes of subsection(1) of this section the attestation of a will by a

person to whom or to whose spouse there is given or made any such disposition as is

described in that subsection shall be disregarded if the will is duly executed without

his attestation and without that of any other such person．

为第(1)款的施行，获得该款所述的处置的任何人或其配偶，如为遗嘱作见证，而该遗嘱没有其见证或任何这些人的见证亦已属妥为签立，则该人所作的见证须不予理会。

For the purpose of subsection (3) permission shall be in writing and ---

就第3款而言，许可须为书面形式，并且——

例11

本法所称的发明创造是指发明、实用新型和外观设计。

For the purpose of this Law，invention—creation means inventions，utility

models and designs．(Patent Law of the People's Republic of China，Art．2)

例12

本条例所称的计算器软件(简称软件，下同)是指计算器程序及其有关文件。

For the purpose of these Regulations，computer software (hereinafter referred

to as software)refers to computer programs and their related documentation．

从上述这一系列有关for the purposes 0f的用法和译法例句中可以看出，该短语最恰当的译法是“就……而言”，其次是“为施行×××条”。所以，当译员在翻

14

译法律篇章中碰到for the purpose(s)of…这个句型时，不应急于下笔，而应该首先读完有关段落，准确理解该短语的功用。在大部分情况下，普通辞典里“为……

目的”这一解释并不适合法律英语中的“flor the purpose(”。正如上文所示：如果紧跟这个短语的是某个法律条款的

15

Provided that

Provided that the acceptance of rent or profits by the Landlord after the expiration of

the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as a waiver or

breach of any of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of holding

over or otherwise．A new tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement

in writing signed by the Landlord and the Tenant．

倘若在本合约规定的租期届满后业主接受租金或中间收益，不应被认为是起了放弃或违背本合约的任何条件的作用，也不应认为是起了作为继续租用或其他的新租期的作用。新租约只能是业主和租户签署的新书面租赁合约。

(薛华业，1989：87)

例14

Any 2 justices of the peace to whom this subsection applies shall when sitting

together have all the powers and jurisdiction conferred upon a special magistrate by

this Ordinance：

Provided that such justices shall exercise their powers and discharge their duties in

conformity with any direction given by the Chief Justice and under his general control

and supervision．

本款所适用的任何2名太平绅士，在联席裁判时拥有本条例赋予特委裁判官的一切权利及司法管辖权：但此等太平绅士须遵照首席大法官的指示，及在他的概括管辖及督导下，行使他们的权力及执行他们的职责。

例15

Every broker，dealer or lender who…shall forfeit to the owner of the goods the

full value thereof：

Provided that no such order shall bar any such broker，dealer or lender from

recovering possession of such goods by action into from the person into whose

possession they may come by virtue of the magistrate’s order, provided that such

action is commenced within 6 months next after such order has been made.

每名被如此命令的经纪、商人或贷款人，如……，则须向物主偿付其全部价值：

但上述命令并不禁止有关经纪、商人或贷款人向凭借裁判官命令获得管有次等财物的人士提出诉讼，以取回其管有权，但有关诉讼须在此项命令作出后6月内展开。

Provided that a magistrate shall not hear an application under this subsection unless

reasonable notice ot the application has been given by the Commissioner to the person

who surrendered the document．

除第17B条另有规定外，根据本条向专员交出的旅行证件可……：

但在专员就该项申请向交出旅行证件的人给予合理通知之前，裁判官不得聆讯根据本款提出的申请。

值得注意的是：当provided that…作“但书”使用时，其之前的主句如果是单独成为一段的，该段通常以冒号(：)结尾(见例14、15-、17)；但如果provided引导

16

的“但书”与主句同属一段，则它与主句往往用分号(；)分隔开(见例1 6)。在普通书面英语中，使用provided that…无疑是不良的文风，if和but绝对具有与provided that…相同的功能。而且事实上，provided that．．．当if用的情况并不普遍，但作“但书”用的情形比比皆是。主要原因。是因为使用provided that可产生该行业文书需要的风格，因if与but、是英语中普通得不能再普通的小词，很多从事律师行业的人士认为在法律文书中使用这类小词，不能制作具有庄重风格的法律文体。

the covenantor hereby undertakes to procure that the Customer will comply with all

the Customer’s obligations to you, the beneficiaries of this deed．(jointly and severally

but should the Customer default in the payment when due or any payment or default

in complying with any other obligation, the Covenantor will, without the need for any

demand, make immediate payment or performance thereof as the case may be, at the

place，in the funds and currency and/or in the manner required of the Customer and

without any withholding or deduction whatsoever Provided always however that no

time for limitation of liability in respect of this Deed shall begin to run in favour of

the Covenantor unless and until one or both of you shall have made demand on the

Convenantor, and if more than one demand is made, then only from the date and to

the extent of each demand respectively.

17

NOTWITHSTANDING．．．

介词notwithstanding在普通英文中的使用极为罕见，也可列入古旧废词的行列，但其在法律英文中的使用已经达到“司空见惯"的程度。翻译带有该介词的句子并不难，因为它的译法跟although／though／even if引导的状语从句没有太大分别，基本上都可以译成“尽管……"、“即使……”，表示一种让步。但该词所引导的并非是一个让步状语从句，因为在习惯用法上该词之后不跟句子，只跟一个名词性短语。例如：

例19

Notwithstanding any law or practice to the contrary，it shall be lawful for，the

court in any proceedings for an offence under Part II to comment on the failure of the

accused to give evidence on oath．

即使任何法律或惯例有相反规定，在因第II部所订罪 行而进行的法律程序中，法庭可就被控人不宣誓作供一事加以评论。

例20

Notwithstanding Section 26 of the Magistrates Ordinance (Cap·227)，a

complaint may be made or an information laid in respect of an offence under section

3，14(5)．1．4A(5)，14C(6) or 33A within 2 years from the time when the matter of

such complaint or information respectively arose

即使《裁判官条例》(第227章)第26条另有规定，有关第3、14(5)、1 4A(5)、1

4C(6)或33A条所订罪行的申诉或告发，可在事发后2年内提出。

例21

Notwithstanding subsection(1)，a magistrate shall, on an application for the

purpose made with reference to any committal proceedings by the accused or one of

the accused, as the case may be，order that subsection(1) shall not apply to reports of

those proceedings，and any such order shall be entered in the Magistrate's Case

Register．

尽管有第(1)款的规定，裁判官在被控人或其中一名被控人(视属何情况而定)为该目的就任何交付审判程序提出申请后，须作出第(1)款不适用于有关该等程序的报道的命令，而任何此等命令，均须加在裁判官的案件登记册内。

例22

Notwithstanding subsection(3) a magistrate may require the police officer, usher or

other officer who served a summons to attend before him and give evidence on oath

as to its service．

尽管有第(3)款的规定．裁判官仍可规定送达传票的警务人员、传达员或其他人员在他席前，就送达传票一事经宣誓而作证。

18

7．4 SAVE．．．／EXCEPT(FOR)．．．

在普通现代英语中，save是一个妇孺皆知、人人会用的及物动词。在法律英文中，它是一个与except(for)相同的介词。词源上这是一个法文词，由于历史的原因，法国人统治英国达相当长一段时间。自然而然，相当数量的、反映法国统治者意志的法语词进入了法律英语的范畴。Save便是其中最典型的、至今仍然保留使用的一个。汉语的译文为“除……外”。不管是save还是except(for)之后都可跟一个名词性短语，也可以跟一个从句或另一个介词短语。例如

例23

Save as is provided in this Ordinance，no claim within the jurisdiction of the

Board shall be actionable in any court．(Laws of Hong Kong，Cap．453，Minor

Employment Claims Adjudication Board Ordinance，art．5[2])

除非本条例另有规定，否则凡属仲裁处司法管辖权范围内的申索，不得在任何法庭进行诉讼。

例24

Save as is provided in this section，nothing in this Ordinance shall require the

disclosure by a legal adviser of any privileged information，communication，book，document or other article．

除本条另有订定外，本条例并不规定法律顾问须披露任何有特权的数据、通讯、簿册、文件或其他物品。

例25

Save under and in accordance with the provisions of this section no action shall

lie in any civil court against a magistrate for any act done in a matter over which by

law he has no jurisdiction or In which he has exceeded his jurisdiction. (Laws of,

Hong Kong，Cap．227，Magistrates Ordinance，Art．1 261 3))

除根据及按照本条的条文外，不得就裁判官在一项他在法律上并无司法管辖权或超越其司法管辖权的事项上所作的任何作为，在民事法庭提出针对裁判官的诉讼。

例26

除本法第二百五十五条的规定外，保险标的发生全损，保险人支付全部保险金额的，取得对保险标的的全部权利；但是，在不足额保险的情况下，保险人按照保险金额与保险价值的比例取得对保险标的的部分权利。

Except as stipulated in Article 255 of this Code，where a total loss occurs to the

subject matter insured and the full insured amount is paid，the insurer shall acquire the

full right to the subject matter insured．In the case of under insurance，the insurer shall

acquire the right to the subject matter insured in the proportion that the insured

amount bears to the insured value．(Maritime Code of the People’S Republic of

China，Art．256)

例27

下列海事赔偿请求，除本法第二百零八条和第二百零九条另有规定外……(ibid．Art．207)

19

Except as provided in Articles 208 and 209 of this Code．…

事实上，Save／except as(is)provided／stipulated可以用另一个法律上常用的句式去取代。unless otherwise provided／stipulated功能与其相同，可以是一个标准的替代。

20

7．5 IN RESPECT OF．．．

在普通英文中，倘若要表达一个与某事物有关的概念，最常用的介词莫过于regarding或concerning。其余表达类似概念的词非常丰富，如in connection with，in relation to，relating等等。但在法律英文中，这一些常用词似乎都太普通，正式程度欠缺。取而代之的则是in respect of。不过，由于该词本身灵活性强、黏附性与词俱来，而正式程度又高，故在法律英文中往往被过度使用。

例29

The Licensor shall conduct all legal proceedings in respect of any infringement

or alleged infringement of the Licensed trademarks and any claim or counterclaim

brought or threatened to be brought in connection with the use or registration of the

对于受许可商标所受到的侵权或侵权指控，以及就受许可商标的使用或注册提出或拟将提出的索赔或反索赔，许可方应进行一切法律诉讼，并完全由其自行决定采取何种行动。(孙万彪，第30页)

例30

The Licensee shall，at the request of the Licensor and at the Licensor’S

expense，give full cooperation to the Licensor in any action or claim brought or

threatened to be brought in respect of the Licensed Trademarks，including joining in

as a party to any proceedings．

对于就受许可商标提起或拟将提起的诉讼或索赔，应许可方要求并由许可方支付费用，被许可方应给予许可方充分合作，包括作为当事人参与任何诉讼

例32

Where an employee is granted any period of annual leave, the employee shall

pay him annual leave pay in respect of that period not later than the day on which he

is next paid his wages after that period. (Employment Ordinance，Art．41B)

凡雇员获给予任何一段期间的年假，雇主最迟须于该段期间后的第一个发薪日付给该雇员该段期间的年假薪酬。

例33

For the purpose of the Landlord and the Tenant Ordinance and for the purpose of

these presents the rent in respect of the said premises shall be deemed to be in arrear if

not paid in advance as stipulated by Clause 1 hereof．(ibid．)

基于租务条例并基于这些通知，有关该楼宇的租金，如果未照合约第一条规定的那样提前缴付，就应该被认为是拖欠。

在这两段中，in respect of相当于介词for；在例32中译为“的"，表示一种从属关系；在例33中译为“有关……的"。总之，万变不离其宗：in respect of都表示与该词之后的名词的一种从属关系。“对于……"、“有关……的"虽然含糊，但却是最恰当、最不会出错的翻译。

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